Abstract

The paper investigates philosophical conceptions of the living that were articulated in Kantian and Hegelian philosophy. The paper argues that in Kant and post-Kantian philosophy the conception of the living serves as a hinge or joint in order to mediate between conceptions of the realm of nature and conceptions of the realm of freedom. In opposition to the Cartesian tradition that had tried to grasp living beings in terms of organized machines, Kant characterizes living beings not only as organized, but as self-organizing beings. Living beings thus do not depend on a conception of their whole external to them (a conception present in the mind of a putative creator). They rather determine themselves. If one understands freedom as being under self-given laws as Kant and his successors did, then living beings as self-organizing entities seem structurally akin to the form of autonomy. The paper argues that it is this kinship that explains the interest that Kant and his successors have taken in the subject matter of the living. In conceiving of living entities in terms of self-organizing beings, some elements of nature seem to be graspable in terms of an inner purposiveness that makes intelligible how freedom might be actualized in nature. Although Kant has not fully developed and deployed the analogy of living self-organization and practical self-determination, it had a crucial impact on post-Kantian philosophy. The paper tries to delineate this impact by turning to Hegel who has deepened the analogy without annihilating the difference between living self-organization and practical self-determination