Results for 'logical inference'

964 found
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  1. Logical Inference and Its Dynamics.Carlotta Pavese - 2016 - In Olivier Roy, Allard Tamminga & Malte Willer, Deontic Logic and Normative Systems. London, UK: College Publications. pp. 203-219.
    This essay advances and develops a dynamic conception of inference rules and uses it to reexamine a long-standing problem about logical inference raised by Lewis Carroll’s regress.
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  2. Mathematical Inference and Logical Inference.Yacin Hamami - 2018 - Review of Symbolic Logic 11 (4):665-704.
    The deviation of mathematical proof—proof in mathematical practice—from the ideal of formal proof—proof in formal logic—has led many philosophers of mathematics to reconsider the commonly accepted view according to which the notion of formal proof provides an accurate descriptive account of mathematical proof. This, in turn, has motivated a search for alternative accounts of mathematical proof purporting to be more faithful to the reality of mathematical practice. Yet, in order to develop and evaluate such alternative accounts, it appears as a (...)
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  3.  65
    On Logical Inference over Brains, Behaviour, and Artificial Neural Networks.Olivia Guest & Andrea E. Martin - 2023 - Computational Brain and Behavior 6:213–227.
    In the cognitive, computational, and neuro-sciences, practitioners often reason about what computational models represent or learn, as well as what algorithm is instantiated. The putative goal of such reasoning is to generalize claims about the model in question, to claims about the mind and brain, and the neurocognitive capacities of those systems. Such inference is often based on a model’s performance on a task, and whether that performance approximates human behavior or brain activity. Here we demonstrate how such argumentation (...)
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  4.  42
    Logical inference in English: A preliminary analysis.Patrick Suppes - 1979 - Studia Logica 38 (4):375 - 391.
    The perfect fit of syntactic derivability and logical consequence in first-order logic is one of the most celebrated facts of modern logic. In the present flurry of attention given to the semantics of natural language, surprisingly little effort has been focused on the problem of logical inference in natural language and the possibility of its completeness. Even the traditional theory of the syllogism does not give a thorough analysis of the restricted syntax it uses.My objective is to (...)
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  5.  76
    Admissibility of logical inference rules.Vladimir Vladimir Rybakov - 1997 - New York: Elsevier.
    The aim of this book is to present the fundamental theoretical results concerning inference rules in deductive formal systems. Primary attention is focused on: admissible or permissible inference rules the derivability of the admissible inference rules the structural completeness of logics the bases for admissible and valid inference rules. There is particular emphasis on propositional non-standard logics (primary, superintuitionistic and modal logics) but general logical consequence relations and classical first-order theories are also considered. The book (...)
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  6.  39
    Polynomizing: Logic inference in polynomial format and the legacy of Boole.Walter Carnielli - 2007 - In L. Magnani & P. Li, Model-Based Reasoning in Science, Technology, and Medicine. Springer. pp. 349--364.
    Polynomizing is a term that intends to describe the uses of polynomial-like representations as a reasoning strategy and as a tool for scientific heuristics. I show how proof-theory and semantics for classical and several non-classical logics can be approached from this perspective, and discuss the assessment of this prospect, in particular to recover certain ideas of George Boole in unifying logic, algebra and the differential calculus.
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  7. Justification logic, inference tracking, and data privacy.Thomas Studer - 2011 - Logic and Logical Philosophy 20 (4):297-306.
    Internalization is a key property of justification logics. It states that justification logics internalize their own notion of proof which is essential for the proof of the realization theorem. The aim of this note is to show how to make use of internalization to track where an agent’s knowledge comes from and how to apply this to the problem of data privacy.
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  8.  97
    A 'natural logic' inference system using the Lambek calculus.Anna Zamansky, Nissim Francez & Yoad Winter - 2006 - Journal of Logic, Language and Information 15 (3):273-295.
    This paper develops an inference system for natural language within the ‘Natural Logic’ paradigm as advocated by van Benthem, Sánchez and others. The system that we propose is based on the Lambek calculus and works directly on the Curry-Howard counterparts for syntactic representations of natural language, with no intermediate translation to logical formulae. The Lambek -based system we propose extends the system by Fyodorov et~al., which is based on the Ajdukiewicz/Bar-Hillel calculus Bar Hillel,. This enables the system to (...)
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  9.  89
    Logical concepts and logical inferences.Paolo Casalegno† - 2004 - Dialectica 58 (3):395–411.
