This book provides the first in-depth exploration of the importance of music for Ludwig Wittgenstein’s life and work. Wittgenstein’s remarks on music are essential for understanding his philosophy: they are on the nature of musical understanding, the relation of music to language, the concepts of representation and expression, on melody, irony and aspect-perception, and, on the great composers belonging to the Austrian-German tradition. Biography and philosophy, this work suggests that Wittgenstein was a composer of philosophy who used the musical form (...) as a blueprint for his own writing and thought. For Wittgenstein music is not alone, but connects and resonates with our cultural forms of life. His relation to composers, especially to Richard Wagner and Gustav Mahler, enables Wittgenstein to address the question of how to do philosophy and compose music in the breakdown of tradition. Unlike his conservative musical sensibility, Wittgenstein’s philosophy is open to musical experiments. Reflecting on his remarks on music makes it possible to compare the therapeutic aim of his philosophical activity with that of music, and thus notice affinities between Wittgenstein and John Cage. Béla Szabados has a Ph.D. in philosophy from the University of Calgary and is professor of philosophy at the University of Regina. His publications include Wittgenstein Reads Weininger (2004), Wittgenstein at the Movies (2011) and Wittgenstein on Race, Gender, and Cultural Identity: Philosophy as a Personal Endeavour (2010). (shrink)

Philosophical essays are a collection of occasional reflections that have arisen over the course of ten years, from 2002-2011.

La elaboración del dossier temático de la revista Aletheia sobre memorias y experiencias de identidades de género disidentes en Argentina se constituyó en una oportunidad para cuestionar y evidenciar problemáticas que recorren y estructuran los debates sobre el tema en el ámbito académico-universitario. Dichas reflexiones se encuentran condensadas en este escrito, un texto dialógico producto de un intercambio reflexivo entre el autor y las coordinadoras del dossier. Blas es profesor de filosofía, becario doctoral (CONICET) y activista de Derechos Humanos. Es (...) docente de Gnoseología de la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad de Buenos Aires y co-coordinador de la Cátedra Libre de Estudios Trans. Este escrito es el producto de conversaciones conjuntas, entrecortadas, pausadas, de preguntas y respuestas construidas a lo largo de los últimos meses. Un diálogo que pretende abrir nuevos interrogantes sobre cómo entendemos, construimos y habitamos los espacios académico-universitarios, qué estrategias se despliegan en la pretendida búsqueda de políticas de inclusión y cuáles son sus limitaciones de las que no podemos escapar. Ello nos conduce a repensar cómo entendemos el género y las identidades. (shrink)

Retraction note: Blas Blas, J. (2022). Seals and codes of good sustainable practices in the audiovisual industry. An approach to the state of the question. HUMAN REVIEW. International Humanities / Revista Internacional De Humanidades, 12(6), 2–11. https://doi.org/10.37467/revhuman.v11.4134 The Editorial Office of Eurasia Academic Publishing Group has retracted this article. An investigation carried out by our Research Integrity Department has found a group of articles, among which this one is found, that are not within the thematic scope of the journal. We (...) believe that the editorial process was manipulated and, furthermore, acceptance decisions were made under possibly inappropriate peer review. (shrink)

El científico cree en el mesianismo de la razón. Sus esquemas de experiencia establecen una relación de dominio sobre la realidad, y suponen que no existe más paradigma de experiencia que el de las ciencias positivas. Gabriel Marcel elabora un concepto más amplio de experiencia. Existe una experiencia de sentido, que se sirve de un lenguaje no objetivista, unívoco, sino abierto al contacto personal y a realidades más profundas y significativas. Frente al pathos de la demostrabilidad -dogma de la razón (...) práctica científica- Marcel descubre los diferentes niveles de experiencia en el hombre, ninguno de los cuales ha de convertirse en dictatorial. Hay la experiencia de lo irreductible. En definitiva, la verdad no posee primariamente un estatuto abstracto ni teórico, sino que es un acontecimiento. (shrink)

In addition to opening a fertile field for inquiry in analytical social epistemology, Miranda Fricker’s work has provided powerful conceptual tools that merge descriptive capacity and political potency. For this reason, over the last fifteen years, the conceptual repertoire introduced by the author has been well received in both academic and political arenas. At times, the concepts of both testimonial and hermeneutical injustice acquire excessive dimensions in the literature, and this undermines, on the one hand, their analytical precision and, on (...) the other, their usefulness. In this paper I argue against Fricker’s structural parallelism thesis and defend an independent treatment of each of these concepts. On this basis, to counteract the hyperinflation of the concept of hermeneutic injustice, I proceed with an exercise of conceptual precision. To this end, I identify the conditions that make hermeneutic injustice both unjust and hermeneutic. Finally, I present theoretical and practical reasons to encourage the rigorous use of these concepts. (shrink)

