Tematem artykułu jest stanowisko władz państw komunistycznych w Europie wobec wyboru Karola Wojtyły na papieża w 1978 r. oraz pierwszych lat jego działalności w Watykanie. Tekst stanowi zarys problemu oparty przede wszystkim na literaturze przedmiotu i wydawnictwach źródłowych. Uwaga autora koncentruje się na Polsce, a także na innych państwach posiadających w swych granicach znaczącą liczbę katolików: Czechosłowacji, Węgrzech i Związku Sowieckim. W szczególności omówiono reakcje władz na wizytę Jana Pawła w Polsce oraz działania podejmowane w kierunku zwalczania wpływów Watykanu w (...) państwach bloku sowieckiego. Cezurę końcową stanowi zamach na papieża 13 maja 1981 r. (shrink)

The book presents a collection of articles authored by several members of the Warsaw School of Political Theory, affiliated with the University of Warsaw. The team of scholars, first founded in the 1970s by professor Artur Bodnar, has been conducting research under the leadership of professor Miroslaw Karwat.

Anderson-like ontological proofs, studied in this paper, employ contingent identity, free principles of quantification of the 1st order variables and classical principles of quantification of the 2nd order variables. All these theories are strongly complete wrt. classes of modal structures containing families of world-varying objectual domains of the 1st order and constant conceptual domains of the 2nd order. In such structures, terms of the 1st order receive only rigid extensions, which are elements of the union of all 1st order domains. (...) Terms of the 2nd order receive extensions and intensions. Given a family of preselected world-varying objectual domains of the 2nd order, non-rigid extensions of the 2nd order terms belong always to a preselected domain connected with a given world. Rigid intensions of the 2nd order terms are chosen from among members of a conceptual domain of the 2nd order, which is the set of all functions from the set of worlds to the union of all 2nd order preselected domains such that values of these functions at a given world belong to a preselected domain connected with this world. (shrink)

Notwithstanding the opportunities it provides, the implementation of some measures of the EU Common Agricultural Policy (EU CAP), including agri-environment-climate measures (AECMs), also generates threats. The study identifies an extremely disturbing process that can be referred to as “internal neo-colonialism”, which has been driven by the technocratic agrarian policy of the EU and transformations in Poland at the turn of the twenty-first century. The associated disadvantageous practices mainly affect areas under threat of marginalisation and peripheralisation, including Poland with its post-Socialist (...) heritage, which has shaped the attitudes and behaviour of society and has consolidated linkages between politics and business. In order to retrace such activities, the study analyses EU funds granted in support of farmers implementing AECMs, with a focus on analysing the place of residence of the “farmer” and the location of the farm. As the research shows, the attractiveness of CAP support causes Polish agriculture and Poland’s countryside, including its natural and financial resources, to be drained by so-called “suitcase farmers”, i.e. people/entities not tied to the place where the agricultural activity is pursued, many of whom live in cities. One common practice is to take over land located in legally protected areas noted for their high quality of natural environment. Not only does the practice of land grabbing strengthen the social exclusion of rural communities and the peripheralisation and pauperisation of these areas, but it also hinders discussion about environmental justice and the ecological integrity of rural areas. (shrink)

In the original version of the publication, Figs. 2, 3 and 4 have been included incorrectly and these have been removed with this Correction and the corresponding text have been updated as mentioned below.

This paper examines how the Polish communist intelligence service attempted to recruit professor Stefan Węgrzyn, who was a prominent specialist on automatic control and computer science in post-war Poland. Eventually, Węgrzyn’s refusal to cooperate with the Polish spy agency, together with his profound relationship with French scientist and servomechanism expert Jean Charles Gille, made them both targets of surveillance orchestrated by the communist security apparatus. In the broader context of human-intelligence studies, this case study involves the problem of moral ambiguity. (...) We experience informative examples of scientists, who often – not only during the Cold War – have had to choose between commitment to the rules of the academic world, along with its openness and transparency on the one hand, and patriotism including an ethos of secrecy for the sake of the homeland’s prosperity, on the other hand. (shrink)

Recenzja książki: The Philosophy of Biology. A Companion for Educators, Kostas Kampourakis, Springer, Dordrecht 2013, ss. 762.