    Some philosophers find the following thesis attractive: for every logical constant C there is a set of logical rules of inference R such that a subject knows the meaning of C if and only if she accepts the rules in R. I point out some obvious but, apparently, easily forgotten difficulties concerning this thesis.
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  10.  11
    Optimization Methods for Logical Inference.Vijay Chandru & John Hooker - 1999 - University of Texas Press.
    Merging logic and mathematics in deductive inference-an innovative, cutting-edge approach. Optimization methods for logical inference? Absolutely, say Vijay Chandru and John Hooker, two major contributors to this rapidly expanding field. And even though "solving logical inference problems with optimization methods may seem a bit like eating sauerkraut with chopsticks... it is the mathematical structure of a problem that determines whether an optimization model can help solve it, not the context in which the problem occurs." Presenting (...)
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  11.  35
    Logical inference and being.Mildred B. Bakan - 1952 - Journal of Philosophy 49 (23):713-722.
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  12. The Role of Logical Inference in Heuristic Rationality.Leah Savion & Raymundo Morado - 2007 - The Proceedings of the Twenty-First World Congress of Philosophy 5:13-18.
    One of the key concepts in the Philosophy of Logic is the notion of inference. In this paper we expand the notion of logical inference and describe its role in a comprehensive theory of rationality. Some recent rationality theories either presuppose an unattainable logical capacity or they minimize the role of logic, in light of the vast amount of data on fallacious inferential performance. In this paper we defend the view that logical acuity, redefined to (...)
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  13.  57
    Everyday reasoning and logical inference.Jon Barwise - 1993 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 16 (2):337-338.
  14.  21
    Jon Williamson.Probability Logic - 2002 - In Dov M. Gabbay, Handbook of the logic of argument and inference: the turn towards the practical. New York: Elsevier. pp. 397.
  15.  40
    Finite and infinite-valued logics: inference, algebra and geometry: Preface.Walter Carnielli - 1999 - Journal of Applied Non-Classical Logics 9 (1):7-8.
    This is the preface for a special volume published by the Journal of Applied Non-Classical Logics Volume 9, Issue 1, 1999.
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  16.  24
    Rh Johnson and ja Blair.Reconfiguration Of Logic - 2002 - In Dov M. Gabbay, Handbook of the logic of argument and inference: the turn towards the practical. New York: Elsevier.
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  17.  77
    Learning context sensitive logical inference in a neurobiological simulation.Chris Eliasmith - 2004 - In Simon D. Levy & Ross Gayler, Compositional Connectionism in Cognitive Science. AAAI Press. pp. 17--20.
  18.  88
    (1 other version)The paradox of logical inference.E. E. C. Jones - 1898 - Mind 7 (26):205-218.
  19.  25
    (1 other version)Questions on Logical Inference.Rush Rhees - 1973 - Royal Institute of Philosophy Lectures 7:30-48.
    A fundamental notion of the Tractatus is that of the repetition of an operation. The operation specially mentioned is the simultaneous negation represented by the Sheffer stroke. ‘If an operation is applied repeatedly to its own results, I speak of successive applications of it. … In a similar sense I speak of successive applications of more than one operation to a number of propositions’.
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  20. How is logical inference possible?Christopher Peacocke - 2019 - In Brian Andrew Ball & Christoph Schuringa, The Act and Object of Judgment: Historical and Philosophical Perspectives. New York: Routledge.
     
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  21.  52
    Inference as Doxastic Agency. Part I: The Basics of Justification Stit Logic.Grigory K. Olkhovikov & Heinrich Wansing - 2019 - Studia Logica 107 (1):167-194.
    In this paper we consider logical inference as an activity that results in proofs and hence produces knowledge. We suggest to merge the semantical analysis of deliberatively seeing-to-it-that from stit theory and the semantics of the epistemic logic with justification from. The general idea is to understand proving that A as seeing to it that a proof of A is available. We introduce a semantics of various notions of proving as an activity and present a number of valid (...)
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  22.  56
    Predicting intermediate and multiple conclusions in propositional logic inference problems: Further evidence for a mental logic.Martin D. S. Braine, David P. O'Brien, Ira A. Noveck, Mark C. Samuels, R. Brooke Lea, Shalom M. Fisch & Yingrui Yang - 1995 - Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 124 (3):263.
  23.  34
    Sign-inferences in Greek and Buddhist Logic.Andrew Schumann - 2024 - History and Philosophy of Logic 46 (1):35-67.
