Results for 'approximation'

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  1. vertu des. Mais prenons garde que, lorsque nous affirmons que la sensation croft comme le logarithme de l'excitation, nous comparons, comme font souvent remarque justement les critiques de la psychophysique pour en tirer d'ailleurs souvent des conclusions erronees, que nous comparons deux series de termes heter ogenes. La serie des excitants est faite de grandeurs physiques, par exemple de.Connaissance Sensible et Approximation - forthcoming - Annals of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science.
     
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  2. Approximate syllogisms – on the logic of everyday life.Lothar Philipps - 1999 - Artificial Intelligence and Law 7 (2-3):227-234.
    Since Aristotle it is recognised that a valid syllogism cannot have two particular premises. However, that is not how a lay person sees it; at least as long as the premises read many, most etc, instead of a plain some. The lay people are right if one considers that these syllogisms do not have strict but approximate (Zadeh) validity. Typically there are only particular premises available in everyday life and one is dependent on such syllogisms. – Some rules on the (...)
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  3. Approximate counting by hashing in bounded arithmetic.Emil Jeřábek - 2009 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 74 (3):829-860.
    We show how to formalize approximate counting via hash functions in subsystems of bounded arithmetic, using variants of the weak pigeonhole principle. We discuss several applications, including a proof of the tournament principle, and an improvement on the known relationship of the collapse of the bounded arithmetic hierarchy to the collapse of the polynomial-time hierarchy.
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  4.  23
    Approximate counting and NP search problems.Leszek Aleksander Kołodziejczyk & Neil Thapen - 2022 - Journal of Mathematical Logic 22 (3).
    Journal of Mathematical Logic, Volume 22, Issue 03, December 2022. We study a new class of NP search problems, those which can be proved total using standard combinatorial reasoning based on approximate counting. Our model for this kind of reasoning is the bounded arithmetic theory [math] of [E. Jeřábek, Approximate counting by hashing in bounded arithmetic, J. Symb. Log. 74(3) (2009) 829–860]. In particular, the Ramsey and weak pigeonhole search problems lie in the new class. We give a purely computational (...)
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  5. Approximate Truth vs. Empirical Adequacy.Seungbae Park - 2014 - Epistemologia 37 (1):106-118.
    Suppose that scientific realists believe that a successful theory is approximately true, and that constructive empiricists believe that it is empirically adequate. Whose belief is more likely to be false? The problem of underdetermination does not yield an answer to this question one way or the other, but the pessimistic induction does. The pessimistic induction, if correct, indicates that successful theories, both past and current, are empirically inadequate. It is arguable, however, that they are approximately true. Therefore, scientific realists overall (...)
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  6.  59
    Taking approximations seriously: The cases of the Chew and Nambu-Jona-Lasinio models.Pablo Ruiz de Olano, James D. Fraser, Rocco Gaudenzi & Alexander S. Blum - 2022 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 93 (C):82-95.
    In this article, we offer a detailed study of two important episodes in the early history of high-energy physics, namely the development of the Chew and the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio models. Our study reveals that both models resulted from the combination of an old Hamiltonian, which had been introduced by earlier researchers, and two new approximation methods developed by Chew and by Nambu and Jona-Lasinio. These new approximation methods, furthermore, were the key component behind the models’ success. We take this (...)
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  7.  82
    Approximate truth and confirmation.Robert John Schwartz - 1981 - Philosophy of Science 48 (4):606-610.
    In this paper I show that Goodman's theory of projectibility, although partly successful, is inadequate since it fails to take into consideration the "approximate" nature of certain scientific hypotheses.
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  8.  23
    An approximate approach to belief revision.Shangmin Luan, Guozhong Dai & Lorenzo Magnani - 2012 - Logic Journal of the IGPL 20 (2):486-496.
    It is well known that the computational complexity of propositional knowledge base revision is at the second level of polynomial hierarchy. A way to solve this kind of problems is to introduce approximate algorithms. In this paper, an approximate approach is introduced for belief change. Operators, which satisfy the AGM rational postulates, are defined to change belief sets or belief bases. Furthermore, approximate algorithms to implement the revision of finite belief bases are presented. The time complexities of the approximate algorithms (...)
