Severe acute respiratory syndrome‐coronavirus (SARS‐CoV)‐2′s origin is still controversial. Genomic analyses show SARS‐CoV‐2 likely to be chimeric, most of its sequence closest to bat CoV RaTG13, whereas its receptor binding domain (RBD) is almost identical to that of a pangolin CoV. Chimeric viruses can arise via natural recombination or human intervention. The furin cleavage site in the spike protein of SARS‐CoV‐2 confers to the virus the ability to cross species and tissue barriers, but was previously unseen in other SARS‐like CoVs. (...) Might genetic manipulations have been performed in order to evaluate pangolins as possible intermediate hosts for bat‐derived CoVs that were originally unable to bind to human receptors? Both cleavage site and specific RBD could result from site‐directed mutagenesis, a procedure that does not leave a trace. Considering the devastating impact of SARS‐CoV‐2 and importance of preventing future pandemics, researchers have a responsibility to carry out a thorough analysis of all possible SARS‐CoV‐2 origins. (shrink)

Beaucoup de « géomètres » du XIXe siècle - Bernhard Riemann, Hermann von Helmholtz, Felix Klein, Riccardo De Paolis, Mario Pieri, Henri Poincaré, Federigo Enriques, et autres - ont joué un rôle important dans la discussion sur les fondements des mathématiques. Mais, contrairement aux idées d'Euclide, ils n'ont pas identifié «l'espace physique» avec« l'espace de nos sens». Partant de notre expérience dans l'espace, ils ont cherché à identifier les propriétés les plus importantes de l'espace et les ont posées à la (...) base de la géométrie. C'est sur la connaissance active de l'espace que les axiomes de la géométrie ont été élaborés ; ils ne pouvaient donc pas être a priori comme ils le sont dans la philosophie kantienne. En outre, pendant la dernière décade du siècle, certains mathématiciens italiens - De Paolis, Gino Fano, Pieri, et autres - ont fondé le concept de nombre sur la géométrie, en employant des résultats de la géométrie projective. Ainsi, on fondait l'arithmétique sur la géométrie et non l'inverse, comme David Hilbert a cherché à faire quelques années après, sans succès. (shrink)

: Para que se possa abordar a sociabilidade em Hannah Arendt (1906-1975), é importante mencionar a importância que a autora confere, em suas obras, à necessidade de organização dos grupos humanos por meio de regras, assim como de que essas regras sejam seguidas para a preservação da vida em conjunto. Segundo a autora, a política é a maneira humana de convívio entre os homens e mulheres por meio do gerenciamento de questões emergentes, sem o uso de qualquer coação. Ainda, para (...) ela, a igualdade não se origina da linhagem, do status social, mas da igualdade no sentido de poder agir em conjunto. Assim o indivíduo tem um importante papel a ser exercido na esfera política, enquanto cidadão. Nesse contexto, é preciso que haja um “espaço público”, bem como, que os cidadãos tenham a liberdade para expressar-se, podendo contestar, discutir as ideias e ideais, sem utilizar-se de qualquer tipo de violência, buscando, por meio dessa elaboração conjunta, adquirir outros direitos, por exemplo, à saúde, à educação, à moradia, ao emprego. A existência da possibilidade de ver e ser visto, discordar e poder expor isso, para Arendt, apenas ocorre em uma convivência política, na pluralidade, buscando a elaboração de regras para a organização do grupo em que vivem e pelo qual se sentirão partícipes e responsáveis. Ou seja, é uma atitude que ocorre em um espaço público de encontro de iguais, enquanto cidadãos, diferentes, enquanto seres únicos por nascimento, a fim de conseguir, mesmo que momentaneamente, a garantia de paz no convívio das singularidades. O presente texto visa a destacar a importância da necessidade dos laços de sociabilidade em um Estado Democrático de Direito, a partir da obra Origens do Totalitarismo, no qual Arendt descreve o Regime Totalitário vivenciado por ela, bem como, a ruptura dos laços de sociabilidade, fatos passíveis de discussão para pensar a situação política, não somente do Brasil como também de outros estados considerados democráticos. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Arendt; Política; Sociabilidade; Ordenamento Jurídico; Totalitarismo. (shrink)

Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo-cualitativo con un diseño descriptivo, analítico e interpretativo, en el que se indagó si la investigación ocupa un espacio relevante en los treinta y cinco planes curriculares de las carreras profesionales de una universidad pública del Perú. Se constató, además, si se programaron competencias investigativas digitales. Finalmente, se analizó si la investigación formativa se encuentra inserta en los currículos. La muestra fue censal y como instrumento se aplicó una matriz de análisis de contenidos para recoger información (...) sobre las categorías establecidas previamente. Los resultados reflejaron diversidad en los contenidos de los planes curriculares estudiados. (shrink)

The article considers three episcopal assemblies held in Gaul, which the manuscript tradition has not preserved, all involved in doctrinal debates on grace and free will. The first two, the council of Arles and the synod of Lyon, took place in the second half of the fifth century and concerned the affair of the presbyter Lucidus. The third is the Council of Valence that met just before the Second Council of Orange (529), that is, the council that marks the “resolution” (...) of the conflict and also the only documented. With the idea that the history of the councils occupies important points in the reconstruction of the debate on grace and free will, even in the case of councils whose acts have not been transmitted, the article seeks to enhance these three events by reconsidering indirect sources. The episcopal meetings of Arles, Lyon, and Valence are, indeed, an integral part of the doctrinal work on grace and free will, which for about a century interested monastic and ecclesiastical circles in Gaul. Moreover, the recovery of their history restores well the complexity of the cultural, religious and political climate in which they took place. (shrink)

This article examines the story of Jesus’ birth as it is presented in some of the so-called Apocryphal Infancy Gospels that have always aroused great interest in popular culture and in the arts. These texts describe the birth of Jesus by means of an important ‘narrative expansion’: the childbirth of Mary takes place in a cave, one or more midwives as well as two animals, the ox and the donkey, are added to the scene. These narratives do not relate the (...) preaching of Jesus, his death on the cross and his resurrection, but they present the event of his birth as a new beginning for all mankind. In doing so they reflect early Christian questions concerning Jesus’ nature. Examining some characteristic elements of this narrative development of the birth of Jesus, this article tries to show how this nativity may correspond to the construction of a myth. (shrink)

Ecrire en philosophie consiste à rechercher "le problème d'une oeuvre", affirme Deleuze après Bergson. En s'inspirant de cette recommandation, l'auteur cherche à construire le problème de l'oeuvre du "premier" Deleuze, d'Empirisme et subjectivité à Différence et répétition. Le problème central est celui de la définition de la pensée : que signifie penser et s'orienter dans la pensée? Comment commencer sans présupposés? Ce volume examine le point de départ de la pensée de Deleuze qui consiste dans la critique de l'image de (...) la pensée comme représentation. Il restitue fidèlement sa pensée sans simplification ni jargon. (shrink)

À la manière de Sartre, qui renonce à la question de l'essence de la littérature et lui préfère celle de son utilité, Deleuze interroge, non l'essence de l'art, mais son usage pour le philosophe. Selon Deleuze, l'art est nécessaire au philosophe pour penser sa propre condition. En effet, pour échapper à la représentation qui dénature et assujettit la pensée, la philosophie exige un détour par l'art qui transforme à la fois l'exercice de la pensée et les conditions de l'expérience. L'usage (...) de l'art, c'est ce que fait l'art. L'art capte des forces (il rend visibles des forces invisibles) et transforme, à la fois, l'artiste et le corps social (il bouleverse les manières de sentir et de penser). Cette nouvelle manière de penser et d'user de l'art déborde le cadre habituel des études esthétiques. Il s'agit ici d'établir une périodisation de la question de l'art dans l'oeuvre de Deleuze, en fonction des problèmes qu'il pose. On retiendra trois périodes qui sont trois philosophies de l'art : la première accorde la priorité à la littérature ; la deuxième opère le passage du littéraire au sémiotique, en mettant en lumière le rôle politique de l'art ; et la troisième élabore une sémiotique de l'image, à partir de la peinture et du cinéma. (shrink)

