The aim of this study is to characterize the weak discussion about the Human Rights in Franco’s time, not in general, but by testing Vallet de Goytisolo’s works. This author is deeply influenced by the lectures of M. Villey, Parisinian philosopher well-known by his denial of Human Rights. A comparative study of these authors will be done focusing on two - faced aspects : the strength and fragility of their doctrines. Both authors are defined as supporters of the (...) Methodical Realism (Aristotelian-Thomist school), although their arguments and sources are very similar, their purposes and conclusions are different. Juan Vallet does not reject the Human Rights, but he prefers the denomination of ethical-legal principles, that is, moral categories that must guide the legislative and judicial praxis. The root of these ethical-legal principles is the ethical-natural principles extracted at natural order, and the duty of all authority is to adequate his rules to the nature of things, exactly as in Saint Thomas. In Vallet’s works, the theoretical reason for this rejection is that the notion of fundamental right is scientifically unsatisfactory to understand the complexity of the social reality. The practical reason defends that the Civil right should not be confused with the power or faculty of the individual, errors of nominalism, but the origin of these powers is to be found in the context of a particular legal relationship. However, in the end, this catalogue of rights will be not feasible for the citizen, since these rights are at the mercy of the legislator or the judge. They are liable to obey these principles, only morally. (shrink)

Il est indéniable que les féministes théorisent, et que leurs théorisations participent à transformer le monde. Mais peut-on--et doit-on--qualifier cette activité théorique? Bien que les théories féministes partagent une visée politique émancipatrice, chercher à définir ce que signifie théoriser en féministe, c'est prendre le risque de masquer la pluralité des situations et des concepts. Dès lors, comment prendre en charge la diversité des contextes qui se trouvent derrière les connaissances? Ne doit-on pas interroger ce que cette question--à la portée pourtant (...) éminemment épistémologique--révèle des frontières du féminisme lui-même? Comment aborder un phénomène qui est tout à la fois un engagement, une identité, une revendication, un outil? Le féminisme se décline au pluriel et se trouve dans une tension permanente, parce qu'il se confronte à des conflits qu'on préfère généralement ignorer, parce qu'il est sujet à des interprétations multiples et, partant, parce qu'il s'élabore par mouvements successifs quoique continus. Suffit-il alors de se revendiquer du féminisme, entendu comme identité politique aussi bien que comme outil scientifique, pour produire un mouvement ou une théorie féministes? Théoriser en féministe, c'est non seulement déclarer son appartenance à une communauté, mais c'est aussi chercher une forme de radicalité pour lutter contre la violence du système, qu'il soit social, politique ou philosophique."--Page 4 of cover. (shrink)

Uma análise política e jornalística a respeito da queda do socialismo na Rússia e no leste europeu. Estudo originalmente realizado em 2006.

The aims of the present study were to analyse people’s natural ability to discriminate between true and false statements provided by people with intellectual disability (IQTRUE = 62.00, SD = 10.07; IQFALSE = 58.41, SD = 8.42), and the differentiating characteristics of such people’s statements using criteria-based content analysis (CBCA). Thirty-three people assessed 16 true statements and 13 false statements using their normal abilities. Two other evaluators trained in CBCA evaluated the same statements. The natural evaluators differentiated between true and (...) false statements with somewhat above-chance accuracy, even though error rate was high (38.19%). That lay participants could not effectively discriminate between false and true statements demonstrates that such assessments cannot be considered useful in a forensic context. The CBCA technique did discriminate at a better level than intuitive judgements. However, of the 19 criteria, only one significantly discriminated. More procedures specifically adapted to the abilities of people with intellectual disabilities are thus required. The presence of structured production, quantity of details, characteristics details and unexpected complications increased the probability that a statement would be considered true by non-expert evaluators. The classification made by the non-expert evaluators was independent of the participants’ IQ. A big data analysis is performed in search for better classification quality. (shrink)

L’Arabie marchande: État et commerce sous les sultans rasūlides du Yémen. By Éric Vallet. Bibliothèque historique des pays d’Islam, vol. 1. Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 2010. Pp. 872. €90.

