Abstract

Undertaking a crucial role in transferring the Qur’an and Sunnah after the prophet, companions of him became the basic gateways to be referred to in apprehending the nuṣūṣ for future generations after them. While the companions spent their scientific skills on understanding the nuṣūṣ with the methods they used, in general, they used the Qur’an, Sunnah and Arabic poetry in this sense. The fact that companions spread to different places in the world through conquests resulted in the transfer of sciences such as tafsīr, fiqh, qirāʾah, etc. to these places. These transfers later facilitated the formation and expansion of scientific circles, hastening the establishment of scientific schools in various locations and initiating the process of formal education; moreover, independent figures began to come to the fore in the mentioned sciences. As a result of this, in the sciences such as qirāʾah etc. a process of independence was initiated. Later, the rules of qirāʾah science were transferred in the books instead of oral narration. So much so that the importance of waqf and Ibtidā can be understood from the fact that they are the fields where works are constantly written. Although they did not mention some of the defining concepts and expressions used in today's fields such as waqf, Ibtidā, etc., the companions of the prophet used them in practice. In addition, they implemented the concepts that would be named later in the theoretical sense in waqf and Ibtidā of the Qur’an. This made a significant contribution to the formation of the rules, which would be developed later. Our main goal in this study, where the companions and different qurrāʾs recitations are basically studied, is not an attempt to determine the initial adventure of waqf and Ibtidā, which have important functions, but to see the effects that this science reveals in the fields such as fiqh, tafsīr, qirāʾah and rhetoric. Here, without spreading the issue too much, and by limiting the topics discussed, the effects of waqf and Ibtidā were tried to be revealed within the framework of Mu'tazilah, Kharijiyyah, Jahmiyyah, Shiʿah, Haruriyyah and Ahl al-Sunnah. On the other hand, it was put forth that waqf and Ibtidā, are as important for recitations as they are for reading the Qur’an properly, presenting its interpretation in an authentic way, preserving the language structure and determining the provisions firmly. In addition, in this study, the relationship of waqf and Ibtidā, with the related sciences was metioned under the determined headings. However, it is useful to state that the subjects related to this science should be addressed independently in different studies. Within this context, the importance and subtleties of the science of waqf and Ibtidā, were reflected by determining the approaches of the sects and giving examples of reference verses that would shed light on the subject by opening subheadings.