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  9. Idealizations, Approximations and Confirmation in Science.Erdinc Sayan - 1994 - Dissertation, The Ohio State University
    Despite the pervasive use of idealizations and approximations in science, the issue of their role has been neglected or misunderstood by philosophers. Idealizations enter into a scientific analysis or explanation in at least two ways. First, they may be embodied in the very statement or formulation of laws and theories; I call such laws idealizational laws. Second, they may be conjoined to a theory as extraneous assumptions, mainly to make it easier to work with the theory. I first examine the (...)
     
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  10. Approximate Truth, Quasi-Factivity, and Evidence.Michael J. Shaffer - 2015 - Acta Analytica 30 (3):249-266.
    The main question addressed in this paper is whether some false sentences can constitute evidence for the truth of other propositions. In this paper it is argued that there are good reasons to suspect that at least some false propositions can constitute evidence for the truth of certain other contingent propositions. The paper also introduces a novel condition concerning propositions that constitute evidence that explains a ubiquitous evidential practice and it contains a defense of a particular condition concerning the possession (...)
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  11.  14
    Approximative Explanation.T. R. Girill - 1978 - PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association 1978:186 - 196.
    This paper develops an explicit, pragmatic solution to the problem of deciding when an explanans which only approximately "covers" a desired event-explanandum E is acceptable as an adequate explanation. It shows in detail how comparisons made by the explanation's audience with the numerical value in E are what determine how closely E must be approximated for success. With the aid of several physics examples, it spells out the principles that govern these explanandum-comparisons, the conditions under which those principles hold, and (...)
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  12. Approximation and Idealization: Why the Difference Matters.John D. Norton - 2012 - Philosophy of Science 79 (2):207-232.
    It is proposed that we use the term “approximation” for inexact description of a target system and “idealization” for another system whose properties also provide an inexact description of the target system. Since systems generated by a limiting process can often have quite unexpected, even inconsistent properties, familiar limit systems used in statistical physics can fail to provide idealizations, but are merely approximations. A dominance argument suggests that the limiting idealizations of statistical physics should be demoted to approximations.
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  13. Truth approximation, belief merging, and peer disagreement.Gustavo Cevolani - 2014 - Synthese 191 (11):2383-2401.
    In this paper, we investigate the problem of truth approximation via belief merging, i.e., we ask whether, and under what conditions, a group of inquirers merging together their beliefs makes progress toward the truth about the underlying domain. We answer this question by proving some formal results on how belief merging operators perform with respect to the task of truth approximation, construed as increasing verisimilitude or truthlikeness. Our results shed new light on the issue of how rational (dis)agreement (...)
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  14. Truth approximation via abductive belief change.Gustavo Cevolani - 2013 - Logic Journal of the IGPL 21 (6):999-1016.
    We investigate the logical and conceptual connections between abductive reasoning construed as a process of belief change, on the one hand, and truth approximation, construed as increasing (estimated) verisimilitude, on the other. We introduce the notion of ‘(verisimilitude-guided) abductive belief change’ and discuss under what conditions abductively changing our theories or beliefs does lead them closer to the truth, and hence tracks truth approximation conceived as the main aim of inquiry. The consequences of our analysis for some recent (...)
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  15. Knowledge, adequacy, and approximate truth.Wesley Buckwalter & John Turri - 2020 - Consciousness and Cognition 83 (C):102950.
    Approximation involves representing things in ways that might be close to the truth but are nevertheless false. Given the widespread reliance on approximations in science and everyday life, here we ask whether it is conceptually possible for false approximations to qualify as knowledge. According to the factivity account, it is impossible to know false approximations, because knowledge requires truth. According to the representational adequacy account, it is possible to know false approximations, if they are close enough to the truth (...)
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  16.  19
    Approximate postdictive reasoning with answer set programming.Manfred Eppe & Mehul Bhatt - 2015 - Journal of Applied Logic 13 (4):676-719.
  17.  18
    Regainingly Approximable Numbers and Sets.Peter Hertling, Rupert Hölzl & Philip Janicki - forthcoming - Journal of Symbolic Logic.
