In this paper, we investigate distinctive utterances in non-task-oriented conversational dialogue through the comparison between task-oriented dialogue and non-task-oriented conversational dialogue. We then found that Indirect Responses and Clarification Requests are significant in non-task-oriented conversational dialogue. IRs are cooperative responses to other's question, while CRs are clarification questions. We analyzed the rhetorical relations about IRs and CRs. We then found that the IRs are generated by evidence and causal relations, while the CRs are generated by elaboration relation and causal relations.

It is not easy for a user of an Information Retrieval system to select an appropriate keyword set to represent his or her specific information need. Therefore, many IR systems can modify keyword sets by estimating the user's particular requirement. Even though such IR systems have better retrieval performance, the complicated estimation process entailed by a large number of keywords makes it difficult for a user to understand how the system behaves. Therefore, we used a thesaurus for query expansion. To (...) select an appropriate keyword set, we proposed two concepts: ``adaptive generalization'', which estimates an appropriate generalization level of the given keywords by using relevant document information, and ``purpose-oriented concept structure modification'', which selects relevant keywords from a predefined synonym set in a thesaurus. Because query expansion based on a thesaurus aims to find new keywords that are complementary to the initial keywords, we proposed to use this method to construct a Boolean query formula to represent the user's information need. We proposed a new IR system called ``appropriate Boolean query reformulation for IR with adaptive generalization'' to support Boolean query formation. In ABRIR-AG, we reformulated a user-given Boolean query by using a small number of relevant documents. Finally, to evaluate its effectiveness, we evaluated ABRIR-AG by using a large-scale test collection containing WWW documents. (shrink)

Socialinę raidą, socialinę kaitą ir dinamiką įvairūs autoriai interpretuoja skirtingai, bet dažniausiai vartoja šią kategoriją kaip sinonimus. Galima teigti, kad šiuolaikiniame pasaulyje išryškėja takoskyra tarp modernaus ir klasikinio požiūrio, bet riba tarp postmodernumo ir modernumo išlieka iki galo neapibrėžta. Moderni socialinė raida – tai skirtingose kultūrose (ne vien vakarietiškoje kultūroje) egzistuojančių elgesio tradicijų transformavimas, keitimas ar laikysena jų atžvilgiu, kuri labiau grindžiama racionaliais veiksmais. Modernumas – sąvoka, parodanti socialinės raidos rezultato naujumą, kuris charakterizuojamas tam tikrų rodiklių visuma. Tad modernioje visuomenėje (...) vyksta nuolatinis tranzitas nuo elgesio tradicijų per pokyčius į ateitį, kurią galime ekstrapoliuoti kaip sistemą, o ne atskirų požymių bendrybę. Modernią socialinę raidą galime apibūdinti vertindami pokyčius ir panaudodami indikatorius iš skirtingų mokslininkų darbuose išsiskirtų aštuonių rodiklių grupių: socialinė struktūra, gamybinė jėga, infrastruktūra, verslumas, globali komunikacija, politinė struktūra (demokratija), urbanizacija, teritorinė hierarchinė sistema. (shrink)

Badawī, ʻAbd al-Raḥmān, 1917-2002; criticism and interpretation.

Faylasū al-ʻArab: al-Kindī -- al-Muʻallim al-thānī: al-Fārābī -- al-Shāʻir al-ḥakīm: al-Mutanabbī -- Baṭalīmūs al-ʻArab: Ibn al-Haytham -- Shaykh al-Islām: Ibn Taymīyah.

The article deals with the constitutional right of a person to apply to court. While construing this constitutionally entrenched right of a person, one analyses the doctrine of the right of a person to apply to court, which was formed in the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania. The right of a person to court is entrenched expressis verbis in Paragraph 1 of Article 30 of the Constitution whereby the person whose constitutional rights or freedoms are (...) violated shall have the right to apply to court. The doctrine of the Constitutional Court derives this right also from the constitutional principle of a state under the rule of law. The right of a person to court is inseparable from other norms and principles of the Constitution, which are equality of rights, the right to compensation of damage, the right to a proper court process, etc. (shrink)

This essay draws upon Gramsci’s understandings of law and of the philosophy of praxis to develop a critical analysis of international law in the constitution and potential revolutionary transformation of the contemporary global political economy. The analysis illustrates the analytical utility of Gramscian conceptions of historical bloc and hegemony in capturing the significance of international law as an effective historical force. It also extends these conceptions, theoretically, by arguing that the global political economy is undergoing a process of juridification in (...) which a commodified legal form provides the template for economic and political regulation. The commodity form theory of law is presented as the key to understanding the significance of international law under the culture of global capitalism. (shrink)

