This unique textbook states and proves all the major theorems of many-valued propositional logic and provides the reader with the most recent developments and trends, including applications to adaptive error-correcting binary search. The book is suitable for self-study, making the basic tools of many-valued logic accessible to students and scientists with a basic mathematical knowledge who are interested in the mathematical treatment of uncertain information. Stressing the interplay between algebra and logic, the book contains material never before published, such as (...) a simple proof of the completeness theorem and of the equivalence between Chang's MV algebras and Abelian lattice-ordered groups with unit - a necessary prerequisite for the incorporation of a genuine addition operation into fuzzy logic. Readers interested in fuzzy control are provided with a rich deductive system in which one can define fuzzy partitions, just as Boolean partitions can be defined and computed in classical logic. Detailed bibliographic remarks at the end of each chapter and an extensive bibliography lead the reader on to further specialised topics. (shrink)

Slippery slope arguments (SSAs) are used in a wide range of philosophical debates, but are often dismissed as empirically ill-founded and logically fallacious. In particular, leading authors put forward a meta-SSA which points to instances of empirically ill-founded and logically fallacious SSAs and to the alleged existence of a slippery slope leading to such SSAs to demonstrate that people should avoid using SSAs altogether. In this paper, I examine these prominent calls against using SSAs and argue that such calls do (...) not withstand scrutiny. I then identify several types of mechanisms leading to slippery slopes in real-life contexts to demonstrate that both the strength of SSAs and the justifiability of using SSAs are best assessed on a case-by-case basis. This result does not exempt the proponents of SSAs from the task of vindicating their use of SSAs. However, if correct, it undermines the often-made claim that people should avoid using SSAs altogether. (shrink)

Una lungo viaggio fra esteti, scrittori e poeti, dotti riformatori, critici letterari, linguisti, traduttologi up to date.

Editorial do periódico Filosofia e Educação.

The problem of universals is one of the main philosophical issues. In this book the author reconstructs the history of the problem from Boethius to John of Salisbury, considering a selection of medieval representative texts.

In this work, I have used many sources because this theme is very complex and it is very useful to follow tracks already well used by other authors who have ventured with these themes. The Gender report is a report on equality. No company will ever be expected to be right if it does not foresee includesive actions rather than excludents. The social constructions of the same company will have to contend with a reality of reference that embraces all the (...) universes and respects the personal values. Everything, therefore, aimed at the growth of Society as a non-arithmetic group of People who, with their history and their characteristics, increase the collective share capital. (shrink)

Riassunto : Il presente articolo intende lumeggiare l’esito tanto fecondo quanto problematico a cui conduce l’originale opera laskiana di risemantizzazione del concetto di soggettività. Al centro di tale opera si staglia la progressiva elaborazione di ciò che il filosofo rubrica, al termine del suo Denkweg, sotto il titolo di soggetto ricettivo. Con tale concetto, a cui è intimamente legato quello di “dedizione”, Lask individua in una mera ricettività intuitiva il momento sorgivo e originario di ogni processo cognitivo; il solo momento (...) che rende possibile un accesso diretto all’oggetto trascendente. Ma come si realizza questo accesso? Qual è lo statuto di ciò che il filosofo nomina “dedizione”? L’insufficiente risposta a tali quesiti conduce il pensiero laskiano ad un esito aporetico, ossia alla riduzione della dedizione a momento ideale e alla conseguente riattivazione, in ambito conoscitivo, dell’inaggirabile distanza tra soggetto e oggetto. Ma, se in tale aporia è riconosciuto il limite del modello della conoscenza elaborato da Lask nel suo sistema maturo, non è comunque possibile occultare il decisivo contributo offerto dalla sua riflessione al problema gnoseologico: il superamento del coscienzialismo attraverso l’elaborazione di un soggetto concreto-ricettivo e, accanto a esso, di un peculiare realismo. Parole chiave : Emil Lask; Soggettività; Ricettività; Coscienza; Concreto/astratto Emil Lask. Subjectivity and Receptiveness: This paper intends to illuminate the problematic outcome of Lask’s redefinition of the concept of subjectivity. The main result of this operation is the elaboration of the notion of receptive subject. With this concept, strictly linked to the notion of Hingabe, Lask identifies the original element of every cognitive process in simple intuitive receptivity. Intuitive receptivity alone provides direct access to the transcendent object. But how is this access possible? What is the relation between the receptive-intuitive element of knowledge and predicative activity? What is the status of Hingabe? The insufficient answers to these questions lead the Lask’s thought to an aporetic outcome, namely, the reduction of Hingabe to an exclusively abstract and ideal receptivity, and consequently to the reactivation, in the theory of knowledge, of the distance between subject and object. However, while this distance marks the limit of the model of knowledge developed by Lask, the main contribuition of his thought remains valid: the overcoming of trascendental subjectivism through the elaboration of a concrete-receptive subject and of an original form of realism. Keywords : Emil Lask; Subjectivity; Receptivity; Consciousness; Concreteness/Abstractness. (shrink)