    We call an $\alpha \in \mathbb {R}$ regainingly approximable if there exists a computable nondecreasing sequence $(a_n)_n$ of rational numbers converging to $\alpha $ with $\alpha - a_n n}$ for infinitely many n. Similarly, there exist regainingly approximable sets whose initial segment complexity infinitely often reaches the maximum possible for c.e. sets. Finally, there is a uniform algorithm splitting regular real numbers into two regainingly approximable numbers that are still regular.
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  18. Approximating the limit: the interaction between quasi 'almost' and some temporal connectives in Italian.Amaral Patrícia & Del Prete Fabio - 2010 - Linguistics and Philosophy 33 (2):51 - 115.
    This paper focuses on the interpretation of the Italian approximative adverb quasi 'almost' by primarily looking at cases in which it modifies temporal connectives, a domain which, to our knowledge, has been largely unexplored thus far. Consideration of this domain supports the need for a scalar account of the semantics of quasi (close in spirit to Hitzeman's semantic analysis of almost, in: Canakis et al. (eds) Papers from the 28th regional meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, 1992). When paired with (...)
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  19.  40
    Being Approximate: The Ganser Syndrome and Beyond.Mady Schutzman - 2003 - Journal of Medical Humanities 24 (1/2):147-158.
    The Ganser syndrome, or talking past the point, (originally identifying symptoms of inmates on remand when questioned by prison doctors), is explored as a form of insubordination against the stigmatizing effects of overdetermined diagnostic categories. The strategies of approximation that characterize the syndrome are likened to comedy routines/vaudeville styles and to their employment of punning, clownery, and ambiguity to challenge the more privileged cultural values of clarity, literalness, and precision. The seeming craftiness of Ganserians is related to the aesthetic (...)
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  20.  77
    The approximation structure of a computably approximable real.George Barmpalias - 2003 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 68 (3):885-922.
    A new approach for a uniform classification of the computably approximable real numbers is introduced. This is an important class of reals, consisting of the limits of computable sequences of rationals, and it coincides with the 0'-computable reals. Unlike some of the existing approaches, this applies uniformly to all reals in this class: to each computably approximable real x we assign a degree structure, the structure of all possible ways available to approximate x. So the main criterion for such classification (...)
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  21. Approximate Coherentism and Luck.Boris Babic - 2021 - Philosophy of Science 88 (4):707-725.
    Approximate coherentism suggests that imperfectly rational agents should hold approximately coherent credences. This norm is intended as a generalization of ordinary coherence. I argue that it may be unable to play this role by considering its application under learning experiences. While it is unclear how imperfect agents should revise their beliefs, I suggest a plausible route is through Bayesian updating. However, Bayesian updating can take an incoherent agent from relatively more coherent credences to relatively less coherent credences, depending on the (...)
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  22.  44
    Approximate Number Processing Skills Contribute to Decision Making Under Objective Risk: Interactions With Executive Functions and Objective Numeracy.Silke M. Mueller & Matthias Brand - 2018 - Frontiers in Psychology 9:364873.
    Research on the cognitive abilities involved in decision making has shown that, under objective risk conditions (i.e., when explicit information about possible outcomes and risks is available), superior decisions are especially predicted by executive functions and exact number processing skills, also referred to as objective numeracy. So far, decision-making research has mainly focused on exact number processing skills, such as performing calculations or transformations of symbolic numbers. There is evidence that such exact numeric skills are based on approximate number processing (...)
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  23.  90
    Approximation Representations for Δ2 Reals.George Barmpalias - 2004 - Archive for Mathematical Logic 43 (8):947-964.
    We study Δ2 reals x in terms of how they can be approximated symmetrically by a computable sequence of rationals. We deal with a natural notion of ‘approximation representation’ and study how these are related computationally for a fixed x. This is a continuation of earlier work; it aims at a classification of Δ2 reals based on approximation and it turns out to be quite different than the existing ones (based on information content etc.).
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  24. Approximate truth and scientific realism.Thomas Weston - 1992 - Philosophy of Science 59 (1):53-74.
    This paper describes a theory of accuracy or approximate truth and applies it to problems in the realist interpretation of scientific theories. It argues not only that realism requires approximate truth, but that an adequate theory of approximation also presupposes some elements of a realist interpretation of theories. The paper distinguishes approximate truth from vagueness, probability and verisimilitude, and applies it to problems of confirmation and deduction from inaccurate premises. Basic results are cited, but details appear elsewhere. Objections are (...)
