Abstract

In recent decades, biologists have shown great interest in Spinoza’s philosophy. However, discussions of Johannes Peter Müller’s (1801–1858) work are notably absent from their publications. This is striking given that the ‘father of contemporary physiology’ frequently quotes Spinoza at various stages of his impressive career. Similarly, it is remarkable that Spinoza (1632–1677) is completely absent in the most important biographies of J.P. Müller. This paper analyzes precisely where and when the influential professor at the University of Berlin mentions Spinoza. It explores several historical reasons why Müller was inspired by the Dutch philosopher rather than by other early modern thinkers. The paper argues that, beyond historical reasons, ontological, epistemological, and methodological factors also played significant roles.