In Emanuel Adler's distinctive constructivist approach to international relations theory, international practices evolve in tandem with collective knowledge of the material and social worlds. This book - comprising a selection of his journal publications, a new introduction and three previously unpublished articles - points IR constructivism in a novel direction, characterized as 'communitarian'. Adler's synthesis does not herald the end of the nation-state; nor does it suggest that agency is unimportant in international life. Rather, it argues that what mediates between (...) individual and state agency and social structures are communities of practice, which are the wellspring and repositories of collective meanings and social practices. The concept of communities of practice casts new light on epistemic communities and security communities, helping to explain why certain ideas congeal into human practices and others do not, and which social mechanisms can facilitate the emergence of normatively better communities. (shrink)

This article aims to analyze the tiger-hunting scene on Yeh Pulu relief, located in Bedulu Village, Gianyar, Bali. This relief is estimated to have been created by Balinese artists of the end of the era of Ancient Bali Kingdom in about the 14th century AD. There are only few in-depth studies conducted on this monumental relief in the context of iconology by visual art researchers. Therefore, the author has conducted intensive field research and studies since a year ago based on (...) Panofsky's iconology theory. Tiger-hunting is part of a series of scenes on the relief which in general tends to tell about everyday routines. The tiger-hunting scene carries an unusual theme amidst a wide range of Balinese cultural artifacts which tend to revolve around mythology and epics such as Mahabrata and Ramayana. Based on the theory of iconology which consists of a sequence of analyses starting from the pre-iconographic analysis, the relief characters were found in the form of rough sculptures on the surface of a rocky soil wall located near the Petanu watershed in Gianyar. The iconography aspects revealed that the characters on the relief figuration tend to be naturalistic; and iconologically, they tend to relate to the meaning of narratives on the romanticism of everyday heroism. Heroism nurtures the Balinese people's proletariat side in facing challenges in their life and the political power in the era of the Ancient Bali Kingdom. (shrink)

The notions of failure and denial are co-constitutive of both “global” theory and social order. Though these concepts have been used to evoke an array of metaphors and images to under­stand the condition of international relations as a knowledge production site and in rela­tion to other social sciences, they have not been deemed pivotal for much theorizing of world politics’ events, including the “success” of a sovereign state, or the subjects and knowledge production of decolonial realities. The article critically assesses (...) how the term failure is used by IR’s scholarly community as signifier and analogy and what it signifies and analogizes. It grapples with Bruno Latour’s “The Immense Cry Channeled” by Pope Francis and ‘“Love your Monsters.’” It concludes with a discussion of the ethics of critical theory and its empha­sis on critique. I problematize its critical moves to lodge racializations in the enslaved and colonized body and body politic of ‘failed’ states, and the normative projects it bolsters. I also point to its broader social and political implications, including its acknowledging of certain publics at the expense of others and its death limits in times of terror and the Anthropocene. I finally argue for a ‘global’ decolonizing social analysis that in an Fanonian sense, is a “real leap” as it introduces “invention into existence” by rupturing evolutionary trajectories and linear temporalities (i.e., pure immanence, or transcendentalism). (shrink)

Most of what has been written on the ECSC/ EEC/ EC/ EU, has not been done by international relations (IR) theorists, but by comparativists, sociologists, historians, anthropologists, legal scholars, and many others. These writings are in general classified as intergovernmentalist, federalist, and supranationalist (functionalist and neo- functionalist) in most accounts of the theoretical perspectives on the EU (Webb 1983, Rosamond 2000). Wiener and Diez 2004 add a rational choice institutional category, as well, as they think that the policy analysis within (...) the polity developed into an autonomous brand of literature. It is only Andrew Hurrell in his chapter in Fawcett and Hurrell 1995, who makes an attempt to present the EU, as a regional integration, from the point of view of diverse IR approaches. Drawing on his classification scheme, I conduct an inquiry of the IR theories about European unification from the point of view of whether they allow for the iteration of the European experience in other parts of the world or not. The basic conclusion is that almost all IR work on Europe falls in the inter- governmentalist category, which tends to conceptualize the European Union as representing an n of 1. (Inter- governmentalism is the choice of realism and neo-realism, English School, and neoliberal institutionalism.) Within the liberal IR paradigm, there is a tension between law-focused and security-focused approaches, on the one hand, and economic approaches, on the other. The first believe in the possibility of multiple integrations, while the latter does not think that they are desirable. Critical theories are also hindered by divergent normative commitments, though the class-based theorizing is very clear about pursuing the social control of markets. (shrink)