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  25. Approximation, idealization, and laws of nature.Chang Liu - 1999 - Synthese 118 (2):229-256.
    Traditional theories construe approximate truth or truthlikeness as a measure of closeness to facts, singular facts, and idealization as an act of either assuming zero of otherwise very small differences from facts or imagining ideal conditions under which scientific laws are either approximately true or will be so when the conditions are relaxed. I first explain the serious but not insurmountable difficulties for the theories of approximation, and then argue that more serious and perhaps insurmountable difficulties for the theory (...)
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  26.  91
    Eikonal Approximation to 5D Wave Equations and the 4D Space-Time Metric.O. Oron & L. P. Horwitz - 2003 - Foundations of Physics 33 (9):1323-1338.
    We apply a method analogous to the eikonal approximation to the Maxwell wave equations in an inhomogeneous anisotropic medium and geodesic motion in a three dimensional Riemannian manifold, using a method which identifies the symplectic structure of the corresponding mechanics, to the five dimensional generalization of Maxwell theory required by the gauge invariance of Stueckelberg's covariant classical and quantum dynamics. In this way, we demonstrate, in the eikonal approximation, the existence of geodesic motion for the flow of mass (...)
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  27.  75
    Approximations and truth spaces.Jean-Pierre Marquis - 1991 - Journal of Philosophical Logic 20 (4):375 - 401.
    Approximations form an essential part of scientific activity and they come in different forms: conceptual approximations (simplifications in models), mathematical approximations of various types (e.g. linear equations instead of non-linear ones, computational approximations), experimental approximations due to limitations of the instruments and so on and so forth. In this paper, we will consider one type of approximation, namely numerical approximations involved in the comparison of two results, be they experimental or theoretical. Our goal is to lay down the conceptual (...)
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  28.  38
    Approximation representations for reals and their wtt‐degrees.George Barmpalias - 2004 - Mathematical Logic Quarterly 50 (4-5):370-380.
    We study the approximation properties of computably enumerable reals. We deal with a natural notion of approximation representation and study their wtt-degrees. Also, we show that a single representation may correspond to a quite diverse variety of reals.
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  29. Truth approximation, social epistemology, and opinion dynamics.Igor Douven & Christoph Kelp - unknown
    This paper highlights some connections between work on truth approximation and work in social epistemology, in particular work on peer disagreement. In some of the literature on truth approximation, questions have been addressed concerning the efficiency of research strategies for approximating the truth. So far, social aspects of research strategies have not received any attention in this context. Recent findings in the field of opinion dynamics suggest that this is a mistake. How scientists exchange and take into account (...)
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  30.  22
    Tractable approximate deduction for OWL.Jeff Z. Pan, Yuan Ren & Yuting Zhao - 2016 - Artificial Intelligence 235 (C):95-155.
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  31. Probability, Approximate Truth, and Truthlikeness: More Ways out of the Preface Paradox.Gustavo Cevolani & Gerhard Schurz - 2017 - Australasian Journal of Philosophy 95 (2):209-225.
    The so-called Preface Paradox seems to show that one can rationally believe two logically incompatible propositions. We address this puzzle, relying on the notions of truthlikeness and approximate truth as studied within the post-Popperian research programme on verisimilitude. In particular, we show that adequately combining probability, approximate truth, and truthlikeness leads to an explanation of how rational belief is possible in the face of the Preface Paradox. We argue that our account is superior to other solutions of the paradox, including (...)
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  32.  30
    Approximate Similarities and Poincaré Paradox.Giangiacomo Gerla - 2008 - Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 49 (2):203-226.
    De Cock and Kerre, in considering Poincaré paradox, observed that the intuitive notion of "approximate similarity" cannot be adequately represented by the fuzzy equivalence relations. In this note we argue that the deduction apparatus of fuzzy logic gives adequate tools with which to face the question. Indeed, a first-order theory is proposed whose fuzzy models are plausible candidates for the notion of approximate similarity. A connection between these structures and the point-free metric spaces is also established.
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  33. Approximate Truth and Descriptive Nesting.Jeffrey Alan Barrett - 2008 - Erkenntnis 68 (2):213-224.
