The present paper has three objectives: Presenting an actualization of a proof of the decidability of monadic predicates logic in the contemporary model theory context; Show examples of decidable and undecidable fragments inside First order logic, offering an original proof of the following theorem: Any formula of First of order logic is decidable if its prenex normal form is in the following form: ∀x1,…,∀xn∃y1,…,∃ymφ; Presenting a theorem that characterizes the validity of First order logic by the tautologicity of Propositional logic, (...) said result is interesting since immediately arises the doubt of how to conciliate said characterization with Alonzo Church’s Undecidability Theorem for First Order Logic. (shrink)

We present a Hilbert-style axiomatization of a recently introduced logic, called G'3 G'3 is based on a 3-valued semantics. We prove a soundness and completeness theorem. The replacement theorem holds in G'3. As it has already been shown in previous work, G'3 can express some non-monotonic semantics. We prove that G'3can define the same class of functions as Lukasiewicz 3 valued logic. Moreover, we identify some normal forms for this logic.

El objetivo principal de este trabajo pasa por mostrar la presencia de ciertos valores clásicos y estructuras del medievo –sin por ello absolutizar su importancia– dentro del inconcluso proceso de construcción de una modernidad específicamente latinoamericana. En primer lugar, analizaremos el contexto intelectual de Nueva España durante el siglo XVI, profundamente influenciado en un sentido amplio por el humanismo renacentista europeo. En segundo lugar, atenderemos a la emergencia de una conciencia criolla en Perú a partir del siglo XVII y en (...) Nueva España a lo largo del siglo XVIII como resultado de la hibridación cultural. (shrink)

The authors of Beziau and Franceschetto work with logics that have the property of not satisfying any of the formulations of the principle of non contradiction, Béziau and Franceschetto also analyze, among the three-valued logics, which of these logics satisfy this property. They prove that there exist only four of such logics, but only two of them are worthwhile to study. The language of these logics does not consider implication as a connective. However, the enrichment of a language with an (...) implication connective leads us to more interesting systems, therefore we look for one implication for these logics and we study further properties that the logics obtain when this connective is added to these systems. (shrink)

Church's Undecidability Theorem is one of the meta-theoretical results of the mid-third decade of the last century, which along with other limiting theorems such as those of Gödel and Tarski have generated endless reflections and analyzes, both within the framework of the formal sciences, that is, mathematics, logic and theoretical computation, as well as outside them, especially the philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of logic and philosophy of mind. We propose, as a general purpose of this article, to formulate Church's Undecidability (...) Theorem and present the main ideas of its demonstration. In order to carry out the first objective, we need to introduce and explain the notions of recursive function and numbering used by Gödel, which will allow to formally and rigorously enunciate Church's Theorem. After we enunciate Church's Theorem of Unspeakability in a formal and rigorous manner, we will present the main ideas of the proof of Church's Undecidability Theorem for First Order Logic, which uses Robinson's axiomatic system for arithmetic and four facts about himself: In Robinson's system for arithmetic recursive functions are representable Robinson's system is undecidable, The number of axioms proper to the Robinson system is finite and The logical calculation of the Robinson system is equal to the calculation of the first-order logic. (shrink)

In memoriam José Arrazola Ramírez The logic $\textbf{G}^{\prime}_3$ was introduced by Osorio et al. in 2008; it is a three-valued logic, closely related to the paraconsistent logic $\textbf{CG}^{\prime}_3$ introduced by Osorio et al. in 2014. The logic $\textbf{CG}^{\prime}_3$ is defined in terms of a multi-valued semantics and has the property that each theorem in $\textbf{G}^{\prime}_3$ is a theorem in $\textbf{CG}^{\prime}_3$. Kripke-type semantics has been given to $\textbf{CG}^{\prime}_3$ in two different ways by Borja et al. in 2016. In this work, (...) we continue the study of $\textbf{CG}^{\prime}_3$, obtaining a Hilbert-type axiomatic system and proving a soundness and completeness theorem for this logic. (shrink)

A lo largo de la historia, las relaciones de la poesía con las otras bellas artes han sido objeto de numerosos estudios basados principalmente en criterios de comparación. El lenguaje poético, trasciende las fronteras de la literatura y se convierte en un elemento clave para determinar si la obra es arte. La forma, la percepción y la ejecución de la performance, que en sus orígenes estaba ligada al acto representativo basado en el texto, como medio artístico de expresión en el (...) contexto latinoamericano se convierte en una herramienta de denuncia en las movilizaciones sociales relativas a la defensa de los derechos humanos. El máximo exponente del arte performance en Guatemala, Regina José Galindo (nacida en 1974), comenzó su trayectoria desde el ámbito de la poesía. Sus acciones performativas establecen conexiones formales y funcionales con el lenguaje poético, creando metáforas a través del sujeto, el objeto y la acción, que sirven como catalizador del mensaje a transmitir y que provocan otro tipo de recepción, que va más allá de los límites habituales que se circunscriben a ambas disciplinas. Las metáforas performativas de la artista, además de cuestionar la posición social de la mujer, logran que el observador, a través de la identificación, alcance la plenitud de la experiencia emancipatoria. (shrink)

