Concealment, or the deliberate withholding of information from others, is of fundamental sociological interest. Yet, a general theoretical framework of concealment is missing from the sociological canon. This paper specifies a model that builds on and goes beyond existing accounts of concealment by emphasizing the desire for autonomy. I propose that the desire for autonomy, and the subjective assessment of concealment as the best route to achieve autonomy, lead individuals to attempt concealment. After specifying a dyadic model based on the (...) concealer (ego) and the target of concealment (alter), I incorporate ego-alter power differentials, network dynamics, and norms about privacy and concealment into a multilevel model of how concealment is initiated and maintained. (shrink)

The rapid and unplanned change to teaching and learning in the online format brought by COVID-19 has likely impacted many, if not all, aspects of university students' lives worldwide. To contribute to the investigation of this change, this study focuses on the impact of the pandemic on student well-being, which has been found to be as important to student lifelong success as their academic achievement. Student well-being has been linked to their engagement and performance in curricular, co-curricular, and extracurricular activities, (...) intrinsic motivation, satisfaction, meaning making, and mental health. The purpose of this study was to examine how student perceptions of their degree completion and future job prospects during the pandemic impact their well-being and what role university support plays in this relationship. We used the conservation of resources theory to frame our study and to develop five hypotheses that were later tested via structural equation modeling. Data were collected from 2,707 university students in France, Germany, Russia, and UK via an online survey. The results showed that university support provided by instructors and administration plays a mediating role in the relationship between the perceived impact of COVID-19 on degree completion and future job prospects and levels of student well-being. Student well-being is decreased by their concerns for their degree completion but not by their concerns for future job prospects. In turn, concerns for future job prospects affect student well-being over time. These results suggest that in a “new normal,” universities could increase student well-being by making support to student studies a priority, especially for undergraduates. Also, universities should be aware of the students' changing emotional responses to crisis and ensure visibility and accessibility of student support. (shrink)

Black women and girls face conflicting expectations to be both strong and respectable. Studies of their socialization into racialized gender ideals often focus on the influence of society, mothers, and media. In this article, I investigate how black women’s relationships with their fathers shape their responses to racialized gender ideologies. Based on 79 in-depth interviews with 40 college-educated black women between the ages of 18 and 22, the data show that the quality of daughter–father relationships influences how black women navigate (...) discourses of strength and respectability. This study extends research about the transmission of racialized gender ideals by identifying key differences between women with supportive fathers and those with distant, uninvolved fathers. The article concludes with an appeal for further examination of daughter–father relationships and their influence on black women’s meaning making and negotiation of femininity ideals. (shrink)

In this paper I study the attribute of God ́s omnipotence in Francisco Suárez. The need, perfection and infinity of the divine essence qualify this attribute crucially; potence belongs to God himself, who –as an infinite being- contains all possible perfection. God contains all by its nature, because He contains every possibility, which is infinite. Thus, undestanding Himself, God understands everything, because He contains all in its essence.

The application of evolutionary perspectives to analyzing sex differences in aggressive behavior and dominance hierarchies has been found useful in multiple areas. We draw attention to the parallel of gender differences in the worsening health status of restructuring societies. Drastic socio-economic changes are interpreted as examples of hierarchy disruption, having differential psychological and behavioral impact on women and men, and leading to different changes in health status.