1. There was not the undifferentiated ‘chaos’ nor the reality of the ‘cosmos’ then (cf. KV. 10, 72, 2 ; 3) ; there was not space (cf. RV. 1, 164, 6) nor the firmament which is beyond. What moved intermittently (cf. KV. 1, 164, 31 ; see st. 2 c)? Where ? Under whose (mase, or neutr.) protection ? Was there (the primordial) water, the unfathomable, deep (cf. RV. 10, 82, 5 ; 6 etc.) ? 2. There was not death (...) (nor continuation of life) then. There was no appearance of day and night (i.e. day and night could not be distinguished). The One (cf. KV. 10, 82, 2 ; 6) breathed without wind (breath) by its own nature. Other than that there was nothing else. 3. (There) was darkness. Hidden by darkness was this universe in the beginning,indistinguishable, something waving (not „water”, cf. st. 1 d). The virtual (cf.the verb in st. 6 d ; 7 a), viz. the One, which was covered by the void, assumed individual existence by the greatness of eternal heating. 4. Desire in the beginning arose (came into being) on that (viz. on the One), which was the first seed (semen) of manas (the seat of thought, feeling, will, consciousness, and which may be identical with the One ; cf. JB. 1, 68 ; TA. 1, 23, 1). The sages after having received (it) in their hearts with the inspired thoughts of their minds, found the bond of the reality of the ‘cosmos’ in (with) the undifferentiated ‘chaos’. 5. Their cord (presumably that of the creative architect ; enabling also to connect and distinguish) was extended across (probably in order to perceive or establish duality, e.g. of heaven and earth). Was there below, was there above ? There were semenbearers, there were greatness (powers, cf. TS. 4, 3, 11, 1 ; see also BAU. 1, 4, 3 ; RV. 10, 72, 4 ; 10, 90, 5). There was own (inherent, specific) nature (power) below, there was willingness (to give oneself) above (c and d chiastically). 6. Who knows for certain ? Who will (can) declare here, whence it has arisen (it was born), whence is this creation-in-differentiation ? With the creation (emanation)-in-differentiation of this (universe) the gods are at this side (which is known to us ; i.e. they did not exist before the creation of the universe). Who then knows whence it (the created or emanated universe) has come into existence ? 7. This creation (emanation)-in-differentiation, whence it has come into existence, whether it is the result of an act of founding or establishing or not, he who surveys it in the highest firmament, he only knows (it) - or else he (also) does not know (it). (shrink)

Z recenzji prof. Barbary Stawickiej-Pireckiej: Układ artykułów, przebieg granic tematycznych, zasięg problemowy proponowanych tekstów składają się na logiczną, ciekawą i różnorodną mapę tez i koncepcji, stanowiących niejako osnowę wiążącą Stary Kontynent z Nowym Światem, myśl głównych przedstawicieli filozofii hiszpańskiej – Unamuna i Ortegi y Gasseta – z „wędrującą”, wielokulturową świadomością bytu Marii Zambrano, złożone konteksty problematyki socjologicznej Peru w świetle nowelistyki Alfreda Bryce`a Echeniquego z polityczną utopią wybitnego meksykańskiego poety i eseisty – Octavio Paza. Filozoficzny wymiar dzieła literackiego w poszukiwaniu (...) nowych dróg dla słowa (Cervantes, Machado, Goytisolo, Cortázar) spotyka się w przedstawionym tomie z próbą odnalezienia nowych dróg dla koncepcji jednostki i społeczeństwa (teologia wyzwolenia, twórczość Santayany, koncepcje Manuela Castellsa i Nicolasa Gomeza Dávili). [...] -/- Wszyscy autorzy tekstów, piszący zarówno po polsku jak i po hiszpańsku, mają wypracowany własny, indywidualny sposób wypowiedzi, obrazowania, argumentacji. Czytelnik tomu obcuje zatem z dojrzałymi formami nie tylko opisu zjawisk i problemów, lecz także z ich wnikliwą i ciekawą interpretacją. (shrink)