In this article, the effective and authoritative position of religious officials and especially those working in Sultan mosques in social and political issues from the Ottoman period to the present has been emphasized. The duties other than imam and muazzin, which are peculiar to Sultan mosques, are explained. Another aim of the article is to examine the current situation of Sultan mosque officials in a comparative way with its historical position. This study will only examine the officials of the Sultan (...) mosques in Istanbul. In order to achieve these goals, first of all, studies that have been made so far in the form of encyclopedia articles, archive documents, stand-alone books and articles about Sultan mosques and their officials have been examined. In order to be able to analyze the positions of these mosques and those who work there today, a survey and evaluation of the imams and muazzins who are currently working in Istanbul Sultan mosques are included. (shrink)

Dünya Osmanlı Devleti’nin makarr-ı saltanatı olan Dersaâdet’e, Memlûkler zamanında birçok Mushaf-ı Şerîf’in geldiği; XIX. yüzyılın başlarından itibaren muhafaza edilmek üzere vakfedildikleri camilerden, türbelerden, müze ve kütüphâne koleksiyonlarına toplanan eserlerden anlaşılmaktadır. İslâm yazı sanatı, başlangıcında imlâ gelişimine odaklanmış, bu meyanda ilk asır sonrası yazı estetiği üzerine çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Abbâsîler döneminde görülen bu gayretler neticesi yazının kurallara bağlandığı ve çeşitlendiği görülmüştür. Bunlardan Memlûk döneminde, Mushaf yazımında kullanılan Muhakkak ve Reyhâni yazı çeşidi Osmanlı’da Hattat Şeyh Hamdullah’a (1429- 1520) kadar Mushaf yazısı olarak kullanılmıştır. (...) Tarihî seyri içerisinde Memlûkler döneminde Muhakkak yazının gelişimini ve ulaştığı seviyeyi bu Mushaf’ta görmek mümkündür. Makalenin amacı gerek yazı sanatı gerekse süsleme sanatı açısından günümüz sanatkârlarına bir örnek sunmaktır. Mushaf’ta Zer mürekkeple yazılan harflerin etrafı siyah mürekkeple tahrirlenmiş, harekeler ise siyah mürekkeple yazılmıştır. Satırlarda harfler kürsüsünde olup, hat olarak da döneminin özelliklerini aksettirmektedir. Sûre başı yazıları ise Sülüs hat iledir. Görülmektedir ki Mushaf, günümüz yazı sanatında çokça kullanılan Muhakkak yazıya dâir özgün örnekleri ortaya koymaktadır. Araştırmadaki bir diğer gaye de Mushaf’ın hattatı ile ilgili tashihte bulunmaktır. Mushaf’ın, tefsir kısmının ferağ kaydında, “Muhammed b. Su‘ûd eş-Şâfiî” ismi geçmektedir. Bu Mushaf’ın hattatı olmayıp tefsirin müellifidir. Dolayısıyla Mushaf’ın hattatı belli değildir. Mushaf’ın tezhipleri ve cilt kapakları ile “İslâm Kitap Sanatı”nın göz alıcı örnekleri olan bu eser belli bir dönemin üslûbunu ve tekniğini yansıtması bakımından önemlidir. XV. yüzyıldan İstanbul Türk ve İslâm Eserleri Müzesi (TİEM)’nde bulunan bu Mushaf, Memlûk dönemi kitap sanatının ulaştığı mükemmelliği günümüze ulaştıran önemli eserlerdendir. Kitap sanatının hâmisi, Memlûk Sultanı Kayıtbay’ın (1468-1496) hazinesi için yazılan Mushaf, 9 satırlı ve 463 yapraktan müteşekkildir. Salbekli ve oval şemseli, miklepli vişne rengi deri cildi döneminden kalmadır. Bu Mushaf’ın önemli bir özelliği de 439b- 462b’ye kadar yine sûre başlığı altında, âyetlerin kelime anlamlarının Arapça olarak izah edilmesidir. Mushaf’ta Sultan II. Bâyezid’in vakıf mührünün bulunması, Mushaf’ın Sultan II. Bâyezid döneminde Saray’a girdiğini göstermektedir. Eser, 1480- 1490 yılları arasına tarihlenebilir. Sultan III. Ahmed’in annesinin Üsküdar’da yaptırmış olduğu Gülnûş Emetullah Vâlide Sultan Camii’ne konulmak üzere vakfettiği h. 1132/1719 tarihli Arapça yazılmış olan kayıttan anlaşılmaktadır. (shrink)

Bu makalede 16. yüzyılın sonlarında Osmanlı hareminde güçlü bir konuma gelen Kethüdâ Canfedâ Hatun’un inşa ettirdiği mimari eserler ele alınmıştır. III. Murad döneminde (1574-1595) haremin en etkin kadın banilerinden birisi olan Canfedâ Hatun’un İstanbul ve İzmit’te cami, sıbyan mektebi, hamam, çeşme, köprü, su sarnıcı gibi farklı türden yapılar inşa ya da ihya ettirdiği görülmektedir. Canfeda Hatun’un ihya ettirdiği Mimar Ayas Camii ve inşa ettirdiği Saraçhane Sebili günümüze ulaşamamıştır. Gedikpaşa’daki çeşme ise ikinci bir bani tarafından yeniden inşa edilmiştir. Makalede Canfedâ (...) Hatun’un inşa ettirdiği eserlerin mevcut durumları, mimari ve süsleme özellikleri, zaman içerisindeki değişimleri ve geçirdikleri onarımlar fotoğraflar, çizimler ve arşiv belgeleriyle ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Yapılar benzer örneklerle karşılaştırılarak mimari ve süsleme unsurları açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda öncelikle Canfedâ Hatun’un hayatına ve Osmanlı Mimarisi’nde kadın bânilere dair bilgiler verilmiştir. (shrink)