The interaction between the patient and the doctor is refracted through the phenomenon of trust. In antiquity, an individual's self-care took place through metaphorical objects: dreams and their retelling, revision, mirror, etc. In the age of Enlightenment, trust becomes in some way an economic characteristic that measures the attitude towards a person and forms an idea about him. In the moral context, the phenomenon of trust manifests itself through sympathy, which is meant as a «social lubricant» (A. Smith), which ensures (...) the development of a sense of brotherhood and at the same time makes semantic adjustments to the definition of personal space. In the philosophy of the XX century. in the works of P. Shtompka, E. Giddens, M. Foucault, A. Seligman, trust appears in a different explanation: philosophers form this concept through ethical behavior, seek to find a difference through correlation with its synonyms (confidence, faith). The social function of trust is interwoven into the medical field in the aspect of the relationship between the patient and the doctor. The interaction between the patient and the doctor is accompanied by verbal and non-verbal communication (the article attempts to clarify trust through the latter type of communication), which allows the former to expect a definite statement and/or build behavior: treat the doctor with suspicion or trust him. The pattern of the doctor's behavior determines the conclusion about himself on the part of the patient. The patient monitors how he is being examined and gives an internal assessment. In the process of communication, their relationship moves from a paternalistic model of relations to a collegial one (according to the concept of R. Veatch). The doctor, through an examination (professional or superficial), forms an idea of the disease at the same time about (not) meeting the patient's expectations. In comparing the external through the internal, the patient shows components of care: social practices (observation and/or detection of symptoms by a doctor, for example) in an individual human being (E.N. Bolotnikova). (shrink)

Scholars have long been intrigued by the Buddha's defining action (karma) as intention. This book explores systematically how intention, agency, and moral psychology were interpreted in all branches of early Theravada thought, paying special attention to the thought of the 5th-century commentator Buddhaghosa.

Strong notions of free will are closely connected to the possibility to do otherwise as well as to an agent’s ability to causally influence her environment via her decisions controlling her actions. In this paper we employ techniques from the causal modeling literature to investigate whether a notion of free will subscribing to one or both of these requirements is compatible with naturalistic views of the world such as non-reductive physicalism to the background of determinism and indeterminism. We argue that (...) from a causal modeler’s perspective the only possibility to get both requirements consists in subscribing to reductive physicalism and indeterminism. (shrink)

QUESTIONS DE METHODE I. Au contraire de Sartre qui, a partir de quelques elements cueillis dans les ecrits de HusserI concernant la conscience ima geante, a bllti sa propre doctrine de!'imagination, nous nous proposons de reconstituer, a partir de ces m~mes elements, ce qu'on pourrait appeler la theort:e husserlienne de l'imagination, c'est-a-dire la theorie que HusserI eut lui-m~me construite, s'il avait reuni en une synthese les elements qu'il a laisses epars. Une entreprise de ce genre est toujours delicate et souleve (...) des prob!emes difficiles - a commencer par celui de sa legitimite. N ous ecartons d'emblee l'objection d'ordre general qui contesterait Ie droit de systematiser dans l'reuvre d'un auteur ce que lui-m~me a laisse disperse et eventuellement inacheve. Par un tel scrupule, on sacrifie sans doute a la rigueur historique mais on est beaucoup moins soucieux de penetrer une pensee dans son dynamisme in terne et profond et, en derniere analyse, on protege les droits de l'archeologie mais non pas ceux de la culture et de son progreso Nous pensons a une difficulte beaucoup plus serieuse; de sa so lution depend l'attitude a adopter en face des textes dont nous devons nous servir dans notre etude. Nous utilisons des ouvrages qui couvrent la totalite de la car riere philosophique de HusserIl. (shrink)

We study how people attend to and memorize endings of events that differ in the degree to which objects in them are affected by an action: Resultative events show objects that undergo a visually salient change in state during the course of the event (peeling a potato), and non‐resultative events involve objects that undergo no, or only partial state change (stirring in a pan). We investigate general cognitive principles, and potential language‐specific influences, in verbal and nonverbal event encoding and memory, (...) across two experiments with Dutch and Estonian participants. Estonian marks a viewer's perspective on an event's result obligatorily via grammatical case on direct object nouns: Objects undergoing a partial/full change in state in an event are marked with partitive/accusative case, respectively. Therefore, we hypothesized increased saliency of object states and event results in Estonian speakers, as compared to speakers of Dutch. Findings show (a) a general cognitive principle of attending carefully to endings of resultative events, implying cognitive saliency of object states in event processing; (b) a language‐specific boost on attention and memory of event results under verbal task demands in Estonian speakers. Results are discussed in relation to theories of event cognition, linguistic relativity, and thinking for speaking. (shrink)