    The Yogācāra school of logic developed a theory of sign-inferences that has many features of the Stoic and Epicurean logical teachings with small inclusions of Aristotelian ideas. In the Nyāyabindu of Dharmakīrti, we can find the following schemes of formal reasoning: modus Barbara (Figure I) and modus Camenes (Figure IV) of the Aristotelian syllogistic, and all the inference rules of the Stoic logic: modus ponens, modus tollens, modus ponendo tollens, modus tollendo ponens I, modus tollendo ponens II. The (...)
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  24. Logic as (Normative) Inference Theory: Formal vs. Non-formal Theories of Inference Goodness.Lilian Bermejo-Luque - 2008 - Informal Logic 28 (4):315-334.
    I defend a conception of Logic as normative for the sort of activities in which inferences super-vene, namely, reasoning and arguing. Toulmin’s criticism of formal logic will be our framework to shape the idea that in order to make sense of Logic as normative, we should con-ceive it as a discipline devoted to the layout of arguments, understood as the representations of the semantic, truth relevant, properties of the inferences that we make in arguing and reason-ing.
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  25.  24
    Axioms and postulates: Finding the right match through logical inference.Niccolò Negro - 2022 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 45.
    Merker et al. argue that integrated information theory is not a theory of consciousness because the IIT formalism does not match phenomenology. I argue that the authors ultimately fail to articulate the problem of the inference of the postulates from the axioms. I suggest a different version of this problem, and argue that this can help rethink IIT's potential for consciousness science.
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  26.  33
    Cartesian Logic: An Essay on Descartes’s Conception of Inference.Stephen Gaukroger - 1989 - Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
    This book deals with a neglected episode in the history of logic and theories of cognition: the way in which conceptions of inference changed during the seventeenth century. The author focuses on the work of Descartes, contrasting his construal of inference as an instantaneous grasp in accord with the natural light of reason, with the Aristotelian view of inference as a discursive process. Gaukroger offers a new interpretation of Descartes`s contribution to the question, revealing it to be (...)
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  27. Logical abductivism and non-deductive inference.Graham Priest - 2020 - Synthese 199 (1-2):3207-3217.
    Logic, in one of the many sense of that term, is a theory about what follows from what and why. Arguably, the correct theory has to be determined by abduction. Over recent years, so called logical anti-exceptionalists have investigated this matter. Current discussions have been restricted to deductive logic. However, there are also, of course, various forms of non-deductive reasoning. Indeed, abduction itself is one of these. What is to be said about the way of choosing the best theory (...)
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  28.  51
    Natural Logic for Textual Inference.Christopher D. Manning - unknown
    This paper presents the first use of a computational model of natural logic—a system of logical inference which operates over natural language—for textual inference. Most current approaches to the PAS- CAL RTE textual inference task achieve robustness by sacrificing semantic precision; while broadly effective, they are easily confounded by ubiquitous inferences involving monotonicity. At the other extreme, systems which rely on first-order logic and theorem proving are precise, but excessively brittle. This work aims at a middle (...)
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  29.  9
    Sign-inferences in Greek and Buddhist Logic.Andrew Schumann - 2025 - History and Philosophy of Logic 46 (1):35-67.
    The Yogācāra school of logic developed a theory of sign-inferences that has many features of the Stoic and Epicurean logical teachings with small inclusions of Aristotelian ideas. In the Nyāyabindu of Dharmakīrti, we can find the following schemes of formal reasoning: modus Barbara (Figure I) and modus Camenes (Figure IV) of the Aristotelian syllogistic, and all the inference rules of the Stoic logic: modus ponens, modus tollens, modus ponendo tollens, modus tollendo ponens I, modus tollendo ponens II. The (...)
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  30.  29
    Naturalizing Logic: How Knowledge of Mechanisms Enhances Inductive Inference.Paul Thagard - 2021 - Philosophies 6 (2):52.
    This paper naturalizes inductive inference by showing how scientific knowledge of real mechanisms provides large benefits to it. I show how knowledge about mechanisms contributes to generalization, inference to the best explanation, causal inference, and reasoning with probabilities. Generalization from some A are B to all A are B is more plausible when a mechanism connects A to B. Inference to the best explanation is strengthened when the explanations are mechanistic and when explanatory hypotheses are themselves (...)
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  31. The logic of counterfactuals in causal inference.Judea Pearl - manuscript
  32. The Logic of Counterfactuals and the Epistemology of Causal Inference.Hanti Lin - manuscript
    The 2021 Nobel Prize in Economics recognized an epistemology of causal inference based on the Rubin causal model (Rubin 1974), which merits broader attention in philosophy. This model, in fact, presupposes a logical principle of counterfactuals, Conditional Excluded Middle (CEM), the locus of a pivotal debate between Stalnaker (1968) and Lewis (1973) on the semantics of counterfactuals. Proponents of CEM should recognize that this connection points to a new argument for CEM---a Quine-Putnam indispensability argument grounded in the Nobel-winning (...)
