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This article overviews the scholarly history of research centred on the Socratic problem. Eight breaking points in this history are identified and the developments emerging from them are analysed. 1) The pre-history of the Socratic problem began with the varying and conflicting portrayals of Socrates that sprang up during his lifetime and shortly after his death. 2) The problem was first explicitly admitted in the 18 th century with the earliest historical investigations critically pursuing the truth behind the fiction. 3) (...) The problem was then established in research in the 19 th century as a result of the influential remarks of Schleiermacher and Hegel on the discrepancies in Plato’s and Xenophon’s portrayals of Socrates. 4) In the beginning of the 20 th century, an emerging disapproval of Xenophon as a reliable source was accompanied by an elevation of the source value of Plato. 5) The crisis of the mid-20 th century took the form of a denial of the very possibility of reaching genuine knowledge of the historical Socrates. 6) The reaction to the crisis assumed the two-folded shape of a broadened study of the sources and a partial reappraisal of Plato’s trustworthiness. 7) Beginning from the 1990s, an optimistic program claiming that all of Plato’s early dialogues recreates the philosophy of the historical Socrates gained ground. 8) Today’s research climate is characterised by a renewed pessimism regarding the possibility of approaching the historical Socrates. (shrink)

Anknupfend an die platonische Begriffsbildung der "Kalokagathie" ("Schongute") wird seit dem 19. Jahrhundert diskutiert, inwieweit asthetischen Kategorien Aussagekraft auch fur Politik und Staat zukommt.

Eine kollektive Intelligenz kann dann gelingen, wenn sich ihre einzelnen Bestandteile in Kollektiv-Visionen auf sie beziehen. Diese Vorstellung prägt Utopien und Beschreibungen, in denen Medien als Hilfsmittel verteilter Intelligenz vorkommen. In einer Betrachtung der Medialität dieser Medien zeigt sich hingegen die Flüchtigkeit und Instabilität einer Formierung von kollektiver Intelligenz. Kollektiv-Visionen lassen sich einerseits als Strategien der Stabilisierung beobachten, andererseits als Darstellungen, in denen sich die Möglichkeiten kollektiver Intelligenz abzeichnen. Collective intelligence can be successful if each of its components relates to (...) it in collective visions. This idea characterizes utopia and descriptions, in which media appear as means of distributed intelligence. A consideration of the mediality of these media, however, highlights the volatility and instability of a formation of collective intelligence. Collective visions can be seen both as a strategy of stabilization and as representations from which the possibilities of collective intelligence emerge. (shrink)

Problematischer Inhalt: Zugriff gesperrt Dieser Titel aus dem De Gruyter-Verlagsarchiv ist digitalisiert worden, um ihn der wissenschaftlichen Forschung zugänglich zu machen. Eine digitale Version dieses erstmals im Nationalsozialismus publizierten Titels stellen wir nur auf Nachfrage ausschließlich im Kontext konkreter wissenschaftlicher Forschungsaufgaben zur Verfügung. Mehr erfahren Sie hier.

Der Dialog »Menon« (399 v. Chr.) handelt von der Erkennbarkeit und Lehrbarkeit der Tugend. Ausgehend von dieser Fragestellung begründet und entwickelt Platon die Form und Methode hypothetischer Erkenntnis; der Dialog bietet daher auch eine gute Einführung in die Philosophie Platons.