Preface Introduction Christopher J. Berry: Adam Smith: Outline of Life, Times, and Legacy Part One: Adam Smith: Heritage and Contemporaries 1: Nicholas Phillipson: Adam Smith: A Biographer's Reflections 2: Leonidas Montes: Newtonianism and Adam Smith 3: Dennis C. Rasmussen: Adam Smith and Rousseau: Enlightenment and counter-Enlightenment 4: Christopher J. Berry: Adam Smith and Early Modern Thought Part Two: Adam Smith on Language, Art and Culture 5: Catherine Labio: Adam Smith's Aesthetics 6: James Chandler: Adam Smith as Critic 7: Michael C. (...) Amrozowicz: Adam Smith: History and Poetics 8: C. Jan Swearingen: Adam Smith on Language and Rhetoric: The Ethics of Style, Character, and Propriety Part Three: Adam Smith and Moral Philosophy 9: Christel Fricke: Adam Smith: The Sympathetic Process and the Origin and Function of Conscience 10: Duncan Kelly: Adam Smith and the Limits of Sympathy 11: Ryan Patrick Hanley: Adam Smith and Virtue 12: Eugene Heath: Adam Smith and Self-Interest Part Four: Adam Smith and Economics 13: Tony Aspromourgos: Adam Smith on Labour and Capital 14: Nerio Naldi: Adam Smith on Value and Prices 15: Hugh Rockoff: Adam Smith on Money, Banking, and the Price Level 16: Maria Pia Paganelli: Commercial Relations: from Adam Smith to Field Experiments Part Five: Adam Smith on History and Politics 17: Spiros Tegos: Adam Smith: Theorist of Corruption 18: David M. Levy & Sandra J. Peart: Adam Smith and the State: Language and Reform 19: Fabrizio Simon: Adam Smith and the Law 20: Edwin van de Haar: Adam Smith on Empire and International Relations Part Six: Adam Smith on Social Relations 21: Richard Boyd: Adam Smith, Civility, and Civil Society 22: Gavin Kennedy: Adam Smith on Religion 23: Samuel Fleischacker: Adam Smith and Equality 24: Maureen Harkin: Adam Smith and Women Part Seven; Adam Smith: Legacy and Influence 25: Spencer J. Pack: Adam Smith and Marx 26: Craig Smith: Adam Smith and the New Right 27: Tom Campbell: Adam Smith: Methods, Morals and Markets 28: Amartya Sen: The Contemporary Relevance of Adam Smith. (shrink)

Despite recent research showing that children rapidly interpret human action in terms of intention, a long tradition of empirical research on moral development and recent conceptual analyses of the deontic domain suggest that children do not apply their understanding of intention to the deontic domain. However, two experiments are described showing that children do make that connection. Preschool children heard stories in which a protagonist was obliged to meet a particular condition if an action was to be taken (e.g. obliged (...) to wear a coat if playing outside). When shown four pictures depicting each possible combination of: (1) the protagonist either performing the action or not, and (2) deliberately or accidentally failing to meet the obligation, children appropriately identified the protagonist as naughty when he or she was depicted as deliberately not meeting the obligation while performing the action. The findings proved to be robust across two different cultural settings. Implications for research on children’s developing theory of mind and their understanding of deontic concepts are discussed. (shrink)

This paper uses the critical reflections of Jeffrey Barash on the matter of the symbol in the works of Paul Ricœur. The interpreter, interested mostly in the locus of collective memory that can be found in Memory, History, Forgetting, considers the urge of abandoning Husserl’s concept of analogy, used by Ricœur. For this purpose, he draws our attention to the concept of symbol that Ricœur avoids developing in the context of the discussion on memory. Consequently, he researches the background of (...) the matter in Freud and Philosophy and Time and Narrative. In this paper, I will try to show that the course imparted in Chicago in 1975, Lectures on Ideology and Utopia, is the appropriate work to answer from the perspective of symbolism to the problems of the constitution of collective memory through the contribution made by Ricœur in his work on ideology. (shrink)

