The article deals with the problem of the relationship between moral values and virtues. It should be noted that the concept of moral values is confronted with difficulties of trying to solve the problem of why moral values would be used in an absolute sense: why we ought to behave well and not to behave badly. Ludwig Wittgenstein was the first to raise and formulate this problem in his Lecture on Ethics. Nobody, however, has put forward any adequate solution thus (...) far. In our opinion, even the most mature solution proposed by Hare, which discerns the prescriptive and descriptive aspects in the concept of good, is unsatisfactory. We consider that the solution could be found on the basis of the classical theory of virtues. It should be noted that the concept of good when it is associated with the values is actually used in the analogical sense. The primal meaning of good is associated with a person, and only in an analogous way it is used in the notion of value. Therefore, in order to understand the determination of a human moral action it is necessary, in the analysis of conduct, to turn to the classical theory of virtues. This analysis helps us to understand the obligation of human behaviour. Without relation to an individual it is impossible to justify the obligation of a moral value. Hence, moral values have to be investigated only in relation with the virtues. On the other hand, the analysis of value allows us to understand virtues more thoroughly. (shrink)

Theory of names is a prominent part of analytic philosophy of language. Contemporary analysis of names is typically taken to be emerging from the works of F. Brentano, A. Meinong and especially G. Frege. However, the contemporary theory of names originates from J. S. Mill. System of Logic, his opus magnum, had an enormous influence on later development of logic, the philosophy of language and the emergence of logical positivism. The philosophy of language and the theory of names in the (...) scholastic tradition were treated highly, partially to their significance to theology. However, achievements of the scholastic philosophy of language are hardly noticeable in the contemporary analytic philosophy of language. This article seeks to investigate the causes of such situation. These may involve disregard towards scholastic philosophy in general characteristic of the philosophy of Enlightment. It is claimed that some other significant influence may had been the analysis of logic and epistemology provided in the System of Logic. (shrink)

Visuomeniniame gyvenime „gerovės valstybės“ sąvoka vartojama nevienareikšmiškai. Dėl to kyla įvairiausių konceptualių painiavų. Straipsnyje išskiriamos ir aptariamos įtakingiausios gerovės valstybės sampratos tikintis, kad tai padės pasiekti skirtingas politines pažiūras ar nuostatas ginančių tyrėjų tarpusavio supratimą. Tomis įtakingiausiomis gerovės valstybės vizijomis laikoma klasikinio liberalizmo ar libertarizmo siūloma procedūrinio gerovės modelio teorija, pagal kurią laisvė, laisvosios verslininkystės sistema ir privati nuosavybės teisė laikoma pagrindinėmis priemonėmis gerovei pasiekti. Antrasis gerovės valstybės modelis yra tas, su kuriuo dažniausiai tapatinama gerovės valstybė. Tai paternalistinis paskirstomosios gerovės (...) modelis, kuris paprastai siejamas su socialdemokratine politine doktrina. Straipsnyje parodoma, kad šis modelis susiduria su loginio nuoseklumo problemomis. Trečiojo gerovės valstybės modelio šiais laikais laikosi krikščioniškasis socialinis mokymas, nors pagrindinius jo principus suformulavo dar Aristotelis. Šis modelis remiasi bendruoju gėriu kaip esminiu valstybės tikslu ir gali būti vadinamas tiksliniu gerovės valstybės modeliu. Išoriškai jis panašus į skirstomosios gerovės modelį, tačiau jo esmė yra kita. Jis yra logiškai nuoseklus, nors ne visiems priimtinas dėl savo filosofinių principų. (shrink)