Poder político e liberdade

Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia 53 (1):63 - 70 (1997)
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Abstract

Até que ponto o Poder Político é condição de Liberdade, e até que ponto a liberdade do cidadão contradiz o Poder Político? Dois autores entre os principais merecem especial acolhimento nas correntes políticas dos últimos séculos: John Locke e J. J. Rousseau. John Locke propôs a teoria da separação dos poderes, e a fundamentação da sociedade política no consenso da maioria. A maioria manda e é livre; a minoria obedece e é escrava. Obediência sem assentimento justificado é uma certa forma de escravatura. J. J. Rousseau fundamentou e organizou a sociedade política na Vontade Geral. A Liberdade do cidadão é garantida pela obediência e adesão espontânea a essa Vontade: deste modo a liberdade individual desaparece. Tais doutrinas não conduziram à conciliação entre o Poder e a Liberdade. É urgente aprofundar o estudo das relações entre o Poder e a Liberdade pelo aprofundamento da natureza, origem e organização do Poder Político. /// To what extent is Political Power a condition of Freedom, and to what extent the citizen's freedom contradicts Political Power? Two among the main authors deserve a special attention in the context of political thought over the last centuries: John Locke and J. J. Rousseau. The former proposed a theory of powers separation, and founded political society on the majority consensus. The majority comands and is free; the minority obeys and is enslaved. Obedience without justified assent is a certain form of slavery. J. J. Rousseau organized and founded political society on General Will. Citizen's freedom is guaranteed by obedience and spontaneous agreement as to that Will: in this way, individual freedom desappears. Such doctrines did not reconcile Power and Freedom. It is, therefore, urgent a more penetrating study of the relations between Power and Freedom, by clarifying the origin, nature and organization of Political Power.

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