This article is an extended promenade strolling along the winding roads of identity, equality, nameability and completeness, looking for places where they converge. We have distinguished between identity and equality; the first is a binary relation between objects while the second is a symbolic relation between terms. Owing to the central role the notion of identity plays in logic, you can be interested either in how to define it using other logical concepts or in the opposite scheme. In the first (...) case, one investigates what kind of logic is required. In the second case, one is interested in the definition of the other logical concepts in terms of the identity relation, using also abstraction. The present paper investigates whether identity can be introduced by definition arriving to the conclusion that only in full higher-order logic a reliable definition of identity is possible. However, the definition needs the standard semantics and we know that with this semantics completeness is lost. We have also studied the relationship of equality with comprehension and extensionality and pointed out the relevant role played by these two axioms in Henkin’s completeness method. We finish our paper with a section devoted to general semantics, where the role played by the nameable hierarchy of types is the key in Henkin’s completeness method. (shrink)

Based on the historical case of galvanic experimentation in Germany, I identify five types of experimentation which explored and shaped the new phenomenon rather than tested theoretical predictions. Verification evaluated initial reports of Galvani's phenomenon. Simplification reduced the experimental protocol to the fewest and most basic steps. Optimization found experimental conditions that magnified the observed effect. Exploration tested a wide variety of metals, animals or configurations. Application modified the experiment to address unresolved related problems. Attempts to derive laws of the (...) phenomenon or establish its underlying causes were unsuccessful primarily due to the great variability of the experimental results. (shrink)

This paper provides a provisional examination of Rod Watson ''s work and contributions to EM/CA/MCA, in part through a critique of misrepresentations of his arguments in secondary accounts of his work. The form of these misrepresentations includes adumbration and traducement of his arguments. Focusing on the reflexivity of category and sequence and turn-generated categories, we suggest that his analytic position within ethnomethodological fields is unique and remarkable, yet largely unacknowledged. We argue that a re-examination of the body of Watson ''s (...) work makes relevant explicit and appropriate acknowledgement of his contributions through his unconventional approach and his extension of prior works in novel and stimulating directions. (shrink)

This paper suggests an integration of Wesley Salmon's mechanistic theory of causality with a manipulative account of causation of the kind that has been recently defended by Huw Price and Peter Menzies. Firstly, Salmon's view of causality is outlined, and the main issues of the debate around it are recollected. Secondly, the manipulative view of causality is sketched and the possibility of its integration with Salmon's theory is considered for the purpose of coping with some of the problems raised by (...) its critics. (shrink)

One requirement for the formation of an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee is that they include a community member who embodies the values of the general population. This study’s aim is to investigate whether community members use moral arguments when deliberating a case of nonhuman animals used in experimentation. To this end, we tested the responses of community members in a situation similar to those confronting members of IACUC. The participants’ evaluation of the protocol was consistent with the mandates (...) of IACUC. We also found that overall no moral argument played a significant role in their evaluation of a protocol. Only arguments based on loyalty to the human species played a moderate role in the evaluation of using animals in experimental research, in a way similar to using some moral arguments regarding the importance of human welfare to justify the use of animals in experimental research. (shrink)