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  33. Logic, Models, and Paradoxical Inferences.Isabel Orenes & P. N. Johnson-Laird - 2012 - Mind and Language 27 (4):357-377.
    People reject ‘paradoxical’ inferences, such as: Luisa didn't play music; therefore, if Luisa played soccer, then she didn't play music. For some theorists, they are invalid for everyday conditionals, but valid in logic. The theory of mental models implies that they are valid, but unacceptable because the conclusion refers to a possibility inconsistent with the premise. Hence, individuals should accept them if the conclusions refer only to possibilities consistent with the premises: Luisa didn't play soccer; therefore, if Luisa played a (...)
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  34. Dirk Batens, editorial note 3 Andrzej Wisniewski, questions and inferences 5 Diderik Batens, a general characterization of adaptive logics. 45 Mariusz Urbanski, synthetic tableaux and erotetic search scenarios: Extension and extraction 69. [REVIEW]Liza Verhoeven, All Premises Are Equal, But Some Are More, Erik Weber, Maarten van Dyck & Adaptive Logic - 2001 - Logique Et Analyse 44:1.
  35. Logical questions behind the lottery and preface paradoxes: lossy rules for uncertain inference.David Makinson - 2012 - Synthese 186 (2):511-529.
    We reflect on lessons that the lottery and preface paradoxes provide for the logic of uncertain inference. One of these lessons is the unreliability of the rule of conjunction of conclusions in such contexts, whether the inferences are probabilistic or qualitative; this leads us to an examination of consequence relations without that rule, the study of other rules that may nevertheless be satisfied in its absence, and a partial rehabilitation of conjunction as a ‘lossy’ rule. A second lesson is (...)
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  36.  8
    The province of logic: an interpretation of certain parts of Cook Wilson's "Statement and inference".Richard Robinson - 1931 - London: G. Routledge & Sons.
    Originally published in 1931. This inquiry investigates and develops John Cook Wilson's view of the province of logic. It bases the study on the posthumous collected papers Statement and Inference. The author seeks to answer questions on the nature of logic using Cook Wilson's thought. The chapters introduce and consider topics from metaphysics to grammar and from psychology to knowledge. An early conception of logic in the sciences and presenting the work of an important twentieth century philosopher, this is (...)
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  37. Inference in conditional probability logic.Niki Pfeifer & Gernot Kleiter - 2006 - Kybernetika 42 (2):391--404.
    An important field of probability logic is the investigation of inference rules that propagate point probabilities or, more generally, interval probabilities from premises to conclusions. Conditional probability logic (CPL) interprets the common sense expressions of the form “if . . . , then . . . ” by conditional probabilities and not by the probability of the material implication. An inference rule is probabilistically informative if the coherent probability interval of its conclusion is not necessarily equal to the (...)
     
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  38.  23
    Luis moniz Pereira.Philosophical Incidence Of Logic - 2002 - In Dov M. Gabbay, Handbook of the logic of argument and inference: the turn towards the practical. New York: Elsevier.
  39.  51
    The Logical Foundations of Bradley's Metaphysics: Judgment, Inference, and Truth.James W. Allard - 2004 - New York: Cambridge University Press.
    This book is a major contribution to the study of the philosopher F. H. Bradley, the most influential member of the nineteenth-century school of British Idealists. It offers a sustained interpretation of Bradley's Principles of Logic, explaining the problem of how it is possible for inferences to be both valid and yet have conclusions that contain new information. The author then describes how this solution provides a basis for Bradley's metaphysical view that reality is one interconnected experience and how this (...)
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  40.  23
    Intermediate logics preserving admissible inference rules of heyting calculus.Vladimir V. Rybakov - 1993 - Mathematical Logic Quarterly 39 (1):403-415.
    The aim of this paper is to look from the point of view of admissibility of inference rules at intermediate logics having the finite model property which extend Heyting's intuitionistic propositional logic H. A semantic description for logics with the finite model property preserving all admissible inference rules for H is given. It is shown that there are continuously many logics of this kind. Three special tabular intermediate logics λ, 1 ≥ i ≥ 3, are given which describe (...)
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  41. Relevant logic: a philosophical examination of inference.Stephen Read - 1988 - Oxford: Blackwell.