O presente artigo analisa a herança heideggeriana do pensamento de Hans Jonas. Para tanto, utiliza-se do conceito de gnosticismo e do trabalho inicial de Jonas que tentou estabelecer um “princípio gnóstico” presente tanto nas mitologias quanto nas filosofias místicas dos primeiros séculos da era cristã. Para tanto, analisa-se a apropriação feita por Jonas do método da analítica existencial heideggeriana e, por outro lado, da crítica do conteúdo filosófico desenvolvido por Heidegger. Evidencia-se, afinal, como o “princípio responsabilidade” pode ser reconhecido como (...) uma alternativa ao princípio da hostilidade e da indiferença, presentes na filosofia gnóstica e na filosofia heideggeriana. (shrink)

El trabajo considera la fundamentación de un deber en relación con una situación moral vivida por Ramón Rodriguez, y destaca la interpretación husserliana de un caso análogo. El análisis presentado en la Segunda Parte de Fenómeno e interpretación sobre el “ser por mor de sí” del Dasein como condición de posibilidad de una personalidad moral tiene el gran mérito de ofrecer una sólida base y una fuerte motivación para esclarecer la relación entre Heidegger y Husserl. Esta posibilidad se presenta en (...) razón de que se ha destacado con mucha claridad la diferencia entre la pregunta por el modo de ser de un ente que es fin por sí mismo y la cuestión del comportamiento moral en que ese modo de ser se manifiesta. La distinción establecida entre los dos problemas ofrece la oportunidad para mostrar una semejanza y una diferencia entre ambos pensadores porque convergen en el primer punto y se separan en el segundo. (shrink)

He then shows how we can rebuild our political, economic, and social institutions, making them more faithful to the experimental nature of democracy. The consequence is to redefine the focus for ideological debate and institutional innovation throughout the world, in developed and developing countries alike.

Desde una perspectiva que parte de las ideas de Iván Illich sobre la noción de proporcionalidad, el presente artículo hace referencia a la idea de límites o umbrales como un elemento necesario para la reconstrucción de un mundo multicultural. Pero, igualmente bajo la inspiración de Illich, se desmarca de las prácticas científico-profesionales que producen enunciados ajenos a las prácticas populares. Desde afuera y desde arriba no se puede reconstruir “un mundo en el que quepan muchos mundos”. Esto no implica que (...) la búsqueda de nuevos paradigmas sociales sea algo simple. Por el contrario, la profundidad de la búsqueda nos lleva incluso a retomar la vivencia de lo sagrado, como lo describe Mircea Eliade en las sociedades tradicionales, como principio epistémico para ese “otro” mundo posible. (shrink)

Mathematical game theory – developed starting from the publication of The Theory of Games and Economic Behavior , by John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern – aims to outline an ideal model of behaviour of rational agents involved in some interaction with other rational agents. For this reason, game theory has immediately attracted the attention of philosophers dealing with practical rationality and, since the fifties, has been applied to the analysis of several issues concerning ethics and philosophy of politics. Here (...) we will focus on one of the most interesting applications of game theory to ethical-political inquiry, i.e., with the game theoretic analysis of some problems related to the evolution of moral norms. Firstly, we will provide a short outline of the development of game theory, which has lead to the formulation of a plurality of different game theories. It will be shown that such theories can be classified in two main groups: rationalistic game theories –in two different versions: classical and epistemic – and evolutionary game theories. Moreover, some basic elements of classical game theory will be introduced and the key ideas of epistemic and evolutionary game theories will be illustrated. Afterwards, the main approaches developed within the ethical-political applications of game theory will be shortly described. Finally, some results obtained in the last twenty years by the researchers who have analysed the evolution of moral norms by the conceptual tools of evolutionary and epistemic game theories, will be examined. (shrink)

El presente texto efectúa un estudio narratológico de la novela de Jorge Volpi No será la Tierra. Se analiza la estructura contradictoria del libro, la multiplicidad de tramas, el narrador polifónico, el tiempo posapocalíptico, el espacio antiutópico y desencantado y los personajes, coprotagonistas del siglo XX. Todas estas características antes mencionadas contribuyen, en el ámbito de la desterritorialización, a desalojar posturas que tienden a anquilosarse en conceptos fijos y sin movimiento, por lo que los distintos rasgos narratológicos en las novelas (...) híbridas --aquellas que están compuestas por una yuxtaposición de subgéneros-- siempre estarán emparentados con las nociones de heterogeneidad, diversidad y pluralidad, en el marco de la caída de los grandes relatos del siglo XX. This text makes a narrative study of the novel by Jorge Volpi No será la Tierra.We analyze the contradictory structure of the book, the multiple frames, the polyphonic narrator, the post-apocalyptic time, the antiutopic and disenchanted space, and the characters, co-protagonists of the twentieth century. All these features contribute, in the field of deterritorialization, to vacate positions that tend to stiffen in fixed and motionless concepts, so that different narratologic features in hybrid novels --those that consist of a juxtaposition of subgenera-- always be related to the notions of heterogeneity, diversity and plurality, as part of the fall of the great stories of the twentieth century. (shrink)

En este artículo presentamos una descripción de la crítica de Iván Illich a la sociedad industrial, específicamente en relación al problema de la energía y de la equidad. Especial atención es dada al concepto de convivencialidad y a sus posibles repercusiones para enfrentar los problemas energéticos. Una discusión en torno a la manera de Illich de criticar a la sociedad es presentada, en relación a lo que ha sido llamado un “humanismo crítico” y al problema de las necesidades individuales.