Results for 'approximation'

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  1. vertu des. Mais prenons garde que, lorsque nous affirmons que la sensation croft comme le logarithme de l'excitation, nous comparons, comme font souvent remarque justement les critiques de la psychophysique pour en tirer d'ailleurs souvent des conclusions erronees, que nous comparons deux series de termes heter ogenes. La serie des excitants est faite de grandeurs physiques, par exemple de.Connaissance Sensible et Approximation - forthcoming - Annals of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science.
     
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  2.  40
    Approximation methods in inductive inference.William R. Moser - 1998 - Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 93 (1-3):217-253.
    In many areas of scientific inquiry, the phenomena under investigation are viewed as functions on the real numbers. Since observational precision is limited, it makes sense to view these phenomena as bounded functions on the rationals. One may translate the basic notions of recursion theory into this framework by first interpreting a partial recursive function as a function on Q. The standard notions of inductive inference carry over as well, with no change in the theory. When considering the class of (...)
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  3. Approximate Truth vs. Empirical Adequacy.Seungbae Park - 2014 - Epistemologia 37 (1):106-118.
    Suppose that scientific realists believe that a successful theory is approximately true, and that constructive empiricists believe that it is empirically adequate. Whose belief is more likely to be false? The problem of underdetermination does not yield an answer to this question one way or the other, but the pessimistic induction does. The pessimistic induction, if correct, indicates that successful theories, both past and current, are empirically inadequate. It is arguable, however, that they are approximately true. Therefore, scientific realists overall (...)
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  4.  62
    Taking approximations seriously: The cases of the Chew and Nambu-Jona-Lasinio models.Pablo Ruiz de Olano, James D. Fraser, Rocco Gaudenzi & Alexander S. Blum - 2022 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 93 (C):82-95.
    In this article, we offer a detailed study of two important episodes in the early history of high-energy physics, namely the development of the Chew and the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio models. Our study reveals that both models resulted from the combination of an old Hamiltonian, which had been introduced by earlier researchers, and two new approximation methods developed by Chew and by Nambu and Jona-Lasinio. These new approximation methods, furthermore, were the key component behind the models’ success. We take this (...)
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  5. Approximate Truth, Quasi-Factivity, and Evidence.Michael J. Shaffer - 2015 - Acta Analytica 30 (3):249-266.
    The main question addressed in this paper is whether some false sentences can constitute evidence for the truth of other propositions. In this paper it is argued that there are good reasons to suspect that at least some false propositions can constitute evidence for the truth of certain other contingent propositions. The paper also introduces a novel condition concerning propositions that constitute evidence that explains a ubiquitous evidential practice and it contains a defense of a particular condition concerning the possession (...)
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  6.  40
    Approximate Generalizations and Their Idealization.Ernest W. Adams - 1982 - PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association 1982:199 - 207.
    Aspects of a formal theory of approximate generalizations, according to which they have degrees of truth measurable by the proportions of their instances for which they are true, are discussed. The idealizability of laws in theories of fundamental measurement is considered: given that the laws of these theories are only approximately true "in the real world", does it follow that slight changes in the extensions of their predicates would make them exactly true?
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  7. Approximation and Idealization: Why the Difference Matters.John D. Norton - 2012 - Philosophy of Science 79 (2):207-232.
    It is proposed that we use the term “approximation” for inexact description of a target system and “idealization” for another system whose properties also provide an inexact description of the target system. Since systems generated by a limiting process can often have quite unexpected, even inconsistent properties, familiar limit systems used in statistical physics can fail to provide idealizations, but are merely approximations. A dominance argument suggests that the limiting idealizations of statistical physics should be demoted to approximations.
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  8. Truth approximation, belief merging, and peer disagreement.Gustavo Cevolani - 2014 - Synthese 191 (11):2383-2401.
    In this paper, we investigate the problem of truth approximation via belief merging, i.e., we ask whether, and under what conditions, a group of inquirers merging together their beliefs makes progress toward the truth about the underlying domain. We answer this question by proving some formal results on how belief merging operators perform with respect to the task of truth approximation, construed as increasing verisimilitude or truthlikeness. Our results shed new light on the issue of how rational (dis)agreement (...)