    There is good reason to suppose that our best physical theories, quantum mechanics and special relativity, are false if taken together and literally. If they are in fact false, then how should they count as providing knowledge of the physical world? One might imagine that, while strictly false, our best physical theories are nevertheless in some sense probably approximately true. This paper presents a notion of local probable approximate truth in terms of descriptive nesting relations between current and subsequent theories. (...)
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  34. Approximate Counting in Bounded Arithmetic.Emil Jeřábek - 2007 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 72 (3):959 - 993.
    We develop approximate counting of sets definable by Boolean circuits in bounded arithmetic using the dual weak pigeonhole principle (dWPHP(PV)), as a generalization of results from [15]. We discuss applications to formalization of randomized complexity classes (such as BPP, APP, MA, AM) in PV₁ + dWPHP(PV).
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  35. Approximations, idealizations and ‘experiments’ at the physics–biology interface.Darrell Patrick Rowbottom - 2008 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 42 (2):145-154.
    This paper, which is based on recent empirical research at the University of Leeds, the University of Edinburgh, and the University of Bristol, presents two difficulties which arise when condensed matter physicists interact with molecular biologists: the former use models which appear to be too coarse-grained, approximate and/or idealized to serve a useful scientific purpose to the latter; and the latter have a rather narrower view of what counts as an experiment, particularly when it comes to computer simulations, than the (...)
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  36.  15
    Approximate weighted model integration on DNF structures.Ralph Abboud, İsmail İlkan Ceylan & Radoslav Dimitrov - 2022 - Artificial Intelligence 311 (C):103753.
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  37.  27
    Approximate decidability in euclidean spaces.Armin Hemmerling - 2003 - Mathematical Logic Quarterly 49 (1):34-56.
    We study concepts of decidability for subsets of Euclidean spaces ℝk within the framework of approximate computability . A new notion of approximate decidability is proposed and discussed in some detail. It is an effective variant of F. Hausdorff's concept of resolvable sets, and it modifies and generalizes notions of recursivity known from computable analysis, formerly used for open or closed sets only, to more general types of sets. Approximate decidability of sets can equivalently be expressed by computability of the (...)
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  38.  6
    Pade approximations and nsqd's up to 4-loop using f2 deep inelastic world data.A. N. Khorramian, H. Khanpour & S. Atashbar Tehrani - 2010 - In Harald Fritzsch & K. K. Phua, Proceedings of the Conference in Honour of Murray Gell-Mann's 80th Birthday. World Scientific. pp. 444.
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  39. Approximate truth and dynamical theories.Peter Smith - 1998 - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 49 (2):253-277.
    Arguably, there is no substantial, general answer to the question of what makes for the approximate truth of theories. But in one class of cases, the issue seems simply resolved. A wide class of applied dynamical theories can be treated as two-component theories—one component specifying a certain kind of abstract geometrical structure, the other giving empirical application to this structure by claiming that it replicates, subject to arbitrary scaling for units etc., the geometric structure to be found in some real-world (...)
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  40.  43
    Recursive Approximability of Real Numbers.Xizhong Zheng - 2002 - Mathematical Logic Quarterly 48 (S1):131-156.
    A real number is recursively approximable if there is a computable sequence of rational numbers converging to it. If some extra condition to the convergence is added, then the limit real number might have more effectivity. In this note we summarize some recent attempts to classify the recursively approximable real numbers by the convergence rates of the corresponding computable sequences ofr ational numbers.
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  41.  78
    Approximating Essence: On Kant’s Successive Definitional Methodology.Jens Pier - forthcoming - In Christoph Horn, Margit Ruffing & Rainer Schäfer, Kant's Project of Enlightenment: Proceedings of the 14th International Kant Congress. De Gruyter.
    Kant insists that definitions cannot be set in stone at the outset of a metaphysical investigation, but instead must be developed successively over the course of it, and should ideally be finalized only at the end. He even suggests that the task of a critical treatment of metaphysical concepts lies in an infinite approximation towards the essence of what they purport to designate. My focus is on this Kantian idea of approximating essence in definition. I begin with a reading (...)
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  42.  74
    Approximate truth.Thomas Weston - 1987 - Journal of Philosophical Logic 16 (2):203 - 227.