Antalya, which is today’s attraction center with its historical and natural beauties, was described as “a city like heaven” since ancient times. This city hosted many civilisations and states until the 13th century and became an important seaport after The Seljuks took over the region. The Seljuks applied civilization and urbanization policy also in Antalya, like other regions they ruled. The mosques, madrasahs (Islamıc theology institutions), schools, baths, caravansearis (hostels), hospices, and water cisterns in this period changed the structure of (...) the city and paved the way for improvements of public life. During the Ottomans some of these social institutions were kept active while the others no longer served to the public. However, with the construction of new social institutions, urbanization was resumed. The madrasas were generally built near or adjacent to the mosques, and had a significant role in developing the society and cultural structure. Although the madrasas in Antalya were mainly the institutions that maintain the education system, the research on these madrasas mostly focuses on their architectural features. The majority of these madrasas that are not comprehensively studied. Therefore, the functioning structures and the problems of Antalya Madrasas (Antalya, Korkuteli and Elmalı), which are reflected in the archive documents between the 17th and 20th centuries and also both individuals and institutions that had influence on these madrasas are going to be investigated in this study. Thus, this paper will shed more light on Antalya Madrasas.Summary: Antalya city, which was completely under the Seljuk sovereignty during the reign of Sultan Alaeddin Keykubat I (1219-1236), was named as Alâiyye dedicated to the Sultan's name and became an important port city of the Seljuk State after then. In the process of the fall of the Seljuk State and the beginning of the Emirates (Beylikler) period, the city became a land of Teke-Oğulları, a part of a Hamid-oğulları, and in 1390 the city became an Ottoman city after the struggle of Yıldırım Bayazid with Teke-oğuları. Antalya was home to the madrasahs, one of the formal education institutions during both the Seljuk and the Ottoman Empire. The madrasahs were built next to the mosque or in a detached area built by sometimes administrators or statesmen, sometimes by members of the dynasty or by the citizens who were wealthy. In Antalya, both single floor and second floor madrasahs were built. This study based on the documents from Prime Ministry Ottoman Archive, the travel books of İbn Bibi and Evliya Çelebi, the works on Antalya Madrasahs to be determine the madrasah in the districts of Antalya as Korkuteli and Elmalı. In addition to the Seljuk madrasahs such as Imaret Madrasah, Atabey Armagan Madrasah and Karatay Madrasah, there are also some madrasahs belonging to the Ottoman period, in Antalya. As a matter of fact, the madrasahs increased in number in the period of the Ottoman. Antalya madrasahs which are reflected in archival documents for any reason are as follows: “Süleyman Madrasah” located in Hatip Süleyman Street, “Madrasah built by Haci Mahmed” located in Elmali Street, “Hacı Abbaszâde Hacı Süleyman Madrasah” in Süleyman Street, “İsmail Efendi Madrasah” in Tahtapazarı Kızılsaray Street, Kasab Hacı Ahmed Madrasah, Hacı Cafer Ağa Madrasah, Murad Ağa Madrasah, Esir Hacı Ali Madrasah, Hacı Hasan Madrasah,“Madrasah built by Hasan Efendi” in Keçiyalar Street, in the Kadılar Street of Gediz County “Madrasah built by Yusuf Efendi”, “Madrasah built by Hızır Efendi” in Cami-i atik Street, Murat Pasha Madrasah, “Sefer Ağa Madrasah” located outside the city wall, “Büyülü Minaret Madrasah, Hatuniye Madrasah, Sheik Sinan Camii Madrasah located outside the city Wall, In addition to these madrasahs mentioned in some studies in Antalya, it is