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  9.  19
    Approximating operators and semantics for abstract dialectical frameworks.Hannes Strass - 2013 - Artificial Intelligence 205 (C):39-70.
  10. Approximating the limit: the interaction between quasi 'almost' and some temporal connectives in Italian.Amaral Patrícia & Del Prete Fabio - 2010 - Linguistics and Philosophy 33 (2):51 - 115.
    This paper focuses on the interpretation of the Italian approximative adverb quasi 'almost' by primarily looking at cases in which it modifies temporal connectives, a domain which, to our knowledge, has been largely unexplored thus far. Consideration of this domain supports the need for a scalar account of the semantics of quasi (close in spirit to Hitzeman's semantic analysis of almost, in: Canakis et al. (eds) Papers from the 28th regional meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, 1992). When paired with (...)
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  11.  19
    Approximating optimal social choice under metric preferences.Elliot Anshelevich, Onkar Bhardwaj, Edith Elkind, John Postl & Piotr Skowron - 2018 - Artificial Intelligence 264 (C):27-51.
  12.  22
    Approximation, Mad Men and the Death of JFK.Stella Bruzzi - 2018 - Foundations of Science 23 (2):237-244.
    In this article I take the US television series Mad Men as an exemplary ‘approximation’, a term I adopt to signal the way in which certain texts construct a changeable, fluid ‘truth’ resulting from collisions, exchange and dialectical argument. Approximations are layered, their formal layerings mirroring a layered, multifaceted argument. Mad Men integrates and represents real historical events within a fictional setting, and act that suggests that an event or action can never be finished, fixed and not open to (...)
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  13. Approximate counting by hashing in bounded arithmetic.Emil Jeřábek - 2009 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 74 (3):829-860.
    We show how to formalize approximate counting via hash functions in subsystems of bounded arithmetic, using variants of the weak pigeonhole principle. We discuss several applications, including a proof of the tournament principle, and an improvement on the known relationship of the collapse of the bounded arithmetic hierarchy to the collapse of the polynomial-time hierarchy.
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  14.  28
    Approximation of o-minimal maps satisfying a Lipschitz condition.Andreas Fischer - 2014 - Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 165 (3):787-802.
    Consider an o-minimal expansion of the real field. We show that definable Lipschitz continuous maps can be definably fine approximated by definable continuously differentiable Lipschitz maps whose Lipschitz constant is close to that of the original map.
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  15.  47
    Approximating Cartesian Closed Categories in NF-Style Set Theories.Morgan Thomas - 2018 - Journal of Philosophical Logic 47 (1):143-160.
    I criticize, but uphold the conclusion of, an argument by McLarty to the effect that New Foundations style set theories don’t form a suitable foundation for category theory. McLarty’s argument is from the fact that Set and Cat are not Cartesian closed in NF-style set theories. I point out that these categories do still have a property approximating Cartesian closure, making McLarty’s argument not conclusive. After considering and attempting to address other problems with developing category theory in NF-style set theories, (...)
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  16. Truth approximation via abductive belief change.Gustavo Cevolani - 2013 - Logic Journal of the IGPL 21 (6):999-1016.
    We investigate the logical and conceptual connections between abductive reasoning construed as a process of belief change, on the one hand, and truth approximation, construed as increasing (estimated) verisimilitude, on the other. We introduce the notion of ‘(verisimilitude-guided) abductive belief change’ and discuss under what conditions abductively changing our theories or beliefs does lead them closer to the truth, and hence tracks truth approximation conceived as the main aim of inquiry. The consequences of our analysis for some recent (...)
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  17. Knowledge, adequacy, and approximate truth.Wesley Buckwalter & John Turri - 2020 - Consciousness and Cognition 83 (C):102950.
    Approximation involves representing things in ways that might be close to the truth but are nevertheless false. Given the widespread reliance on approximations in science and everyday life, here we ask whether it is conceptually possible for false approximations to qualify as knowledge. According to the factivity account, it is impossible to know false approximations, because knowledge requires truth. According to the representational adequacy account, it is possible to know false approximations, if they are close enough to the truth (...)
