La métapsychologie en toutes lettres

Natureza Humana 19 (2) (2017)
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Abstract

Résumé: J’entends inaugurer ici une nouvelle méthode de lecture de la psychanalyse. Il s’agît d’intercaler entre les pages des écrits théoriques de Freud, celles de ses correspondances. Souvent les lettres de Freud lui servent de laboratoire. Il y ébauche et teste les hypothèses qui deviendront sa théorie. Il les annonce, attend les réactions de ses correspondants, reformule, s’exaspère, se réjouit, abandonne. Si grise est toute théorie et printanière l’expérience créatrice, force est de constater que fréquemment pour Freud la théorie est aussi efflorescente. D’autres psychanalystes reprennent ses idées. Il n’est pas rare que le concept de métapsychologie soit l’objet d’une véritable inflation dans certains écrits psychanalytiques, d’un culte même. C’est alors une ritournelle, un mantra qui sert à tout expliquer. C’est un mot savant, un shibboleth, un « mot particulier, ou façon de prononcer un mot, propre à une nation, une confrérie ou à un cercle particulier », aussi, par extension, une profession ou tout groupe. « Les Éphraïmites qui, au bord du Jourdain, voulaient passer et ne savaient pas prononcer ce mot difficile à la façon des Galaadites, étaient ainsi reconnus et massacrés. »[1] C’est donc aussi un mot de guerre et de ralliement.Métapsychologie est un mot créé ou remis en circulation par Freud, il est presque un synonyme de psychanalyse. Et pourtant -ou même, et donc- l’une comme l’autre gardent des surprises. Leur richesse proviendrait surtout de leur valeur heuristique, qu’il convient d’épargner. « Economie, Horatio… », dit Hamlet à son compagnon. Et Freud le cite comme un secret du mot d’esprit.Mots-clés: psychanalyse; métapsychologie; Freud; théorie. Abstract: I will try to launch here a new method of reading psychoanalysis. My aim is to insert between the pages of Freud’s theoretical writings the sheets of his letters. Quite often Freud’s correspondences are sort of laboratories. He draws and test in his letters hypothesis which will become his theories. He announces them, he waits for his friends reactions, he reformulates his thesis, he gets infuriated, he expresses his pleasure, he puts them aside. If grey is all theory and spring embalms creation, we have to recognize that quite often Freud’s theory blooms. New psychoanalysts gather his ideas. Frequently the concept of metapsychology is inflated in psychoanalytical writings, it becomes a fetish, a cult object. It becomes a jingle, a mantra, it is supposed to explain everything. It becomes a long word, a shibboleth, a particular word or a way of pronouncing a word, which distinguishes members of in-groups from those of outgroups. In the Bible, Ephraimites who wanted to cross the Jordan had to pronounce this word shibboleth which they did in a different way than Gileadites, who would then kill them. Thus, shibboleth is also a war word, a rallying word. Metapsychology is a word created or renewed by Freud, almost a synonym of psychoanalysis. And hence – or even, therefore – both hide their surprises. Their richness comes from their heuristic value, that we better spare. “Thrift, Horatio, thrift”[2], remarked Freud. Key words: Psychoanalysis; Metapsychology; Freud; Theory.[1] https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/shibboleth.[2] W. Shakespeare, Hamlet, Act 1, scene 2, quoted by S. Freud, Jokes and their Relation to the Unconscious.

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Luiz Oliveira
Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais

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