En la novela La ciudad y los perros (1963), del escritor peruano Mario Vargas Llosa, se muestra el desbalance que se genera en los cadetes del Colegio Militar Leoncio Prado que se dedican a estudiar enfáticamente (como ocurre con el caso del Esclavo): conduce a la envidia de quienes dominan poco alguna materia, además de que los maestros no apoyan su educación. Un acontecimiento similar es cuando se origina lo opuesto: no se proyecta un buen porvenir en quien no estudia (...) (caso del Jaguar). Sin embargo, pasa algo particular con este protagonista: no necesitó ir a una cárcel luego de haber asesinado al Esclavo para reflexionar sobre su vida, bastó con que se le brindara la oportunidad de aprovechar su existencia en hacer buenas obras para su reivindicación. Esa posibilidad lo configura como un personaje más civilizado y ético. (shrink)

This study is an inductive approach to investigating and acquiring knowledge of nature in African culture. It begins, without any assumption of foreknowledge, but without any overindulgence, with a brief exposition of the meaning of induction. It analyses, defuses and rejects the attempted arguments made recently by some scholars that induction is not a part of the African reasoning faculty, that it is western exclusive and that most traditional beliefs are irrational, superstitious and non-inferential. It continues with a brief analysis (...) of the African engagement with inductive reasoning, and thereafter, connects induction and the natural environment by concretely analysing some ways the African understands and acquires knowledge of the natural environment through inductive reasoning particularly in traditional African society. It made a demonstrative inquiry into these ways with medicine, agriculture, science, technology, time, and season, among others, and how such thought patterns and the resultant knowledge informs the African beliefs and practices. The study concurrently argues that the African inductive understanding of nature is a demonstration of the inductive creativity, skill and competence of traditional African people. It concludes by arguing that if it is established that the traditional Africans acquire knowledge of nature inductively and shows how this knowledge is acquired, it would concurrently have been established that Africans are capable of inductive logic, whose components includes inferences and rationality. The study adopts the conceptual and critical methods of philosophical analyses. (shrink)

Arab countries; intellectual life; 20th century.

Platonas, 2022. Iš senosios graikų kalbos vertė, įvadą ir komentarus parengė Mantas Adomėnas. Opera Platonis. Vilnius: Phi knygos, 128 p. ISBN 9786098236255.

RESUMEN Durante el siglo XVII, el reloj parece el modelo más adecuado para pensar los seres vivos. El filósofo alemán G. W. Leibniz es parte de la tradición mecanicista que concibe los seres vivos a partir del modelo del reloj o de los autómatas, pero establece una distinción esencial entre máquinas naturales y artificiales, que muestra los límites de este modelo. Las primeras son máquinas infinitamente complejas, máquinas dentro de máquinas ad infinitum, las segundas no, alcanzan un límite de complejidad. (...) Esta distinción obliga a ir más allá del reloj como modelo de los seres vivos, pues este modelo resulta insuficiente para comprender la dinámica propia de los seres vivos, en al menos dos aspectos: a) deja sin explicar el origen de la estructura o forma del ser vivo; b) no establece un principio interno de actividad que fundamente la unidad dinámica y estructural del ser vivo. Con su noción de organismo o máquina natural, Leibniz intenta resolver estas insuficiencias del modelo puramente mecánico: a) en su propuesta el ser vivo no se constituye de manera mecánica o serial, sino de una vez, por un acto de creación; b) la conservación del ser vivo en el tiempo sólo es comprensible a partir de un principio de actividad intrínseca que dota de unidad, actividad y estructura al viviente. ABSTRACT During the seventeenth century, the clock seems the most appropriate model for thinking about living beings. The German philosopher G. W. Leibniz, is part of the mechanical tradition that conceives living beings from the clock or the automata’s model, but he establishes an essential distinction between natural and artificial machines. This distinction shows the limits of the mechanical model. The machines of nature are infinitely complex machines, machines within machines ad infinitum; the artificial machines, instead, reach a limit of complexity. This distinction forces us to go beyond the clock as a model of living beings, because this model is insufficient to understand the dynamics of living beings, in at least two aspects: a) it is not able to explain the origin of the living being’s structure or form; b) it does not establish an internal principle of activity grounding the living being’s dynamic and structural unit. With his notion of organism or natural machine, Leibniz tries to solve these insufficiencies of the purely mechanical model: a) in his proposal, the living being is not constituted mechanically or serially, but at once, by an act of creation; b) the conservation of the living being in time is only understandable from a principle of intrinsic activity that provides unity, activity and structure to living beings. (shrink)

