Abstract

Neuro-ethics is probablу the fastest-growing part of applied ethics. Its main thesis, or hypothesis, is that certain natural processes in brain and nerves produce certain moral, and immoral, behaviors. All these processes can be explained causally, and (if this is so) neuro-ethics might be the most recent extension of neuroscience. There are some metaphysical and ethical pitfalls to be considered, however, like the (incorrect) conflation of causal explanation and rational justification in defining values, and not only for non-moral, but also for specifically moral values. Certainly, the knowledge of how neurological processes function could help enhance the quality of human life, not only in coping with its defects but also in improving the so-called "normal life." This implies that neuroethics is instrumental and, in the end, value-neutral. However, it seems that neuroethics aspires to go further than that: to explain how goals come into existence and what their articulation should look like. All of this should be causally explained, or at least be causally explainable. This produces issues worthy of deeper analysis, including consideration of distinctions between causes and reasons, explanations and justifications, or the one between means and ends. It is also important to consider potential applications of neuroethics, summarizing benefits and risks, and considering how neuroethics may best help in advancing the overall quality of human life, individual and social.