Most of us are familiar with the phenomenology of mental effort accompanying cognitively demanding tasks, like focusing on the next chess move or performing lengthy mental arithmetic. In this paper, I argue that phenomenology of mental effort poses a novel counterexample to tracking intentionalism, the view that phenomenal consciousness is a matter of tracking features of one’s environment in a certain way. I argue that an increase in the phenomenology of mental effort does not accompany a change in any of (...) the following candidate representational contents: representation of externally presented features, e.g. brightness, contrast, and so on representation of task difficulty, representation of the possibility of error, representation of trying to achieve some state of affairs, representation of bodily changes like muscle tension, or representation of change in cognitive resource availability and lost opportunity cost. While tracking intentionalism about some phenomenal experiences like pains might obtain, it does not seem to obtain for all phenomenal experiences. This puts the intentionalist into an uncomfortable position of trying to explain why some phenomenal experiences have representational content and not others. Since many believe that tracking intentionalism or something like it provides the best chance of naturalizing consciousness, these arguments deserve detailed consideration. (shrink)

En aquesta arrencada del segle XXI, en què la tecnologia ens afalaga i alhora ens domina, ens calen humanistes que ens ajudin a interpretar la realitat i a tenir criteris per a abordar-la. Josep Maria Puigjaner, l'autor d'aquest llibre, s'ha proposat apropar al lector, a través de la narració d'alguns retalls -reals o imaginaris- de les seves vides, la personalitat de vuit humanistes que ens transmeteren, durant el segle XX, la seva manera d'entendre la vida i l'home. Són escriptors (...) que mereixen el qualificatiu de clàssics, és a dir que parlen des d'una perspectiva interior, profunda i arrelada en el coneixement i en l'experiència del significat de la naturalesa humana i els seus ideals de futur. (shrink)

The proliferation of for-profit enterprises offering stem cell storage services for personal use illustrates one of the ways health is increasingly governed through uncertainty and speculative notions of risk. Without any firm guarantee of therapeutic utility, commercial stem cell banks offer to store a range of bodily tissues, signalling the further transformation of the living body into an accumulation strategy within biotechnology capitalism’s ‘tissue economies’. This article makes two related claims: first, it suggests that specifically gendered forms of identification with (...) the leading edge of the bioeconomy are embedded in the speculative practices of commercial stem cell banking and are particularly visible in the recent creation of a banking service for endometrial tissue marketed directly to women. Second, the article offers a novel analytic through which to explore the commercial banking of one’s own bodily tissues (or ‘autologous’ banking) through Marx’s discussion of money hoarding. The aim of the article is to thus further the conceptual claims linking emergent forms of economic and biomedical subjectivity to transformations in biotechnology capital. (shrink)

O presente artigo constitui um estudo do conceito de amizade em Santo Agostinho, em particular tal como ele se apresenta nas Confissões e nas Epístolas, tendo especialmente em conta a influência que a noção de φιλία ou de amicitia produziram no seu pensamento. Mostra-se também que o modelo teórico ciceroniano é uma das principais fontes de Agostinho, mas não a única. Nesse sentido, a definição que Cícero dá da amizade transforma-se em motivo para uma verificação da medida em que Agostinho (...) está em sintonia com o autor Latino ou em que medida eles se diferenciam. Daí a atenção dada ao conceito de benivolentia, conceito esse que no pensamento de Agostinho tem uma conotação próxima do conceito de caritas e do afecto, coisa que não acontece nem em Aristóteles nem em Cícero. Por outro lado, mostra-se também que Agostinho mantém praticamente desde a sua conversão a mesma concepção de amizade, pois que, quer no Contra Académicos, quer na Epístola 258, se encontra presente a mesma doutrina sobre a amizade, à qual está subjacente uma espiritualidade monástica e fraternal, que resulta da consolidação de elementos tanto filosóficos como bíblicos. Por último, o artigo sublinha ainda até que ponto para Agostinho a amizade verdadeira entre amigos deverá manter um acordo entre as coisas humanas e divinas, acordo esse que consiste numa articulação, em consonância com a tradição bíblica, das rerum humanariam et divinarum cum benivolentia et caritate consensio. /// The aim of this article is to discuss the concept of friendship in Augustine, particularly in the Confessions and in the Epistles, considering in particular the influence that the notion of φιλία or amicitia had in his thought. Cicero's theoretical model is one of the main sources for Augustine but not the only one. The definition that Cicero presents is a fundamental motive for the author of the article to assess to what extent there is, in Augustine, a complete harmony with him, and in which aspects they differ. One of these concepts is benivolentia, which in Augustine's thought is reinforced and comes closer to caritas and affection, a meaning that it does not have in Aristotle and Cicero. The article also shows that after his conversion Augustine maintained practically the same concept of friendship, since both in Contra Academicos as well as in the Epístola 258 we find the same doctrine. Subjacent to this notion of friendship there is a monastic and brotherly spirituality which is the result of the consolidation of philosophical and biblical elements. Finally, the article shows that for Augustine a true friendship implies an agreement between human and divine matters. This agreement allows an articulation between the rerum humanarum et divinarum cum benivolentia et caritate consensio and the biblical tradition. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to analyze some basic aspects of Nietzsche’s thought by tracing them back to the idea of Amor Fati, understood as the matrix from which they spring and the keystone to their pattern. The freedom-necessity duality is analyzed, posing the crucial question of why Amor Fati is for Nietzsche a call to radically face the problem of responsibility.

