As artes mechanicae: como via para o conhecimento de Deus em Hugo de São Víctor e São Bernardo

Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia 60 (3):661 - 685 (2004)
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Abstract

O significado filosófico e teológico do trabalho adquire, na modernidade, uma urgência bem compreendida seja pelo materialismo marxista seja pelo espiritualismo cristão, como atestam os Manuscritos Económico-filosóficos de Marx e a encíclica Laborem Exercens de João Paulo II. Desta preocupação, contudo, já se incumbiram as épocas anteriores. Na antiguidade greco-romana existiam, ao lado do preconceito áulico sobre o trabalho das mãos, associações religiosas de trabalhadores. No cristianismo, inaugurado por um Deus-carpinteiro, o trabalho transformou-se num lugar de conhecimento de Deus. A Patrística interpreta o agir manual do homem como glorificacao de Deus, serviço ao próximo e aperfeiçoamento de si. Durante a revolução intelectual e social do século XII, Hugo de São Victor, no Didascalicon, dá às "artes mechanicae" um estatuto filósofico, e São Bernardo, no De Diligendo Deo, situa o trabalho no primeiro dos quatro graus daquele amor, que é lei suprema de um universo ordenado a Deus, sumo amor. /// In modern times, the philosophical and theological meaning of work acquires an urgency anticipated by the Marxistic materialism and the Christian spirituality, as witnessed by the Economic-philosophical Manuscripts of Karl Marx and the encyclical letter Laborems Exercens of John Paul II. But this preoccupation was already present in earlier times. In Greco-Roman history there were aulical preconceptions about the work of man's hands, but there were also religious associations of workers where work was celebrated. The fact that God incarnated in a carpenter made Him familiar with such work. The Church Fathers interpret the work of man's hands as glorification of God, service to one's neighbor and perfection of self. In 1127, during the intellectual and social revolution of the twelfth century, Hugh of Saint-Victor gave a philosophical statute to the mechanical arts in his Didascalicon. Saint Bernard, in De Diligendo Deo, identifies work with the first of the four degrees of that love which is the supreme law of the universe ordained for God, the supreme love.

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