Abstract

In this article, we seek to advance understanding of nongovernmental organization (NGO) strategies with regard to influencing corporations. We study two contrasting NGO strategies (symbolic gain and symbolic damage), which simultaneously target the same corporation on the same issue. In so doing, we highlight three previously neglected dimensions of NGO influence strategies: (a) the influence effected by contrasting strategies; (b) the interplay between contrasting strategies; and (c) the dynamic relation between firm— stakeholder resource dependence relationship and NGO influence strategy.