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  18.  17
    Bounded approximate decentralised coordination via the max-sum algorithm.A. Rogers, A. Farinelli, R. Stranders & N. R. Jennings - 2011 - Artificial Intelligence 175 (2):730-759.
  19.  20
    Regainingly Approximable Numbers and Sets.Peter Hertling, Rupert Hölzl & Philip Janicki - forthcoming - Journal of Symbolic Logic.
    We call an $\alpha \in \mathbb {R}$ regainingly approximable if there exists a computable nondecreasing sequence $(a_n)_n$ of rational numbers converging to $\alpha $ with $\alpha - a_n n}$ for infinitely many n. Similarly, there exist regainingly approximable sets whose initial segment complexity infinitely often reaches the maximum possible for c.e. sets. Finally, there is a uniform algorithm splitting regular real numbers into two regainingly approximable numbers that are still regular.
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  20.  45
    Approximate Number Processing Skills Contribute to Decision Making Under Objective Risk: Interactions With Executive Functions and Objective Numeracy.Silke M. Mueller & Matthias Brand - 2018 - Frontiers in Psychology 9:364873.
    Research on the cognitive abilities involved in decision making has shown that, under objective risk conditions (i.e., when explicit information about possible outcomes and risks is available), superior decisions are especially predicted by executive functions and exact number processing skills, also referred to as objective numeracy. So far, decision-making research has mainly focused on exact number processing skills, such as performing calculations or transformations of symbolic numbers. There is evidence that such exact numeric skills are based on approximate number processing (...)
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  21. Approximate Coherentism and Luck.Boris Babic - 2021 - Philosophy of Science 88 (4):707-725.
    Approximate coherentism suggests that imperfectly rational agents should hold approximately coherent credences. This norm is intended as a generalization of ordinary coherence. I argue that it may be unable to play this role by considering its application under learning experiences. While it is unclear how imperfect agents should revise their beliefs, I suggest a plausible route is through Bayesian updating. However, Bayesian updating can take an incoherent agent from relatively more coherent credences to relatively less coherent credences, depending on the (...)
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  22.  46
    Approximate Hidden Variables.M. Zisis - 2000 - Foundations of Physics 30 (7):971-1000.
    The usual definition of (non-contextual) hidden variables is found to be too restrictive, in the sense that, according to it, even some classical systems do not admit hidden variables. A more general concept is introduced and the term “approximate hidden variables” is used for it. This new concept avoids the aforementioned problems, since all classical systems admit approximate hidden variables. Standard quantum systems do not admit approximate hidden variables, unless the corresponding Hilbert space is 2-dimensional. However, an appropriate non-standard quantum (...)
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  23. Approximation, idealization, and laws of nature.Chang Liu - 1999 - Synthese 118 (2):229-256.
    Traditional theories construe approximate truth or truthlikeness as a measure of closeness to facts, singular facts, and idealization as an act of either assuming zero of otherwise very small differences from facts or imagining ideal conditions under which scientific laws are either approximately true or will be so when the conditions are relaxed. I first explain the serious but not insurmountable difficulties for the theories of approximation, and then argue that more serious and perhaps insurmountable difficulties for the theory (...)
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  24. Approximate truth and scientific realism.Thomas Weston - 1992 - Philosophy of Science 59 (1):53-74.
    This paper describes a theory of accuracy or approximate truth and applies it to problems in the realist interpretation of scientific theories. It argues not only that realism requires approximate truth, but that an adequate theory of approximation also presupposes some elements of a realist interpretation of theories. The paper distinguishes approximate truth from vagueness, probability and verisimilitude, and applies it to problems of confirmation and deduction from inaccurate premises. Basic results are cited, but details appear elsewhere. Objections are (...)
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  25.  83
    The approximation structure of a computably approximable real.George Barmpalias - 2003 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 68 (3):885-922.
    A new approach for a uniform classification of the computably approximable real numbers is introduced. This is an important class of reals, consisting of the limits of computable sequences of rationals, and it coincides with the 0'-computable reals. Unlike some of the existing approaches, this applies uniformly to all reals in this class: to each computably approximable real x we assign a degree structure, the structure of all possible ways available to approximate x. So the main criterion for such classification (...)