¿Qué ha pasado con el problema del cardinal del continuo después de Gödel (1938) y Cohen (1964)? Intentos de responder esta pregunta pueden encontrarse en los artículos de José Alfredo Amor (1946-2011), "El Problema del continuo después de Cohen (1964-2004)", de Carlos Di Prisco , "Are we closer to a solution of the continuum problem", y de Joan Bagaria, "Natural axioms of set and the continuum problem" , que se pueden encontrar en la biblioteca digital de mi blog de (...) Lógica Matemática y Fundamentos de la Matemática (ver). También en la entrada "The Continuum Hypothesis" de la web de Enciclopedia de Filosofía de la Universidad de Stanford existe información importante y actualizada al respecto. En esta breve nota se comenta sobre el tema de una manera divulgativa. (shrink)

En reseña de: Galindo, Alfonso y Ujaldón, Enrique (coords.), ¿Quién dijo populismo?, Biblioteca Nueva, Madrid, 2018.

This article proposes an object properties approach to object perception. By thinking about objects as clusters of co-instantiated features that possess certain canonical higher-order object properties we can steer a middle way between two extreme views that are dominant in different areas of empirical research into object perception and the development of the object concept. Object perception should be understood in terms of perceptual sensitivity to those object properties, where that perceptual sensitivity can be explained in a manner consistent with (...) the graded representation approach adopted by some connectionist modellers. The object properties approach does justice to the differences between a perceptual system solving the binding problem, on the one hand, and genuinely perceiving objects, on the other, without running into the theoretical problems associated with treating young infants as 'little scientists'. (shrink)

Marko Jurjako’s article “Self-deception and the selectivity problem” (Jurjako 2013) offers a very interesting discussion of intentionalist approaches to self-deception and in particular the selectivity objection to anti-intentionalism raised in Bermúdez 1997 and 2000. This note responds to Jurjako’s claim that intentionalist models of self-deception face their own version of the selectivity problem, offering an account of how intentions are formed that can explain the selectivity of self-deception, even in the “common or garden” cases that Jurjako emphasizes.

This commentary on Jacob and Jeannerod’s Ways of Seeing evaluates the conclusions that the authors draw from the two visual systems hypothesis about the nature and phenomenology of visual experience.

The third edition of Webster’s International Dictionary, first published in 1961, represented a novel approach to lexicography. It recorded the English language used in everyday life, incorporating colloquial terms that previous grammarians would have considered unfit for any responsible dictionary. Many were scandalized by the new lexicography. Trademark lawyers were not the most prominent of these critics, but the concerns they expressed are significant because they touched on the core structure of the trademark as a form of property in language. (...) In the course of eavesdropping on everyday usage, Merriam-Webster’s lexicographers picked up on the use of trademarks as common nouns: “thermos” as a generic noun for any vacuum flask, “cellophane” as a term for transparent wrapping, and so on. If Webster’s Third were to be taken as sound evidence of the meaning of words, then the danger was that some of the most familiar marks in the USA would be judged “generic” in the legal sense, and would thereby cease to be proprietary. In this article, we explore the implications of this encounter between law and lexicographic technique. (shrink)

Unlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We have not used OCR(Optical Character Recognition), as this leads to bad quality books with introduced typos. (2) In books where there are images such as portraits, maps, sketches etc We have endeavoured to keep the quality of these images, so they represent accurately the original artefact. Although occasionally there may be certain imperfections with these old texts, we feel they deserve to be made available for future generations to enjoy.

A todo o momento temos inúmeras experiências conscientes. Neste momento, por exemplo, tenho uma experiência visual do computador, uma experiência auditiva do latido do meu cachorro, uma experiência da pressão que exerço sobre a cadeira e uma experiência do fluxo de pensamentos que me ocorrem. Contudo, existem filósofos que afirmam que estas experiências conscientes permanecem todas unidas numa espécie de estado consciente abrangente, e outros filósofos que afirmam a existência de “micro-consciências” associadas com cada experiência consciente que não são necessariamente (...) interligadas e em sua maioria são autônomas. Isto é, alguns estudiosos defendem que a consciência é una, e outros defendem que ela é fragmentária. Neste artigo, apresentaremos as concepções unitária e fragmentária da consciência e discutiremos os problemas suscitados por cada uma. (shrink)