What is sovereignty? Often taken for granted or seen as the ideology of European states vying for supremacy and conquest, the concept of sovereignty remains underexamined both in the history of its practices and in its aesthetic and intellectual underpinnings. Using global intellectual history as a bridge between approaches, periods, and areas, The Scaffolding of Sovereignty deploys a comparative and theoretically rich conception of sovereignty to reconsider the different schemes on which it has been based or renewed, the public stages (...) on which it is erected or destroyed, and the images and ideas on which it rests. The essays in The Scaffolding of Sovereignty reveal that sovereignty has always been supported, complemented, and enforced by a complex aesthetic and intellectual scaffolding. This collection takes a multidisciplinary approach to investigating the concept on a global scale, ranging from an account of a Manchu emperor building a mosque to a discussion of the continuing power of Lenin’s corpse, from an analysis of the death of kings in classical Greek tragedy to an exploration of the imagery of “the people” in the Age of Revolutions. Across seventeen chapters that closely study specific historical regimes and conflicts, the book’s contributors examine intersections of authority, power, theatricality, science and medicine, jurisdiction, rulership, human rights, scholarship, religious and popular ideas, and international legal thought that support or undermine different instances of sovereign power and its representations. (shrink)

Resumen: Este artículo contiene una reflexión, en primer lugar, acerca de la vinculación que se establece entre la lengua de la madre -en su variedad experiencial cualitativa y determinaciones históricas- y el fenómeno de la locura y el dolor existenciales. En particular, se aborda el vínculo entre la mencionada lengua y el equívoco encauzamiento de una emocionalidad “no sabida”, esquivada o negada, hacia actos y acciones del habla. En segundo lugar, se observa la relación entre la lengua materna y formas (...) de locura existencial, en experiencias de fragmentación comunitario-familiar y de secuelas de exilios y diásporas del siglo XX. En tercer lugar, examina la experiencia, autobiográfica y crítica, de la escritura etnográfica y testimonial de la lengua. En cuarto lugar, ensaya una mirada fenomenológica de una “locura oral”, condicionada por secuelas de exterminios históricos. No es fácil notar, a primera vista, el ambiguo nexo de los sujetos plurales con la lengua materna, su reflejo en la psique colectiva como forma solapada de locura, monomanía, alienación y subjetividad fragmentada. Así como tampoco se advierte el impacto de esta particularidad en la acción comunicativa y convivencia lingüística gregaria.: This article contains, in the first place, a reflection on the link established between the mother's tongue -in its qualitative experiential variety and historical determinations- and the phenomenon of existential madness and grief, particularly with the distorted guiding of an “unidentified” emotionality, eluded or denied, towards speech acts. In the second place, the relationship between the mother’s tongue and different types of existential madness, in the context of community-family fragmentation experiences and sequels of exiles and diasporas of the twentieth century, is observed. In the third place, the autobiographical and critical experience of ethnographic and testimonial writing of the language is examined. Finally, this article aims to establish a phenomenological view of an ‘oral madness’, conditioned by sequels of historical extermination. It is not easy to notice, at first glance, the ambiguous nexus of plural subjects with the mother’s tongue, its reflection in the collective psyche as a concealed form of madness, monomania, alienation and fragmented subjectivity. Likewise, the impact of this particularity on communicative action and gregarious linguistic coexistence is neither easily noticed. (shrink)

L’agiografia fa parte dei generi letterari nei quali si esprimono con più libertà concezioni teologiche e morali non convenzionali, che ci svelano un Medioevo meno uniforme di come lo si immagina. L’articolo presenta alcuni esempi tratti da testi originari di diverse aree, dal Mediterraneo greco all’Irlanda, dall’epoca tardoantica al basso Medioevo. Di santi come il bretone Macuto, Epifanio di Salamina, i martiri edesseni e svariati abati irlandesi si narrano azioni mosse da permalosità, vendicatività, gelosia, competizione. Ancora nelle storie di santi (...) irlandesi, tra cui Brigida, compare il miracolo dell’eliminazione di un feto indesiderato dal grembo della madre. Il bolognese Procolo è celebrato per aver assassinato a sangue freddo il suo persecutore. La greca Irene è assunta fisicamente in cielo. Nella Navigatio Brendani, infine, la figura di Giuda è oggetto di una pietà del tutto eccezionale. Tutte queste anomalie generano alcune reazioni di censura e mitigazione nella ricezione e trasmissione dei testi, ma fondamentalmente sono accettate e conservate, testimoniando l’apertura e varietà dottrinale ancora possibile in epoca medievale. Hagiography is one of the literary genres in which unconventional theological and moral conceptions are most freely expressed, revealing a less uniform Middle Ages than we imagine. The article presents some examples from texts originating in different areas, from the Greek Mediterranean to Ireland, from late antiquity to the late Middle Ages. Saints such as the Breton Macutus, Epiphanius of Salamis, the Edessenian martyrs and several Irish abbots are described as acting out of touchiness, vindictiveness, jealousy and competition. In the stories of other Irish saints, including Bridget, we read the miracle of the elimination of an unwanted foetus from his mother’s womb. The Bolognese Proculus is celebrated for having cold-bloodedly murdered his persecutor. The Greek Irene is physically assumed into heaven. Finally, in the Navigatio Brendani, the figure of Judas is granted a quite exceptional piety. All these anomalies arouse some reactions of censorship and mitigation in the reception and transmission of these texts, but fundamentally they are accepted and preserved, testifying to the doctrinal openness and variety still possible in medieval times. (shrink)