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  26.  44
    Recursive Approximability of Real Numbers.Xizhong Zheng - 2002 - Mathematical Logic Quarterly 48 (S1):131-156.
    A real number is recursively approximable if there is a computable sequence of rational numbers converging to it. If some extra condition to the convergence is added, then the limit real number might have more effectivity. In this note we summarize some recent attempts to classify the recursively approximable real numbers by the convergence rates of the corresponding computable sequences ofr ational numbers.
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  27.  46
    Being Approximate: The Ganser Syndrome and Beyond.Mady Schutzman - 2003 - Journal of Medical Humanities 24 (1/2):147-158.
    The Ganser syndrome, or talking past the point, (originally identifying symptoms of inmates on remand when questioned by prison doctors), is explored as a form of insubordination against the stigmatizing effects of overdetermined diagnostic categories. The strategies of approximation that characterize the syndrome are likened to comedy routines/vaudeville styles and to their employment of punning, clownery, and ambiguity to challenge the more privileged cultural values of clarity, literalness, and precision. The seeming craftiness of Ganserians is related to the aesthetic (...)
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  28.  76
    Approximations and truth spaces.Jean-Pierre Marquis - 1991 - Journal of Philosophical Logic 20 (4):375 - 401.
    Approximations form an essential part of scientific activity and they come in different forms: conceptual approximations (simplifications in models), mathematical approximations of various types (e.g. linear equations instead of non-linear ones, computational approximations), experimental approximations due to limitations of the instruments and so on and so forth. In this paper, we will consider one type of approximation, namely numerical approximations involved in the comparison of two results, be they experimental or theoretical. Our goal is to lay down the conceptual (...)
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  29. Probability, Approximate Truth, and Truthlikeness: More Ways out of the Preface Paradox.Gustavo Cevolani & Gerhard Schurz - 2017 - Australasian Journal of Philosophy 95 (2):209-225.
    The so-called Preface Paradox seems to show that one can rationally believe two logically incompatible propositions. We address this puzzle, relying on the notions of truthlikeness and approximate truth as studied within the post-Popperian research programme on verisimilitude. In particular, we show that adequately combining probability, approximate truth, and truthlikeness leads to an explanation of how rational belief is possible in the face of the Preface Paradox. We argue that our account is superior to other solutions of the paradox, including (...)
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  30. Approximate syllogisms – on the logic of everyday life.Lothar Philipps - 1999 - Artificial Intelligence and Law 7 (2):227-234.
    Since Aristotle it is recognised that a valid syllogism cannot have two particular premises. However, that is not how a lay person sees it; at least as long as the premises read many, most etc, instead of a plain some. The lay people are right if one considers that these syllogisms do not have strict but approximate (Zadeh) validity. Typically there are only particular premises available in everyday life and one is dependent on such syllogisms. – Some rules on the (...)
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  31.  93
    Eikonal Approximation to 5D Wave Equations and the 4D Space-Time Metric.O. Oron & L. P. Horwitz - 2003 - Foundations of Physics 33 (9):1323-1338.
    We apply a method analogous to the eikonal approximation to the Maxwell wave equations in an inhomogeneous anisotropic medium and geodesic motion in a three dimensional Riemannian manifold, using a method which identifies the symplectic structure of the corresponding mechanics, to the five dimensional generalization of Maxwell theory required by the gauge invariance of Stueckelberg's covariant classical and quantum dynamics. In this way, we demonstrate, in the eikonal approximation, the existence of geodesic motion for the flow of mass (...)
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  32.  93
    Approximation Representations for Δ2 Reals.George Barmpalias - 2004 - Archive for Mathematical Logic 43 (8):947-964.
    We study Δ2 reals x in terms of how they can be approximated symmetrically by a computable sequence of rationals. We deal with a natural notion of ‘approximation representation’ and study how these are related computationally for a fixed x. This is a continuation of earlier work; it aims at a classification of Δ2 reals based on approximation and it turns out to be quite different than the existing ones (based on information content etc.).
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  33.  28
    Approximate decidability in euclidean spaces.Armin Hemmerling - 2003 - Mathematical Logic Quarterly 49 (1):34-56.
