Kultūrinio ir simbolinio kapitalo gamyba: "Disney" fenomenas

Problemos 64 (2003)
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Abstract

Straipsnyje lyginamos K. Marxo klasikinė kapitalo samprata ir P. Bourdieau aiškintos simbolinio ir kultūrinio kapitalo sąvokos. Analizuojami konkretūs "Disney" korporacijos veiksmai, susiję su šių kapitalo formų institucionalizacija ir manipuliacija. Siekiama parodyti, kaip simbolinis ir kultūrinis kapitalas yra susijęs su fetišizacijos ir personifikacijos veiksniais ir kokie instituciniai konfliktai dėl to kyla. Analizuojama "Disney" veikla siekiant išvengti tokio pobūdžio konfliktų: atsisakant auteur praktikos ir animuojant mėgstamiausius herojus. Nagrinėjama "Disney" ideologinių nuostat ų kaita: nuo masių žmogaus poreikių tenkinimo iki šiuolaikinio multikultūralizmo, diversifikacijos ir socialinės fragmentacijos puoselėjimo. Kritikuojamos Th. Adorno ir W. Benjamino pažiūros į "Disney", kaip į hegemoninę industrinio imperializmo korporaciją. Priešingai, pabrėžiama humanistinė, individualizuojanti, kooperacinė, edukacinė šiuolaikinio "Disney" veikla. Pasakojama apie "Disney" pragmatizmą, susijusį su vartotojų ir korporacijos abipusių interesų puoselėjimu kuriant svajonių ir utopijos šalį. Prasminiai žodžiai: marksistinė kapitalo samprata, fetišizmas, personifikacija, animacija, institucionalizacija, utopija. PRODUCTION OF CULTURAL AND SYMBOLICAL CAPITAL: DISNEY'S PHENOMENON Gintautas Mažeikis Summary The classical conception of capital constructed by Marx and notions of cultural and symbolical capital suggested by P. Bourdieau's are compared in the article. Disney?s products are connected with institutio- nalisation and manipulation of the three forms of capital. Author of the article discusses relations and conflicts between cultural capital and the making of fetish and personification. Disney's politics of institutionalisation eliminates these conflicts and solves the problem of alienation among people within the corporation. Disney's practices of auteur and animation prevents antagonism between property of the corporation and ambitions of creators. Historical analyses show how ideologies, conceptual paradigms, action models developed by Disney met wishes of the masses, implemented modern multiculturalism, diversification and supported social fragmentation. The article criticises Th. Adorno's and W. Benjamin's views where Disney's corporation is considered as an expression of hegemonic industrial imperialism and a propagandist of American ideology. However, Disney is rather a producer of social discourses and new models of education. If even any corporation is ideological one, however stories and characters produced by Disney corporation are mythological and philosophical parables which overpass ideological borders and open the door to the live and huge world. Humanistic and individualistic activities of Disney corporation's creation, co-operation with consumers, and development of education programs are emphasized in the article. Disney relies on investigation of basic cultural habitus, archetypes and symbols of thinking. In this way, Disney creates the world of fantasy, dreams and Utopias. The corporation uses pragmatism as a philosophical foundation. The only truth for the corporation is production of pleasure and profit for all consumers. Everybody could find a pleasure, psychological satisfaction and stimuli for socialization and cooperation in these miraculous lands. It gives Disney profit and growth opportunities. Keywords: Marxist notion of capital, fetishism, personification, animation, institutionalisation, utopia.

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