Nagrinėjame neapibrėžtų kvantifikuotų sakinių kompozicinę semantiką, daugiausia dėmesio skirdami tokiems sakiniams kaip „Visi studentai aukšti“, kuriuose apibrėžtas kvantorius kvantifikuoja neapibrėžtą predikatą. Nors natūraliojoje kalboje neapibrėžtumas jau yra plačiai tyrinėtas, įskaitant ir neapibrėžtų būdvardžių semantiką, lig šiol mažai dėmesio skirta neapibrėžtumo sąveikai su sudėtiniais sakiniais. Pristatome eksperimentą, kurio metu surinkome duomenis, kaip naivūs kalbėtojai interpretuoja tokius sakinius. Surinkę jų sprendimus apie neapibrėžto predikato taikytinumą kiekvienam ribotinio sakinio individui, lyginame, kaip trys žinomos neraiškiosios logikos – Gödelio, produkto ir Łukasiewicziaus – prognozuoja kvantifikuotų (...) sakinių priimtinumą. Gauti rezultatai atskleidė, kad Gödelio logika tiksliausiai atitinka dalyvių supratimą. Galiausiai įrodome, kad teste pasirodžiusių sakinių atžvilgiu Gödelio logika ir tikimybinė Williamsono epistemizmo forma yra ekvivalenčios, ir aptariame, kaip mūsų išvados prisideda prie platesnės diskusijos apie neapibrėžtumo semantiką, ypač tarp epistemizmo ir laipsniuoto teisingumo požiūrių. (shrink)

The importance of the right to education reaches far beyond education itself. The right to education is recognized, promoted and protected at all levels— from local to global. The concept of each human right constitutes a dual perception—human rights are personified and there are particular duty-bearers, most often the states, which have certain obligations to preserve and protect those rights. This article summarizes governmental obligations, foreseen in international and regional legal human rights’ instruments, corresponding to the right to education in (...) its entirety. The conceptual framework for the content and scope of the right to education is established by different human rights institutions and judicial bodies and implicates the concept of quantitative and qualitative measures, expressed by four guidelines—availability, accessibility, acceptability, adaptability. (shrink)

The article deals with the impact of the recent jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) on the German labour law practice. After a brief introduction of the general importance of the jurisprudence of the ECHR for the German labour law (I.), the authors illustrate the German and the ECHR’s jurisprudence on the duty of loyalty towards the ecclesiastic employer (II.) and whistle blowing (III.). Analysing this jurisprudence, the authors come to the conclusion that the ECHR approved the (...) principles of the German jurisprudence in these cases. Therefore, its impact on the practice will be rather marginal as it does not obtain such a far-reaching significance that a change in the jurisprudence regarding dismissals is to be expected. The judgements merely raised the awareness for the set of problems in the context of ecclesiastic employers and whistle blowing. In this regard, the article will try to provide the reader with basic directions on how to deal with this jurisprudence. Finally, the authors argue that concerns, the ECHR could evolve into a further instance reviewing all German judgements not only regarding the question if there is a violation of the Convention or not but regarding the correctness of the findings are unfounded. On the other side, the article addresses the problem that – apparently – applications have been declared admissible by the ECHR despite Art. 35 para. 1 of the European Convention on Human Rights because the final decision on the national level – dismissing the complaint as inadmissible – did not reveal the reason why the application did not succeed. (shrink)