Abstract

The commentator’s motivation for accompanying Varela in a foray into immunology lay in the clear-cut, value-laden contrast between traditional immunology and the new organism-centred view pioneered by Vaz and Coutinho. In the twenty years that have elapsed, models have become increasingly complicated so that this clear-cut contrast has been obscured. In immunology as in cognitive science, the radicality of Varela’s views is disturbing for the mainstream community.