The purpose of this paper is to analyse a particularly influential case of memory continuity in Portugal, that of _Padrão dos Descobrimentos_. Spaces of collective memory (such as public monuments) raise questions about what we celebrate, remember or rescue from oblivion, providing an opportunity to rethink the trauma. As such, care for public spaces is associated with ethical and cultural values. One of the difficulties with certain monuments has to do with the fact that they recall actions that today we (...) see as traumatic acts. Thus, it is important to reflect on a critical use of memory. On August 8, 2021, _Padrão dos Descobrimentos_ was the subject of a graffiti. One of the sides of the monument could read: “Blindly sailing for money, humanity is drowning in a scarlet sea”. A great controversy immediately arose around the meaning of this gesture, as well as the role played by a monument that, after being temporarily built in 1940 for the Portuguese World Exhibition, was, in its current version, inaugurated in 1960, on the occasion of the fifth centenary of the death of Infante D. Henrique. This episode reignited a deeper cleavage around the uses of history and memory, the Portuguese colonial past, and the role of the _Padrão dos Descobrimentos_ as an instrument for the reproduction of nationalism. In this sense, and with the authors proposing a new theoretical frame of reference based on the thought of Arendt and Ricoeur, its critical reading becomes relevant. (shrink)

Pacyfizm, na swój sposób dzisiaj zapomniany, to głębokie pytanie o człowieka, to próba uświadomienia, że być może człowiek nie powinien się nigdy na tym właśnie świecie pojawić, chyba że tylko po to, by o miłości marzyć, w nadziei, że wydarzy się ona gdzieś indziej. Jeżeli jednak żyjąc w „dowodliwym” świecie, obserwując fakty, wiemy z niewzruszoną pewnością, że tak nie jest, że krystaliczna miłość jest tylko fantazmatem, po czasie zmienia się bowiem nieustannie w układ przyzwyczajeń, a pokój to tylko niespełniona nadzieja (...) (czego nie trzeba udowadniać), to skąd myśl, że wydarzy się on kiedykolwiek? I tutaj właśnie napotykamy na bodaj najgłębszy problem antropologiczny, twierdzę, że niemożliwy do rozstrzygnięcia, co pokazuje nam filozofia. Niniejsza kwestia będzie analizowana w przedstawionym artykule. (shrink)

Niniejszy artykuł stanowi próbę globalnej rekonstrukcji związków, które łączyły Immanuela Kanta z Polską. Część pierwsza zawiera fakty biograficzne dotyczące tego problemu oraz fragmenty wykładów z antropologii, w których Kant mówi o Polsce i Polakach. Podejmuje się też próbę interpretacji fragmentu traktatu Zum ewigen Frieden dotyczącego prawdopodobnie właśnie Polski. Część druga dotyczy rzeczywistych i domniemanych związków filozofa z Polakami.