    We study concepts of decidability for subsets of Euclidean spaces ℝk within the framework of approximate computability . A new notion of approximate decidability is proposed and discussed in some detail. It is an effective variant of F. Hausdorff's concept of resolvable sets, and it modifies and generalizes notions of recursivity known from computable analysis, formerly used for open or closed sets only, to more general types of sets. Approximate decidability of sets can equivalently be expressed by computability of the (...)
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  34. Approximate Truth and Descriptive Nesting.Jeffrey Alan Barrett - 2008 - Erkenntnis 68 (2):213-224.
    There is good reason to suppose that our best physical theories, quantum mechanics and special relativity, are false if taken together and literally. If they are in fact false, then how should they count as providing knowledge of the physical world? One might imagine that, while strictly false, our best physical theories are nevertheless in some sense probably approximately true. This paper presents a notion of local probable approximate truth in terms of descriptive nesting relations between current and subsequent theories. (...)
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  35.  33
    Approximate Similarities and Poincaré Paradox.Giangiacomo Gerla - 2008 - Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 49 (2):203-226.
    De Cock and Kerre, in considering Poincaré paradox, observed that the intuitive notion of "approximate similarity" cannot be adequately represented by the fuzzy equivalence relations. In this note we argue that the deduction apparatus of fuzzy logic gives adequate tools with which to face the question. Indeed, a first-order theory is proposed whose fuzzy models are plausible candidates for the notion of approximate similarity. A connection between these structures and the point-free metric spaces is also established.
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  36.  97
    Approximating Essence: On Kant’s Successive Definitional Methodology.Jens Pier - forthcoming - In Christoph Horn, Margit Ruffing & Rainer Schäfer, Kant's Project of Enlightenment: Proceedings of the 14th International Kant Congress.
    Kant insists that definitions cannot be set in stone at the outset of a metaphysical investigation, but instead must be developed successively over the course of it, and should ideally be finalized only at the end. He even suggests that the task of a critical treatment of metaphysical concepts lies in an infinite approximation towards the essence of what they purport to designate. My focus is on this Kantian idea of approximating essence in definition. I begin with a reading (...)
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  37.  62
    On the Hamkins approximation property.William J. Mitchell - 2006 - Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 144 (1-3):126-129.
    We give a short proof of a lemma which generalizes both the main lemma from the original construction in the author’s thesis of a model with no ω2-Aronszajn trees, and also the “Key Lemma” in Hamkins’ gap forcing theorems. The new lemma directly yields Hamkins’ newer lemma stating that certain forcing notions have the approximation property.
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  38.  32
    Approximate elliptio elements of comet, 1884b.W. H. Finlay - 1884 - Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 4 (1):10-10.
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  39. Truth approximation, social epistemology, and opinion dynamics.Igor Douven & Christoph Kelp - unknown
    This paper highlights some connections between work on truth approximation and work in social epistemology, in particular work on peer disagreement. In some of the literature on truth approximation, questions have been addressed concerning the efficiency of research strategies for approximating the truth. So far, social aspects of research strategies have not received any attention in this context. Recent findings in the field of opinion dynamics suggest that this is a mistake. How scientists exchange and take into account (...)
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  40. Approximate truth and dynamical theories.Peter Smith - 1998 - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 49 (2):253-277.
    Arguably, there is no substantial, general answer to the question of what makes for the approximate truth of theories. But in one class of cases, the issue seems simply resolved. A wide class of applied dynamical theories can be treated as two-component theories—one component specifying a certain kind of abstract geometrical structure, the other giving empirical application to this structure by claiming that it replicates, subject to arbitrary scaling for units etc., the geometric structure to be found in some real-world (...)
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  41. Approximations, idealizations and ‘experiments’ at the physics–biology interface.Darrell Patrick Rowbottom - 2008 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 42 (2):145-154.
    This paper, which is based on recent empirical research at the University of Leeds, the University of Edinburgh, and the University of Bristol, presents two difficulties which arise when condensed matter physicists interact with molecular biologists: the former use models which appear to be too coarse-grained, approximate and/or idealized to serve a useful scientific purpose to the latter; and the latter have a rather narrower view of what counts as an experiment, particularly when it comes to computer simulations, than the (...)