    The technical results presented here on continuity and approximate implication are obviously incomplete. In particular, a syntactic characterization of approximate implication is highly desirable. Nevertheless, I believe the results above do show that the theory has considerable promise for application to the areas mentioned at the top of the paper.Formulation and defense of realist interpretations of science, for example, require approximate truth because we hardly ever have evidence that a particular scientific theory corresponds perfectly with a portion of the real (...)
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  43.  47
    Behavioural approximations for restricted linear differential hybrid automata.Manindra Agrawal, Frank Stephan, P. S. Thiagarajan & Shaofa Yang - 2006 - In O. Stock & M. Schaerf, Lecture Notes In Computer Science. Springer Verlag. pp. 4-18.
  44. Approximate rationality and ideal rationality.Snow Zhang - 2024 - Asian Journal of Philosophy 3 (2):1-11.
    According to approximate Bayesianism, Bayesian norms are ideal norms worthy of approximation for non-ideal agents. This paper discusses one potential challenge for approximate Bayesianism: in non-transparent learning situations—situations where the agent does not learn what they have or have not learnt—it is unclear that the Bayesian norms are worth satisfying, let alone approximating. I discuss two replies to this challenge and find neither satisfactory. I suggest that what transpires is a general tension between approximate Bayesianism and the possibility of (...)
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  45.  60
    Algebraically Self-Consistent Quasiclassical Approximation on Phase Space.Bill Poirier - 2000 - Foundations of Physics 30 (8):1191-1226.
    The Wigner–Weyl mapping of quantum operators to classical phase space functions preserves the algebra, when operator multiplication is mapped to the binary “*” operation. However, this isomorphism is destroyed under the quasiclassical substitution of * with conventional multiplication; consequently, an approximate mapping is required if algebraic relations are to be preserved. Such a mapping is uniquely determined by the fundamental relations of quantum mechanics, as is shown in this paper. The resultant quasiclassical approximation leads to an algebraic derivation of (...)
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  46.  18
    Approximate isomorphism of metric structures.James E. Hanson - forthcoming - Mathematical Logic Quarterly.
    We give a formalism for approximate isomorphism in continuous logic simultaneously generalizing those of two papers by Ben Yaacov [2] and by Ben Yaacov, Doucha, Nies, and Tsankov [6], which are largely incompatible. With this we explicitly exhibit Scott sentences for the perturbation systems of the former paper, such as the Banach‐Mazur distance and the Lipschitz distance between metric spaces. Our formalism is simultaneously characterized syntactically by a mild generalization of perturbation systems and semantically by certain elementary classes of two‐sorted (...)
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  47.  26
    Limitations, Approximations And Reality.Timothy E. Eastman - 2016 - In David Ray Griffin, Michael Epperson & Timothy E. Eastman, Physics and speculative philosophy: potentiality in modern science. Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 233-242.
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  48. Hyperbolic approximative numerals in cross-cultural comparison.Eva Lavric - 2010 - In Gunther Kaltenböck, Wiltrud Mihatsch & Stefan Schneider, New approaches to hedging. Bingley, UK: Emerald. pp. 123--164.
     
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  49.  22
    (1 other version)Is Approximation of an Ideal Defensible?Dai Oba - 2023 - Res Publica (2):1-22.
    What role does our knowledge about the ideal society play in guiding policymaking in the real world? One intuitive answer is to approximate. Namely, we have a duty to approximate the ideal within the relevant constraints of feasibility. However, political philosophers seem to have what might be called ‘approximatophobia'. Many philosophers, including idealists such as David Estlund, warn against approximation. Their criticism is chiefly motivated by ‘the problem of second best’, which points out that your second-best option may not (...)
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  50. Approximating trees as coloured linear orders and complete axiomatisations of some classes of trees.Ruaan Kellerman & Valentin Goranko - 2021 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 86 (3):1035-1065.
    We study the first-order theories of some natural and important classes of coloured trees, including the four classes of trees whose paths have the order type respectively of the natural numbers, the integers, the rationals, and the reals. We develop a technique for approximating a tree as a suitably coloured linear order. We then present the first-order theories of certain classes of coloured linear orders and use them, along with the approximating technique, to establish complete axiomatisations of the four classes (...)
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