The article familiarizes us with Salomon Maimon, a self-taught philosopher of Jewish descent, and with his attitude to the scientific views of Immanuel Kant. Although Maimon depicted himself as a follower of Kant, the reality contradicts this picture. The conclusions drawn in the article are based on Maimon’s letters and his manuscript of A Dialogue between Kant and One of His Students discovered only recently. The abovementioned correspondence with Kant clearly shows Maimon’s position in relation to the views of the (...) philosopher from Königsberg. The letters, most of which remained unanswered, are written in a characteristic, somewhat audacious manner. Maimon begins them with glorifying Kant’s philosophy but then suggests numerous corrections concerning not only its insignificant details but also some principal issues which would radically change the whole system of Kant’s philosophy. Presumably that justifies the fact that Maimon received but one answer in the whole correspondence. Kant answered it at the instigation of his friend, Marcus Herz, with whom Maimon won favour. Later, however, Kant bore a grudge against Herzto such an extent that their own correspondence, previously frequent and very personal in character, almost ceased, becoming scarce and official. This, however, did not discourage Maimon, who in his Autobiography claimed that Kant had a high regard of him. The Jewish self-taught philosopher kept writing letters to Kant, and as he could not bear the lack of any answer, he decided to respond to the lettershimself. Kant’s would-be answers are contained in the abovementioned manuscript of A Dialogue between Kant and One of His Students, which for Maimon was a kind of compensation for Kant’s repudiation. Thetitle dialogue is between the Königsberg philosopher and a student N, whose views are identical with those of Maimon. It is hard to overlook the importunity of his attacks on Kant, whose answers are far more polite perhaps due to the fact he cannot equal him. In the dialogue, Kant contradicts himself, is lost in the arguments, and finally agrees with the statements of N despite the fact that they are quite distant from his own critical philosophy. N – that is Maimon – casts doubts concerning various aspects of Kant’s philosophy, e.g. the notion of space as a form of pure intuition, and Kant’s attempts to defend his position are quite helpless. Frequent statements such as “I do not know” or “highly probable” compound Maimon’s picture of Kant. It turns out, however, that in some of the theses contained in the dialogue Maimon was close the views of Fichte, which Kant refused as well. Perhaps, then, Maimon was a link between Kantian philosophy and the classical German idealism, a link much more important than it is generally acknowledged. (shrink)

Number 1 of Fides et ratio contains a phrase crucial for the dialogue between science and philosophy. Its meaning is clear in the Latin, polish, English, German, French and Portuguese versions, but it loses its strength in the Italian and Spanish texts.

Wśród traktatów mistycznych św. Bonawentury poczesne miejsce zajmuje Itinerarium mentis in Deum. Jego treść jest swego rodzaju instruktażem, opisującym różne sposoby odkrywania Boga na drodze duchowego rozwoju. Św. Bonawentura umieścił swoje rozważania w dość precyzyjnym kontekście chrześcijańskiego rozumienia rzeczywistości. Jego wizja powrotu do Boga wpisana została w metafizyczną triadę emanatio-exemplatio- -reductio i jako taka stała się kluczem do rozumienia dziejów świata i człowieka. Poczynione przy tej okazji rozróżnienia i precyzacje czerpią swoje uzasadnienie z bogatego instrumentarium filozoficznego. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest (...) opisanie zasadniczych warunków oraz etapów mistycznej drogi, na której umysł człowieka poprzez medytację stopniowo odkrywa tajemniczą obecność Boga. Prowadzony Bożym światłem, przekraczając ograniczenia natury, duch ludzki przemierza swą drogę najpierw przez świat wobec siebie zewnętrzny, by następnie zagłębić się w samym sobie i zwieńczyć swój trud w mistycznej ekstazie zjednoczenia. W tej perspektywie przestawione zostały również zasadnicze cechy mistyki Bonawenturiańskiej. (shrink)

Scientific psychology has been fouded on the deterministic view of human being. Implicitly or explicitly, human behaviour was assumed to be totally shaped by the environmental and/or biological forces with the little if any agentive role left to the person.Recently, personality and social psychology attempts at incorporating the idea of freedom and self-determination to the scientific study of human behaviour. Psychologists agree now that one cannot understand and predict what people do without referring to the idea of agency, freedom, or (...) personal control.To avoid apparent inconsistency of "free will" with the assumption of determinism (fundamental for scientific approach to reality), psychologists take subjectivistic solution: They ascribe freedom a status of a cognitive construct. Freedom is understood as a subjective representation of one's own ability to choose among behavioural alternatives. In this context, the Author reviews several current theoretical models of perceived (experienced) freedom in social psychology including approaches of Steiner, Mills, Kelley, Harvey, and Kruglanski.This kind of conceptual solution helps psychologists to preserve deterministic view of the world. However even if being illusion, freedom has — according to them - real existence as psychological entity. As it is demonstrated in numerous studies, feelings of freedom or corecion have profound impact on information processing, affective and motivational processes, and behaviour. (shrink)

In this paper we present a negative solution of counting problems for some classes slightly different from bounded arithmetic (▵ 0 sets). To get the results we study properties of chains of finite automata.