Scientific debates about the political, economic and even legal aspects of commons have circulated wherever commons are perceived to pose a challenge to the increasing commodification of people’s lives. Indeed, a wide range of commons has emerged worldwide. Emerging commons pose a challenge to the law which is now requested to provide legal tools to resist the dispossession of the common wealth. Nevertheless, commons do not embody a reality which is external or unfamiliar to the law. This paper is an (...) attempt to reframe the commons as a legal concept. In this article I argue that commons are not just a marginal element of contemporary legal systems. Rather, they embody the premises for important transformative practices and discourses and represent a subversive site in the legal order. I maintain, first, that the law of the commons is consistent with the law in force and the current legal regimes of private property and, second, that the current stage of globalization is most favourable to the establishment of a law of the commons both in the peripheries and at the core of the capitalist system. However, given the persistent dominance of the individual-based property paradigm, the legitimacy of the commons on legal grounds remains problematic. Certainly the recognition and protection of the commons challenge the legal regime of property in force and query about the possible limits that the law may impose upon property rights. It is evident that the true core of the commons discourse as a legal discourse rests upon its relation with property and depends on the notion of property that we assume as normative. The Hohfeldian idea of property as a bundle of rights offers a good starting point for articulating a legal theory of the commons under positive law. (shrink)

The aim of this article is to examine Kierkegaard’s criticism of Metaphysics. Therefore, firstly I will analyze Kierkegaard’s concept of being as interesse (interest), which allows Kerkegaard’s criticism, not just because Metaphysics implies ideality and abstraction, but also because it hides the ethical. That is why I will finally argue the ethical background of the existential thought and its opposition to any tentative of thinking the ethical as a First Philosophy.

Neste esboço de teodiceia que deveria intitular-se "Amorim Viana", Sampaio Bruno critica o optimismo leibniziano daquele autor para quem o mal não tinha essência real.nesta "teosofia", ou "teurgia" mística e heterodoxa, Bruno contesta a "creatio ex nihilo", propondo a Cisão como mistério primordial, causa da degradação do Espírito puro e de todos os outros seres. Aliado aos temas da Cisão e do Mal, o Tempo surge como categoria fundamental.A razão e a revelação, a "sofia" e a profecia, entrelaçam-se paradoxalmente nesta (...) "teurgia" mística em que a Cisão, o Tempo e o Mal são as coordenadas ônticas de uma viagem quase iniciática do visível ao invisível, do racional ao meta-racional, da razão ao místério. /// Dans cette esquisse de théodicée qui devrait s'intituler "Amorim Viana", Sampaio Bruno critique l'optimisme leibnizien de cet auteur, pour lequel le mal n'avait pas d'essence réelle.Dans cette "théosophie" ou "théurgie" mystique et hétérodoxe, Bruno conteste la dégradation du pur Esprit et de tous les autres êtres. En liaison avec les thèmes de la Scission et du Mal, le Temps surgit comme catégorie fondamentale.La raison et la révélation, la "sophia" et la prophétie, s'entrelacent paradoxalement en cette "théurgie" mystique dans laquelle la Scission, le Temps et le Mal sont les coordonnées ontiques d'un voyage pour ainsi dire initiatique du visible à l'invisible, du rationnel au métarationnel, de la raison au mystère. /// In this sketch of theodicy which should rather be entitled "Amorim Viana", Sampaio Bruno does criticize the leibnizian optimism of that author for whom the evil had no real essence.In this "theosophy" or mystical and heterodoxal "theurgy", Bruno denies the "creatio ex nihilo", and proposes the Scission as primary mystery, cause of the degradation of pure Spirit and all other beings. Associated to the subjects of Scission and Evil, Time appears as a fundamental category.The reason and the revelation, the "sophia" and the prophecy, interlace themeselves paradoxally in this mystical "theurgy" in wich the Scission, the Time and Evil are ontical coordenates of a fast initial journey from the visible to the invisible, from the rational to the meta-rational, from reason to the mystery. (shrink)

