This paper examines how people think about aiding others in a way that can inform both theory and practice. It uses data gathered from Kiva, an online, non-profit organization that allows individuals to aid other individuals around the world, to isolate intuitions that people find broadly compelling. The central result of the paper is that people seem to give more priority to aiding those in greater need, at least below some threshold. That is, the data strongly suggest incorporating both a (...) threshold and a prioritarian principle into the analysis of what principles for aid distribution people accept. This conclusion should be of broad interest to aid practitioners and policy makers. It may also provide important information for political philosophers interested in building, justifying, and criticizing theories about meeting needs using empirical evidence. (shrink)

The Mongols’ invasion of the territories of the Islamic world, especially Baghdad, the seat of the Islamic Caliphate, had great consequences, including the fall of Baghdad and the Bani Abbas Caliphate, the killing of the Caliph, and extensive destruction in the geography of their invasion. About half a century after the invasion of the Mongols, Ibn Taymiyyah (1263-1328), regardless of historical documents, accused Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, a prominent thinker, of collusion and cooperation with Hulagu Khan. After Ibn Taymiyyah Harrani, these (...) accusations were followed and disseminated in religious, historical, rijal (the study of hadith narrators and their personality), and even moral books by his students, such as Ibn Qayyim al Jawziyya (1292-1350). This article is an attempt to deny these accusations. Relying on the earliest historical documents, it tries to describe the historical event as it happened. In this regard, the article first provides the text of Nasir al-Din al-Tusi’s short treatise “On the Baghdad Incident”, included in Aladdin Atamalik Juveyni’s “Tarikh-i Jahangusha”, and then presents its descriptive interpretation separately. Although this treatise is short, it contains all the important points, from Hulagu Khan’s decision to go to war to the conquest of Baghdad and the analysis of the internal factors of the fall of the caliphate. This treatise, above all, is a very solid argument. For its author first of all was the witness of the Baghdad events. Secondly, in this writing, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi examines the Mongols’ attack on Baghdad but does not mention his own activity or role in the attack on Baghdad. Thirdly, if he had an activity and a role in this incident, or if he had an intention to take revenge on his religious opponents considering the situation, he should at least have hinted and expressed his approval, which is not the case at all. (shrink)

Human rights are inalienable rights given to all people from the day of their birth. Protection of human rights is a prerequisite for a just, equal and peaceful world. We can find these rights not only in official state documents, but also in the doctrines of religions. Human rights are the responsibility not only of the state, but also of individuals and non-governmental organizations. Violation of these rights has the potential to strain relations between people. When we look at the (...) instructive stories given to us by religious texts, we witness that the violation of rights, the taking away of people's rights, provokes God's wrath and has the characteristic of being the cause of the consequences leading to the destruction of communities that behave in this way. The importance of heavenly religions to human rights, examples of justice and human rights contained in religious texts were included in the article, and an attempt was made to draw attention to the importance of the value of this step in the eyes of God on the example of the Shuayb people, an unjust society where social justice is violated. (shrink)

Both in Christianity and Islam, there are various stories regarding the end of the world. Although no exact information is given about when it will happen, there are some events in the religious literature that are described as the signs of the approaching of the end of the world. One of these signs is the arrival of AL-Dajjal. Both in Christianity and Islam, the arrival of AL-Dajjal signifies the coming of the messiah (Christ or Mahdi) as well. To both religions, (...) AL-Dajjal will come before the expected messiah, deceive people into believing his lies, and those who are deceived by him will follow him. When the Messiah comes, he fights and defeats the Dajjal. In Christianity, he appears as Antichrist. Christian sources that include accounts on the Antichrist are four books of the New Testament, the first two letters of John, the book of Revelation and the Second Epistle of Paul to the Thessalonians. Although sometimes in these accounts he is mentioned clearly, some accounts use symbolic language. On the other hand, regarding the Islamic faith, the Holy Quran is not explicit about AL-Dajjal, the information about him is mainly found in the Hadith literature. Alike the end of time, the day that AL-Dajjal will come is also unknown. However, it is said that the time he comes will be a period of time characterized with disasters and increasing chaos. The arrival of AL-Dajjal is considered as one of the ten major signs of doom. (shrink)

Füzuli Qurbanovun “Heydər Əliyev və yeni liderlik: fəlsəfi-elmi təhlil” kitabı AMEA Fəlsəfə və Sosiologiya İnstitutunun Elmi Şurasının 05.04.2023-cü il tarixli, 02 saylı iclasının qərarı ilə çapa məsləhət görülmüşdür. Əsərin elmi redaktorları prof. İlham Məmmədzadə və t.e.d. Eynulla Mədətli, rəyçiləri prof. Etibar Nəcəfov, prof. Cahangir Məmmədov və redaktoru Qabil Camalovdur. Müəllif kitaba “Ön söz”lə başlayır. Burada Heydər Əliyevin şəxsiyyət kimi davranışları, bir vətəndaş olaraq mövqeyi, başçı-lider vəhdətində dövlət xadimi kimi Azərbaycana olan böyük sevgisindən söhbət açılır. Sonra isə Heydər Əliyevi dövlət başçısı (...) və lider kimi doğru anlamaq üçün Azərbaycanın müstəqilliyini ürəkdən sevmənin zəruri olduğu vurğulanır. (shrink)