Artykuł ma na celu ukazanie wpływu bogatej symboliki „dzikiego męża”, która została według autora opracowania świadomie użyta jako znaczący i jednocześnie uzupełniający element przekazu treści pochodzącej z pierwszej połowy XV wieku _Księgi praw miejskich Głubczyc_ (Codex Iuris Lubschicensis). Analizowany materiał źródłowy stanowi spisany w języku niemieckim zbiór praw miejskich, sporządzony m.in. na bazie łacińskich odpisów, który oprócz bogatych zdobień posiada liczne sceny figuralne. Ich autorem był Jan z Żytawy, iluminator czynny na Śląsku i we Wrocławiu, który ukończył swoją pracę w (...) końcu 1421 lub na początku 1422 roku. W artykule przedstawiono dotychczasową literaturę naukową dotyczącą manuskryptu, uważanego przez długi czas za zaginiony, oraz wykazano, że dotychczasowe opracowania pomijają warstwę symboliczno-znaczeniową przedstawień figuralnych, dostrzegając w nich niepowiązane z treścią rękopisu _drôlerie_. Dodatkowo wskazano na obszerny stan badań na temat „dzikiego męża” w kulturze europejskiej, który dotychczas był pomijany przez badaczy pochodzącego z Głubczyc źródła. W opinii autora opracowania Dzicy Mężowie są ważnym elementem wzmacniającym siłę przekazu całości zbioru praw miejskich i wpisują się w charakterystyczne dla epoki powstania rękopisu opozycje, takie jak: wieś – miasto, prawo stanowione – prawo zwyczajowe, chrześcijaństwo – pogaństwo. Przeprowadzone analizy porównawcze prowadzą do wniosku, że w kulturze europejskiej „dzikim mężom” niejednokrotnie przypadało w udziale kierowanie do ludzi nauk moralnych. Byli oni postrzegani jako uosobienie pierwotnego dobra zaklętego w naturze, a żyjąc z nią w harmonii, pozostali zwierciadłem moralnym dla tych wszystkich, którzy nie uznają jeszcze przepisów zawartych w regulacjach prawnych. „Dziki mąż” to zatem strażnik naturalnego prawa, lub też ducha prawa, co zapewne pragnął oddać Jan z Żytawy, iluminator jednego z najcenniejszych dokumentów przechowywanych obecnie w Archiwum Państwowym w Opolu – w aktach miasta Głubczyc (zespół nr 9, sygn. 122). (shrink)

The immediate inspiration for this text is Tomasz Polak's book "System kościelny czyli przewagi pana K" (The Church System or the Advantages of Mr. K). The author analyses in detail how the "system" works, claiming that it has taken over the church from the very beginning of its existence, absorbing the original vitality of the community. The conclusion he reaches is that the "system" is unreformable. In this article I compare T. Polak's basic thought with what Tomasz Węcławski wrote years (...) ago about the church. I emphasize that this is the same person who changed his name due to life circumstances. I try to analyze how far the thinking, the way of argumentation, and finally the formulated conclusions have changed. The key word for these considerations is "phantasm." In this light, the question of God "with me, in me, and over me" dies in the face of the workings of the "church system." The phantasm prevails over man and his living relationship to God. "The Church System or the Advantages of Mr. K", is a very sad story about an individual, even though told in an expert and difficult language. Religion, faith, which someone makes the determinant and meaning of life, is something that from the beginning is doomed to drift towards an unshakeable phantasm, something that, in fact, will never come true, except in the most intimate and private dimension. (shrink)

Understanding the interactive art experience requires investigation of relations among multiple (v)users – participants who are both viewers and users in interaction with the artwork and among themselves.