El problema filosófico del libre albedrío tiene muchas caras, que tocan diversas disciplinas. Una de ellas es la armonización entre libertad y destino. El libre albedrío parece ir en contra del destino entendido como algo inevitable, como fatum. Scheler afirma la existencia de la libertad con muchos argumentos y con una perspectiva original. No obstante, dice que el destino es el límite del libre albedrío. Esto significa que, en realidad, ambas nociones no son diametralmente opuestas, sino que son realidades con (...) varias dimensiones y una complejidad interna. Son más compatibles entre sí de lo que parece: el destino es una puerta fenomenológica a una noción de libertad superior al libre albedrío. (shrink)

This paper aims to point out that Machiavelli’s contribution can go beyond from merely an articulation between individual freedom and civic participation, as viewed by Skinner. It can be showed that Machiavelli’s most fruitful contribution is in his conception of conflict as a ineradicable dimension of politics, which is an aspect neglected by Skinner when he reduced it to a form among others of cultivation of civic virtue. Drawing upon reflections developed in the last decades by Chantal Mouffe, this paper (...) analyzes some unfoldings of that Machiavelli’s original intuition. Machiavelli’s works can be thought through the analytical categories elaborated by Chantal and thus contribute to a new modern politic conception of democracy. -/- O objetivo deste artigo é apontar que a contribuição de Maquiavel pode ir além daquela já entrevista por Skinner, de uma articulação entre liberdade individual e participação cívica. Nosso propósito é mostrar que a contribuição mais fecunda de Maquiavel está na sua concepção do conflito como uma dimensão inerradicável, aspecto negligenciado por Skinner ao reduzi-lo a uma forma entre outras de cultivo da virtude cívica. Vamos analisar alguns desdobramentos desta intuição original valendo-nos das reflexões desenvolvidas nas últimas décadas por Chantal Mouffe. Procuraremos mostrar como a obra de Maquiavel poderia ser pensada a partir das categorias analíticas elaboradas por Chantal e contribuir para uma nova concepção política de democracia na contemporaneidade. (shrink)

Background Since dignity is one of the fundamental rights of each patient, maintaining patients’ dignity is essential. Unfortunately, in many cases, particularly among patients with schizophrenia (SCZ), dignity is not fully respected. Nonetheless, there is limited knowledge regarding this matter in Middle Eastern Nations. Research Objective This study aimed to identify the barriers to maintaining dignity for patients with schizophrenia from the perspective of patients with schizophrenia, their family caregivers, and healthcare personnel. Research Design This qualitative study was conducted with (...) patients ( n = 16), family caregivers ( n = 4), and healthcare personnel ( n = 6) who were selected using a purposeful sampling method. The data were collected through semi-structured, in-depth face-to-face interviews until the data reached saturation. Data were analyzed using the Graneheim and Lundman method. Ethical Considerations The Research Ethics Committee of Urmia University of Medical Sciences (IR.UMSU.REC.1401.099). Findings Analysis of the interviews revealed two main themes and five subthemes as the barriers to maintaining dignity for patients with schizophrenia. The main themes included “Black shadow of stigma” (three subthemes: “Facing the fear and discrimination of others,” “Misconceptions in society,” and “Social rejection”) and “Facing violations” (two subthemes: “Basic human rights violation” and “Negative emotional responses”). Conclusion Patients’ dignity with schizophrenia was at a low level due to the negative attitude of society toward these patients. In this respect, the basic human rights violations, social rejection, and misconceptions were abundant in society and care centers. An in-depth comprehension of the threatening factors affecting dignity can assist policymakers in safeguarding their dignity through effective programs. (shrink)

Background Maintaining patients’ dignity is a key ethical requirement in healthcare and is emphasized in nursing standards. This issue is particularly significant for patients with schizophrenia because they face unique challenges such as physical and psychological difficulties, dependence on others, and social isolation, making them more vulnerable. Organizational factors can either threaten or preserve their dignity. However, there is little knowledge in this domain within the sociocultural context of Iran. Research Objective This study aimed to explore the role of the (...) healthcare organization in the dignity of patients with schizophrenia, based on the opinions of patients, healthcare personnel, and family caregivers. Research Design This qualitative study was conducted with 26 participants (16 patients, 4 family caregivers, 2 nurses, 3 psychologists, and 1 service worker) who were selected using a purposeful sampling method. The data were collected through semi-structured, in-depth face-to-face interviews until data saturation was reached. The data were analyzed via Graneheim and Lundman’s method. Ethical Considerations The study protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Urmia University of Medical Sciences (IR.UMSU.REC.1401.099). Findings Based on data analysis, participants reported the three following challenges as organizational hidden threats to patients’ dignity: “Lack of facilities,” “premature management,” and “ineffective communication.” Conclusion The study findings indicated that the healthcare organization does not support the dignity of patients. Management inefficiency and lack of facilities are evident in psychiatric hospitals, and healthcare centers are not monitored based on standard criteria. Limited interactions between healthcare personnel and patients were identified as the main reasons for the neglect of patients with schizophrenia and the violation of their dignity. The results of this study can help healthcare policymakers in designing and implementing effective programs to preserve the dignity of patients with schizophrenia. (shrink)