Um dos mais apelativos legados da tradição filosófica ocidental, o argumento ontológico, é aqui retomado com base na sua versão inaugural, a de Proslogion 2-3, de Anselmo de Cantuária. Este artigo representa um momento culminante de um processo de reflexão pessoal e de revisão continuada da compreensão do argumento anselmiano por parte da autora. Há, por isso, aqui um testemunho de auto-crítica e a definição clara de uma linha interpretativa, que não evita recusar orientações tradicionalmente dominantes na interpretação do argumento (...) de Anselmo. Uma dessas orientações é a admissão de que a noção anselmiana de Deus, em Proslogion 2-3, é um conceito a priori. Ao contrário, defende este estudo, através da análise do processo de construção dessa noção, que a mesma não pode ser classificada, nos termos da filosofia de Kant, senão como uma noção a posteriori. Outra dessas orientações é a concessão do primado da essência sobre a existência na filosofia do argumento anselmiano. Pelo contrário, este estudo defende o primado da existência na elaboração do argumento anselmiano do Proslogion, o que se prova através da consideração quer do sentido da distinção entre essência e existência quer do teor metafísico dos princípios que operam no argumento. /// One of the most appealing legacies of the western philosophical tradition, the ontological argument, is considered in this paper, based on its inaugural version, the one of Anselm of Canterbury's Proslogion 2-3. The paper represents the apex of a process of personal reflection and continual review of the understanding of the Anselmian argument on the part of its author. Therefore, there is here a testimony of self-critique and the clear definition of an interpretative line, which does not avoid the refusal of traditionally dominant orientations in the interpretation of Anselm s argument. One of these orientations admits that the Anselmian concept of God, in Proslogion 2-3, is an a priori concept. This study, on the contrary, claims, through the analysis of the construction process of this concept, that it cannot be classified, according to Kant's philosophy, but as an a posteriori concept. Another of the traditional orientations is the concession of the primacy of the essence over existence in the philosophy of the Anselmian argument. On the contrary, through the consideration of the meaning of the distinction between essence and existence, as well as the metaphysical tenor of the principles operating in the argument, the author claims the primacy of existence in the elaboration of the Anselmian argument in the Proslogion. (shrink)

The article is devoted to the identification of factors influencing the export trade flows of the Russian Federation to the EAEU member states. Gravity modeling (H. Linnemann's model) was used as a research tool. The introduction of dummy variables is justified. A comparative analysis of the identified factors is presented. A forecast of export trade flows of the Russian Federation to the EAEU countries for 2020-2022 has been made.

Prof. Polo's theory of knowledge leads to a transcendental anthropology. Man's freedom is exemplified in his nous or agent intellect which makes him capable of developing the intellectual virtues. Thus, he leaves behind the "mental presence" taken to be the limit of objective knowledge.