La autora realiza una aproximación crítica a la cultura jurídica de la izquierda, principalmente comunista, tomando como eje de su examen la posición interna o externa respecto del Estado adoptada por dicha cultura. El análisis se centra de manera especial en el problema de la "legislación de emergencia" y en sus consecuencias tanto en el tejido social como a efectos del problema de la legitimidad política.

The precise orchestration of two opposing protein complexes – one in the cytoplasm (β‐catenin destruction complex) and the other at the plasma membrane (LRP6 signaling complex) – is critical for controlling levels of the transcriptional co‐factor β‐catenin, and subsequent activation of the Wnt/β‐catenin signal transduction pathway. The Wnt pathway component Axin acts as an essential scaffold for the assembly of both complexes. How the β‐catenin destruction and LRP6 signaling complexes are modulated following Wnt stimulation remains controversial. A recent study in (...) Science by He and coworkers reveals an underlying logic for Wnt pathway control in which Axin phosphorylation toggles a switch between the active and inactive states. This mini‐review focuses on this and two other recent studies that provide insight into the initial signaling events triggered by Wnt exposure. We emphasize regulation of the β‐catenin destruction and LRP6 signaling complexes and propose a framework for future work in this area. (shrink)

In this paper, we describe the ontology of drama called Drammar. Pervasive in old and new media, and relevant from a multi-disciplinary perspective that ranges from literary criticism and semiotics...

Abstract:This essay presents and discusses how James Rennel (1742–1830), a royal cartographer in eighteenth-century Bengal and father of British Modern Geography, presented and discussed the biblical concept of "exile" as a "practice" for the benefit of the empire. Following Rennell's readings in Biblical and Classical texts, this essay shows how Rennell intervened in contemporary European debates about Jews and trade.

« Comme toute grande philosophie, celle de Deleuze avant Guattari et avec Guattari renouvelle la définition de la pensée. Depuis Différence et répétition, la pensée n’est pour Deleuze ni naturelle ni spontanée, elle est le produit d’une genèse : Deleuze part d’une critique de l’image représentative de la pensée qui lui permet de dégager le vrai commencement de la pensée, ses conditions réelles. Avec cette genèse, grâce à laquelle la pensée se cherche un sol autre que la représentation en renonçant (...) en même temps à tout fondement, Deleuze résout, pour son propre compte, le problème du commencement en philosophie, en faisant surgir une pensée sans image. Par la suite, Deleuze et Guattari construisent ensemble une nouvelle métaphysique qui semble se passer, en apparence seulement, des notions d’image de la pensée et de pensée sans image. En réalité, à l’unique « Image de la pensée » qu’il s’agissait de détruire dans Différence et répétition, Deleuze et Guattari substituent, dès Mille plateaux, une pluralité d’images de la pensée, chacune étant historiquement et singulièrement déterminée. Ils esquissent même dans cet ouvrage l’idée d’une « noologie » qu’ils prendraient pour objet d’étude. Ces images deviendront les plans d’immanence de Qu’est-ce que la philosophie?. Quant à la pensée sans image, nous montrerons que, loin de disparaître, elle prend différentes formes, notamment celle du chaos, dans leur dernier ouvrage. Notre hypothèse est donc que, sous des vocables changeants, ces deux idées, comme leur relation mise à jour par Deleuze, ne disparaissent pas de leur métaphysique commune. ». (shrink)