also stated that there are madrasahs such as Müsellim Madrasah, Kesik Minaret Madrasah, Karakas Madrasah, Varsakli Mehmet Efendi Madrasah, Meydan Madrasah, Surmeli Madrasah, Canmülk Madrasah, Ahi Kız Madrasah, Hacı Naim Efendi Madrasah, Susam Madrasah, Çömlekçi Madrasah, Değirmenönü Madrasah, Ak Mescid Madrasah, Âşık Doğan Madrasah and Çukur Madrasah.According to archive documents, in the sub-district of Antalya, which is used as a plateau or plateau area, some madrasahs were recorded as follows: Pınarbaşı Madrasah, Hızır Efendi Madrasah, Mustafa Efendi Madrasah, Emir Sinaneddin Madrasah, Hacı Menlü (Mevlüt) oğlu Ömer Medrese, Abu Bakr Agha Madrasah, Koca Hafız Medrese, Hacı Mollaoğlu El-Hac Ömer Madrasah, Sheikh İsmail Efendi Madrasah. However, Süleyman Fikri Erten, who works on Antalya, stated that the number of madrasahs is eight as: Haci Ahmet Madrasah of Kalkanlı, Sultan Hatun Madrasah, Koparanzade Hacı Hüseyin Madrasah, Karabayırlı Hacı Hüseyin Madrasah, Kaşlı Ali Efendi Madrasah, Hacı Hüseyin Madrasah, Şalaka Ahmet Madrasah and Oyunyeri Madrasah.The madrasahs built in Elmalı, another distict of Antalya, were as follows: Ketenci Ömer Paşa Madrasah, Esbak Mir-i Ahur Hacı Mehmet Bey Madrasah, Haydar Baba Madrasah, Arifî Ahmed Paşa Madrasah, Hüseyin Efendi Madrasah, Debbağ Baba Madrasah, Şeyh Ümmi Sinan Madrasah, Babazade Hacı Abdurrahman Madrasah, Hacı Şeyh Efendi Madrasah, Mustafa Efendi Madrasah, Hasan Efendi Madrasah, Salih Efendi Madrasah, Halil Efendi Madrasah, Çankırlı Madrasah, Osman Efendi Madrasah and “Mehmet Efendi Madrasah in Örtekiz village”. In addition, two madrasahs, except from these, were also found in the archive documents.A madrasah was built almost at every Street of Antalya and the madrasahs were usually named by the name of their builders. Madrasah students were provided with a certain amount of scholarship to continue their education according to the level of the education in the madrasahs and the level of the courses taught, salaries of the scholars, the status of the builder of the madrasah. The scholars who worked in the madrasahs worked with a document called berat-i sharif and in the case of the disappearance of this document a new berat-i sharif would be prepared by the Shaykh al-Islami. Scholars working without this document were also determined. In the scholar appointments foundation, board of trustees, müfti, and the city regents were very influential. There were also some appointments resulted from death, promotion besides leaving job with their own will. There were some problems with the appointments in Antalya and the foundation revenues to which the madrasah was attached were delivered to certain individuals until these problems were resolved.In madrasahs of Antalya, science was given a great importance and all kinds of monetary issues were tired to be eliminated with donations given to both scholars and students. However, it is observed that madrasahs were involved in some events in Antalya. As a matter of fact, among those who participated in the Şah Kulu Rebellion that took place in 1510-1511, there were also madrasah students and education training had therefore been disrupted for a long time. it is known that the state sent orders to the judges (qadi) in the region consecutively in order to prevent the rebellion. Also during this period some madrasahs were used as the activity center of armed students or people who disguised them.One of the issues that negates the education and training in the madrasahs in Antalya is that in 1890 the immigrants started to be hosted in Antalya and the guests visiting were accommodated in madrasahs as there were no other available places. This situation had been continued for a long time and even telegrams have been sent about the students living on the sidewalks.Another important issue that disrupts education was epidemic diseases. It was reported that too many people died in the district of Istanoz because of smallpox, there was no doctor and the health personnel should go to the region urgently. Despite all the problems experienced in madrasahs, they continued their activities in Antalya and while continuing their activities under the control of foundations in 1826, with the establishment of the Ministry of Foundations, they were connected to this institution. (shrink)