Excerpt from Aristoteles als Padagog und Didaktiker ln einer Sammlung von Monographien iiber Die groBen Erzieher darf Aristoteles, der Lehrer und Mentor des grossen Alexander, der Begrunder des Lyzeums, der Methodiker par excellerzce nicht fehlen. Wenn hier eine Darstellung seiner Erziehungsund Unterrichtslehre unternommen wird, so wird damit zugleich eine alte schuld an den groBen Denker und Lehrer abgetragen, denn bisher ist der Gegenstand nur in kleineren Schriften oder kurzen Partien groBerer Werke behandelt worden, etwa abgesehen von dem Buche Alex. Kapps: (...) Aristoteles' staatspadagogik, Hamm 1837, dessen Titel schon die einseitige Auffassung des Verfassers erkennen laotx Aristoteles ist weit weniger staatspadagog als Plato; besser wurde ihn der Titel Sozialpadagogsc charakterisieren, allein auch dieser erschopft das Wesen seiner Erziehungslehre nicht, die mit demselben Rechte Individualpadagogik genannt werden konnte. Es steht bei ihm das individuale und das soziale Element im Gleichgewichte, und darum sind seine Lehren fiir die Gegenwart, welche ein solches Gleichgewicht sucht, von geradezu aktuellem Interesse, das ihnen, wie sich zeigen wird, noch in anderem Betrachte zukommt. Ware es bei uns Brauch, wie es solcher bei den Romern war, dem Andenken Verstorbener Widmungen zu machen, so wurde ich mein Buch den Manen Adolf Trendelenburg's zueignen, der mehr als jeder andere fiir die Neubelebung der Aristotelesstudien gewirkt hat, und den ich vor nunmehr funfzig Jahren zum Lehrer zu erhalten, das Gliick hatte. Den Hilfsmitteln zu diesen Studien, an deren spitze die Gaben des Berliner Aristotelilcers stehen, ein neues, nicht ganz unbrauchbares und die alten wieder in Erinnerung bringendes, angereiht zu haben, wird mir als der Lohn der nicht eben miihelosen Arbeit gelten. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.". (shrink)

The RSPO and RTRS are global private partnerships that have been set up by business and civil society actors from the North to curb de-forestation and to promote sustainable production of palm oil or soy in the South. This article is about the launch of new national standards in Indonesia and Brazil that are look-alikes of the global standards but have been set up and supported by government or business actors from the South. The two main questions of this article (...) are: do the new national standards in Indonesia and Brazil provide a fundamental challenge to the RSPO and RTRS, or do they demonstrate the successful diffusion and adoption of global private rules into national contexts? Do the new national standards help or undermine the RSPO and RTRS in their efforts to reduce de-forestation? Combining the theoretical notions of proto-institution and rival governance network, a comparative analysis is offered of the launch of the new national standards in Indonesia and Brazil. The conclusion is that, whilst the RSPO and RTRS have served as models for the general design and principles of the national standards, they really differ from the global standards in terms of normative contents: the national standards offer more room to palm oil plantations and large-scale soy producers to expand production at the expense of forests and other high conservation areas. Governments and producer associations in Indonesia and Brazil have not launched national standards to implement the RSPO or RTRS but to challenge these interventions from the North. (shrink)

Spatial neglect is a disorder of space-related behaviour. It is characterized by failure to explore the side of space contralateral to a brain lesion, or to react or respond to stimuli or subjects located on this side. Research on spatial neglect and related disorders has developed rapidly inrecent years. These advances have been made as a result of neuropsychological studies of patients with brain damage, behavioural studies of animal models, as well as through functional neurophysiological experiments and functional neuroimaging.The Cognitive (...) and Neural Bases of Spatial Neglect provides an overview of this wide-ranging field of scientific endeavour, providing a cohesive synthesis of the most recent observations and results. As well as being a fascinating clinical phenomenon, the study of spatial neglect helps us tounderstand normal mechanisms of directing and maintaining spatial attention and is relevant to the contemporary search for the cerebral correlates of conscious experience, voluntary action and the nature of personal identity itself.The book is divided into seven sections covering the anatomical and neurophysiological bases of the disorder, frameworks of neglect, perceptual and motor factors, the relation to attention, the cognitive processes involved, and strategies for rehabilitation.Chapters have been written by a team of the leading international experts in this field.This will be essential reading for neuropsychologists, neurologists, neurophysiologists, cognitive neuroscientists and psychologists. (shrink)

CHAPTER ONE THE PHILOSOPHER MOSAIC IN NAPLES Ever since the discovery in Torre Annunziata of a duplicate1 of the Villa Albani mosaic showing a group of ...