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  42.  44
    Approximation representations for reals and their wtt‐degrees.George Barmpalias - 2004 - Mathematical Logic Quarterly 50 (4-5):370-380.
    We study the approximation properties of computably enumerable reals. We deal with a natural notion of approximation representation and study their wtt-degrees. Also, we show that a single representation may correspond to a quite diverse variety of reals.
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  43.  44
    Exact approximations to Stone–Čech compactification.Giovanni Curi - 2007 - Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 146 (2):103-123.
    Given a locale L and any set-indexed family of continuous mappings , fi:L→Li with compact and completely regular co-domain, a compactification η:L→Lγ of L is constructed enjoying the following extension property: for every a unique continuous mapping exists such that . Considered in ordinary set theory, this compactification also enjoys certain convenient weight limitations.Stone–Čech compactification is obtained as a particular case of this construction in those settings in which the class of [0,1]-valued continuous mappings is a set for all L. (...)
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  44.  10
    Approximations for efficient computation in the theory of evidence.Bj∅Rnar Tessem - 1993 - Artificial Intelligence 61 (2):315-329.
  45. Approximate rationality and ideal rationality.Snow Zhang - 2024 - Asian Journal of Philosophy 3 (2):1-11.
    According to approximate Bayesianism, Bayesian norms are ideal norms worthy of approximation for non-ideal agents. This paper discusses one potential challenge for approximate Bayesianism: in non-transparent learning situations—situations where the agent does not learn what they have or have not learnt—it is unclear that the Bayesian norms are worth satisfying, let alone approximating. I discuss two replies to this challenge and find neither satisfactory. I suggest that what transpires is a general tension between approximate Bayesianism and the possibility of (...)
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  46. Approximations, idealizations, and models in statistical mechanics.Chuang Liu - 2004 - Erkenntnis 60 (2):235-263.
    In this paper, a criticism of the traditional theories of approximation and idealization is given as a summary of previous works. After identifying the real purpose and measure of idealization in the practice of science, it is argued that the best way to characterize idealization is not to formulate a logical model – something analogous to Hempel's D-N model for explanation – but to study its different guises in the praxis of science. A case study of it is then (...)
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  47. Approximate Counting in Bounded Arithmetic.Emil Jeřábek - 2007 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 72 (3):959 - 993.
    We develop approximate counting of sets definable by Boolean circuits in bounded arithmetic using the dual weak pigeonhole principle (dWPHP(PV)), as a generalization of results from [15]. We discuss applications to formalization of randomized complexity classes (such as BPP, APP, MA, AM) in PV₁ + dWPHP(PV).
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  48.  50
    Truth approximation by empirical and aesthetic criteria: Reply to David Miller.Theo A. F. Kuipers - 2005 - Poznan Studies in the Philosophy of the Sciences and the Humanities 83 (1):356-360.
    Polish version, see Kuipers (2002) "O dwóch rodzajach idealizcji I konkretyzacki. Przypadek aproksymacji prawdy".
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  49. Approximating trees as coloured linear orders and complete axiomatisations of some classes of trees.Ruaan Kellerman & Valentin Goranko - 2021 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 86 (3):1035-1065.
    We study the first-order theories of some natural and important classes of coloured trees, including the four classes of trees whose paths have the order type respectively of the natural numbers, the integers, the rationals, and the reals. We develop a technique for approximating a tree as a suitably coloured linear order. We then present the first-order theories of certain classes of coloured linear orders and use them, along with the approximating technique, to establish complete axiomatisations of the four classes (...)
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  50. Approximative explanation is deductive-nomological.David Pearce & Veikko Rantala - 1985 - Philosophy of Science 52 (1):126-140.
    We revive the idea that a deductive-nomological explanation of a scientific theory by its successor may be defensible, even in those common and troublesome cases where the theories concerned are mutually incompatible; and limiting, approximating and counterfactual assumptions may be required in order to define a logical relation between them. Our solution is based on a general characterization of limiting relations between physical theories using the method of nonstandard analysis.
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