    The logician's central concern is with the validity of argument. A logical theory ought, therefore, to provide a general criterion of validity. This book sets out to find such a criterion, and to describe the philosophical basis and the formal theory of a logic in which the premises of a valid argument are relevant to its conclusion. The notion of relevance required for this theory is obtained by an analysis of the grounds for asserting a formula in a proof.
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  42.  28
    The Inference Pattern Mou in Mohist Logic: A Monotonicity Reasoning View.Zhiqiang Sun & Fenrong Liu - 2020 - Roczniki Filozoficzne 68 (4):257-270.
    Taking the standpoint of monotonicity reasoning, this paper provides a systematic way of looking at the inference pattern mou in the Mohist text. We have taken a logical, as well as a linguistic perspective, emphasizing features of classical Chinese, the role of context, and making use of any possible clues that we can find from the old text. By applying monotonicity rules we provide a uniform account of why shi er ran examples are valid inferences, and shi er (...)
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  43.  20
    Formal Logic, or the Calculus of Inference, Necessary and Probable.Augustus de Morgan - 1847 - London, England: Taylor & Walton.
  44.  69
    Logical norms as defeasible obligations: disentangling sound and feasible inferences.Matteo De Benedetto & Alessandra Marra - forthcoming - Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy.
    This paper develops a novel approach to the question of the normativity of logic, which we reinterpret as a clash between two intuitions: the direct normativity intuition and the unfeasibility intuition. The standard response has been to dismiss the direct normativity intuition, bridging logic and reasoning via principles that relativize the normative import of logic to pragmatic and feasibility considerations. We argue that the standard response is misguided. Building upon theories of bounded rationality, our approach conceptualizes reasoning as constrained by (...)
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  45. Psychological Inference, Constitutive Rationality, and Logical Closure.Ian Pratt - 1990 - In Philip P. Hanson, Information, Language and Cognition. University of British Columbia Press. pp. 366-389.
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  46.  62
    Logic of Statistical Inference.Ian Hacking - 1965 - Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
    One of Ian Hacking's earliest publications, this book showcases his early ideas on the central concepts and questions surrounding statistical reasoning. He explores the basic principles of statistical reasoning and tests them, both at a philosophical level and in terms of their practical consequences for statisticians. Presented in a fresh twenty-first-century series livery, and including a specially commissioned preface written by Jan-Willem Romeijn, illuminating its enduring importance and relevance to philosophical enquiry, Hacking's influential and original work has been revived for (...)
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  47.  59
    Categorial inference and modal logic.Natasha Kurtonina - 1998 - Journal of Logic, Language and Information 7 (4):399-411.
    This paper establishes a connection between structure sensitive categorial inference and classical modal logic. The embedding theorems for non-associative Lambek Calculus and the whole class of its weak Sahlqvist extensions demonstrate that various resource sensitive regimes can be modelled within the framework of unimodal temporal logic. On the semantic side, this requires decomposition of the ternary accessibility relation to provide its correlation with standard binary Kripke frames and models.
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  48.  34
    Inference Rules in Nelson’s Logics, Admissibility and Weak Admissibility.Sergei Odintsov & Vladimir Rybakov - 2015 - Logica Universalis 9 (1):93-120.
    Our paper aims to investigate inference rules for Nelson’s logics and to discuss possible ways to determine admissibility of inference rules in such logics. We will use the technique offered originally for intuitionistic logic and paraconsistent minimal Johannson’s logic. However, the adaptation is not an easy and evident task since Nelson’s logics do not enjoy replacement of equivalences rule. Therefore we consider and compare standard admissibility and weak admissibility. Our paper founds algorithms for recognizing weak admissibility and admissibility (...)
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  49.  74
    Logic, Judgment, and Inference: What Frege Should Have Said about Illogical Thought.Daniele Mezzadri - 2018 - Journal of the History of Philosophy 56 (4):727-746.
    This paper addresses Frege's discussion of illogical thought in the introduction to Basic Laws of Arithmetic. After a brief introduction, I discuss Frege's claims that logic is normative vis-à-vis thought, and not descriptive, and his opposition to the idea that logical laws express psychological necessities. I argue that these two strands of Frege's polemic against psychologism constitute two motivating factors behind his allowing for the possibility of illogical thought. I then explore a line of thought—originally advanced by Joan Weiner—according (...)
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  50. Logic, II. Demonstrative Inference : Deductive and Inductive.W. Johnson - 1923 - Revue de Métaphysique et de Morale 30 (3):8-8.
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