Generalizing Woodin’s extender algebra, cf. e.g. Steel (in: Kanamori (ed) Handbook of set theory, Springer, Berlin, 2010), we isolate the long extender algebra as a general version of Bukowský’s forcing, cf. Bukovský (Fundam Math 83:35–46, 1973), in the presence of a supercompact cardinal.

Common lawyers are accustomed to the presumption of innocence being described as a “golden thread” running “[t]hroughout the web” of the criminal law: “that it is the duty of the prosecution to prove the prisoner’s guilt” (Woolmington v DPP [1935] AC 462 per Viscount Sankey LC at 481). But although the language of “golden thread” is memorable and oft-quoted, the presumption of innocence must mean more than this: it is not simply a restatement of the burden of proof in a (...) criminal trial.Once this simple point is recognised, a whole host of more complex questions arise. For example: what, precisely, is the scope of the principle? Is this a matter on which consensus is possible or desirable? What role does the presumption have to play in pre-trial proceedings, in decisions by prosecutors? Does the presumption have consequences for the substantive criminal law, or can legislators blunt its impact by defining criminal offences so as to deprive the presumption of its bite? Can legislators tr. (shrink)

This article presents J. Srzednicki’s epistemological conception and confronts it generally with contemporary versions of epistemological relativism.

This introductory chapter examines some of the interpretations of the concept of medical neutrality that it has received from a variety of authors. It distinguishes three frequently used approaches (or interpretations) of “medical neutrality”. The first is neutrality as part of humanitarian principles to be applied in humanitarian action in general, while the second is linked to the exclusivity of the medical mission, ensuring the protected status of medical personnel and objects as non-combatants. The last approach is related to medical (...) ethics and respect for human rights as obligations that medical personnel should fulfill. The introductory chapter aims to provide a framework for the subsequent discussion by outlining the key distinctions between the various contributions to the book. (shrink)