Este artículo contiene una reflexión, en primer lugar, sobre la vinculación que se establece entre la lengua de la madre –en su variedad experiencial cualitativa y determinaciones históricas– y el fenómeno de la locura y el dolor existenciales. En particular, se aborda el vínculo entre la mencionada lengua y el equívoco encauzamiento de una emocionalidad “no sabida”, esquivada o negada, hacia actos y acciones del habla. En segundo lugar, se observa la relación entre la lengua materna y formas de locura (...) existencial, en experiencias de fragmentación comunitario-familiar y de secuelas de exilios y diásporas del siglo XX. En tercer lugar, examina la experiencia, autobiográfica y crítica, de la escritura etnográfica y testimonial de la lengua. En cuarto lugar, ensaya una mirada fenomenológica de una ‘locura oral’, condicionada por secuelas de exterminios históricos. No es fácil notar, a primera vista, el ambiguo nexo de los sujetos plurales con la lengua materna, su reflejo en la psique colectiva como forma solapada de locura, monomanía, alienación y subjetividad fragmentada. Así como tampoco se advierte el impacto de esta particularidad en la acción comunicativa y convivencia lingüística gregaria. (shrink)

The purpose of this essay is to elucidate the philosophical tools developed in George Steiner’s marvelous body of work. In his writings, he carries on a lucid observation and description of human spirit’s linguistic creation and formulation. His observations do not deviate from the way of a strict ethics inherited from ilustrated spiritual Judaism. His legacy about thought on language and his role as a contemporary culture’s critic leads us to a reflection on our continent and history. As an anthropological (...) work, it aims at a practical comprehension of gregariousness and to a psychic and physiological elucidation of the human phenomena. (shrink)

The book offers insights on whether international law can shape the politics of the Security Council and, conversely, the extent to which the latter contribute to the development of international law. By providing a systematic analysis of the quantity and quality of international legal instruments referred to in the text of resolutions, the book reconstructs patterns of the Security Council's behavioural regularities and assesses them against the provisions of the United Nations Charter, which establishes its mandate. The analysis is divided (...) into three periods - the origins and Cold War period, post-Cold War period and the twenty-first century - and assesses the resolutions passed in each period by thematic category. The book argues that while international law plays an important role in shaping the politics of the Security Council, the Council's resolutions do not contribute significantly to the development of international law. (shrink)

Starting from David Hume's analysis on the notion of justice in his main work on the topic, his 'Treatise of Human Nature', the author sets out, firstly, to comment on Hume's explanation on the notion of justice as a nonarbitrary artifice resulting from men's conventions, and then to outline the value system which determines the theory of justice of the Scottish philosopher. Finally, a criticism is presented on Hume's supposedly "nonarbitrary" conception of justice and the existing link between his empirical (...) deduction and the nominalist explanation of justice. (shrink)

La concepción legalista de la justicia es una doctrina originada en la filosofía política de Hobbes. Para el filósofo inglés, son justos los actos que se conforman a la ley, e injustos lo contrario; lo único que se tiene en cuenta es el hecho del cumplimiento, y no la naturaleza y el fin del deber. Además, en la noción hobbesiana de equidad hay un aspecto fuertemente convencional, ya que el deber del soberano de obrar equitativamente se constituye en un motivo (...) fundamental del pacto acordado. (shrink)

We performed an EEG graph analysis on data from 31 typical readers (22.27 ± 2.53 y/o) and 24 dyslexics (22.99 ± 2.29 y/o), recorded while they were engaged in an audiovisual task and during resting-state. The task simulates reading acquisition as participants learned new letter-sound mappings via feedback. EEG data was filtered for the delta (0.5–4 Hz), theta (4–8 Hz), alpha (8–13 Hz), and beta (13–30 Hz) bands. We computed the Phase Lag Index (PLI) to provide an estimate of the (...) functional connectivity between all pairs of electrodes per band. Then, networks were constructed using a Minimum Spanning Tree (MST), a unique sub-graph connecting all nodes (electrodes) without loops, aimed at minimizing bias in between groups and conditions comparisons. Both groups showed a comparable accuracy increase during task blocks, indicating that they correctly learned the new associations. The EEG results revealed lower task-specific theta connectivity, and lower theta degree correlation over both rest and task recordings, indicating less network integration in dyslexics compared to typical readers. This pattern suggests a role of theta oscillations in dyslexia and may reflect differences in task engagement between the groups, although robust correlations between MST metrics and performance indices were lacking. (shrink)