O objetivo deste artigo é associar a lógica de abdução de Peirce à cibernética de sistemas vivos. Sistemas vivos não podem ser entendidos através de uma epistemologia causalista, pois se comportam conforme os efeitos e não conforme as causas. A cibernética analisou o modo pelo qual máquinas não triviais se movem através de retroação, ou circuito de retorno: a cada etapa, o sistema corrige a etapa anterior, dependendo de até onde a etapa anterior pode ir em relação a um possível (...) equilíbrio. A dinâmica implica uma possível inibição da energia excessiva seguida de um possível aumento da energia insuficiente. Cada uma dessas condições é um erro que se corrige automaticamente, atingindo um estado temporário de homeostase. A auto-correção significa que é preciso adicionar à saída um impulso adicional “criativo” que seja singular e imprevisível. A lógica que é capaz de fazer sentido dessa dinâmica é a abdução de Peirce, também chamada retrodução, onde o ato inferencial retroage sobre um fato incompreensível, um “erro” epistemológico, inventando sua causa. O pensar e a auto-poiesis de sistemas vivos percorrem o mesmo caminho, substituindo estratégias ocasionais por causas universais atemporais. A abdução é a evidência de que é possível atingir uma condição de “conhecimento” sem apelar para causalidade. A possibilidade que as “leis da natureza”, possa seguir este caminho conclui o ensaio ao adicionar a noção do físico Lee Smolin do “princípio de precedência”, conforme foi inspirado pela ideia de Peirce da evolução das leis da natureza e seu caráter temporal, ou seja, contingente. (shrink)

Straipsnyje pristatomi pastarąjį dešimtmetį įvykę stereotipinių vaizdinių apie įvairių tautų (lietuvių, vokiečių, rusų ir kt.) charakterio bruožus poslinkiai. Lietuvos studijuojančio jaunimo sąmonėje susiformavę apibendrinti lietuvių ir kitataučių stereotipai buvo tirti 2003, 2008 ir 2015 metais. Šiuo laikotarpiu pastebimai kito politinė situacija, tarptautiniai santykiai, todėl buvo galima tikėtis ir tautinės stereotipizacijos kaitos. Gauti tyrimo rezultatai tai patvirtino: neigiamas rusų tautos stereotipiškumo rodiklis pastebimai pakilo, o teigiamas krito; žydų tautos stereotipas, sprendžiant pagal teigiamo ir neigiamo stereotipiškumo vidurkių poslinkius, pastarąjį dešimtmetį nuolat gerėjo; (...) ir kt. Tyrimai atskleidė ir studijuojančio Lietuvos jaunimo autostereotipo kaitą: tautinis autoportretas netapo labiau pozityvus; jame išryškėjo kritusį socialinį aktyvumą nusakantys bruožai. (shrink)

¿Cuántas imágenes hacen un poema? ¿Cuántas palabras se necesitan para construir un pensamiento? Vemos palabras de la misma manera que vemos árboles y casas, pero no vemos el bosque ni la ciudad como no vemos el poema y el pensamiento; lo verdaderamente esencial de ambos permanece oculto a nuestra simple y cotidiana mirada. El ojo y el oído se han acostumbrado a ver y a oír, es natural, es lo que se espera de dos órganos que están hechos para cumplir (...) esta misión. Pero ni vemos ni oímos más allá de los límites creados por la rutina de nuestra cotidianidad, hemos fijado a la superficie el paisaje y todo cuanto lo contiene: colores, olores, sonidos y texturas; vemos sin ver, oímos sin oír, olemos sin oler, tocamos sin sentir; esto es, sin diferenciar. Sin duda, establecer la diferencia, en cada acontecimiento particular, nos permitiría ir más allá de lo que simplemente se pone frente a nosotros; estamos tentados a nombrar esta diferencia como profundidad, pero mucho me temo que la profundidad también es una trampa, se trataría más bien de saber moverse entre ambas; sería algo así como dejarse sorprender por lo nuevo que hay en lo mismo, por lo imperceptible e invisible que existe en lo real y visible de la cotidianidad. (shrink)