In this paper, I both propose and discuss a novel account of truthmaking. I begin by showing what truthmaking is not: it is not grounding and it is not correspondence. I then show what truthmaking is by offering an account that appeals both to grounding and what I call ‘deep correspondence’. After I present the account and show that it is an account that unifies, I put it to work by showing how it can overcome an objection to truthmaking, how (...) we can get truthmaking from correspondence, what it says about truthmaker necessitation, and how it can explain a connection between truthmaker maximalism and pluralism about truth. (shrink)

Right from the start of the Spanish Civil War, thousands of prisoners were executed by shooting. Today, many of them remain anonymous, but others, thanks to their writing, have passed into history. In the final hours before their execution, these men and women had the chance to write a few farewell letters to their nearest and dearest. These letters, known by historians as ?chapel letters,? passed either through official channels exercising prior censorship or else were sent clandestinely. In their farewell (...) letters, the condemned to death informed their families of their tragic fate and dedicated their last words to them. Genuine family relics, material and spiritual testaments, instruments of denunciation and propaganda, these chapel letters are regarded as the most sincere documents of any historical period. Since prisoners expressed in them their most intimate feelings and thoughts, they constitute the most exceptional testimony of all epistolary forms practised behind bars. By using an interdisciplinary approach this essay seeks to define the material and functional characteristics of this genre and to contextualise it in the framework of ordinary writings and scribal culture. (shrink)

In Necessary Existence, Pruss and Rasmussen give an argument for a necessary being employing a modest causal principle. Here I note that, when applied to highly general and fundamental matters, the principle may well be false (or at least not so obvious).

This paper explores disagreements due to active ignorance as a kind of deep di-sagreement. It recovers Fogelin’s notion of “deep disagreement”, which stressed the limits of argumentation to build consensus and to dissipate deep disagree-ments; and it discusses his contention that deep disagreements cannot be sol-ved through rational resolution. The paper examines a disagreement that has practical implications and involves subjects asymmetrically situated in a web of power relations and builds on that case to conclude that disagreements due to ignorance (...) are not impervious to rational resolution. Specifically, it argues that practices of “epistemic activism” (Medina 2019) count as rational and reasona-ble mechanisms of resolution of deep disagreements due to active ignorance. (shrink)

The excessive use of social networks needs to be addressed, and this phenomenon needs to be measured for the purpose of evaluation, prevention, and intervention among adolescents and young people. The objective of the study was to adapt and psychometrically validate the Brief Scale of Addiction to Social Networks among Mexican adolescents and young adults. The participating sample consisted of 2,789 students from 6 public educational campuses in Cuernavaca. Data collection was carried out through a web platform to strictly maintain (...) anonymity, voluntary participation, and confidentiality. Data analysis first focused on the detection of possible response biases, the quality of the response structure partial credit model, dimensionality, and the relationship with external variables. It was found that when the range of efficient response options was limited to less than five, reliability was high, and unidimensionality was maintained. Response biases slightly affected the dimensional structure of the instrument. Measurement invariance reached scalar invariance in the sex, age, and campus groups. The association with sensation seeking and depression, controlling for sex and age covariates, was statistically significant, small, and theoretically consistent. Implications of the results are discussed. (shrink)

This paper takes a phenomenological perspective regarding the difficulties encountered in daily life by man in prehistory. I argue that the economics of beingnecessarily establishes man as a being that must make choices. Of these, man must eventually arrive at the realization that higher, rather than lower choices will safeguard human survival, well being and allow for prosperity. The economics of being is a form of identifying economic choice-making as a natural disposition of man’s. It is the latter condition that (...) makes man act in the world. However, even though man must act, action cannot be blind. Instead, human action is motivated and guided by man’s sense of interiority. That is, man’s existential capacity for self-reflection is also what can deliver us to autonomous rule. This form of reflective choice-making is a creative act. The paper attempts to trace this aspect of the human condition back to prehistory, in order to demonstrate that societies, institutions, invention, technology, artistic creation and economic responsibility come about as the result of human industriousness. None of the aforementioned are creations of modern man. (shrink)

La utilización de la denominación “Escuela de Salamanca” en referencia a los aspectos económicos es confusa y problemática, porque no hay argumentos convincentes para sostener que fuera una auténtica escuela de pensamiento económico (tal como la definen Schumpeter y Stigler). Sin embargo, desde Larraz y Grice-Hutchinson, los historiadores del pensamiento económico han utilizado habitualmente dicha denominación por su poder como “marca comercial” para la divulgación, y también para hacer referencia de forma breve y sencilla a las notables aportaciones analíticas de (...) un conjunto de doctores escolásticos españoles. De hecho, las monografías de los historiadores se han concentrado sobre todo en analizar las contribuciones de estos escolásticos (teoría monetaria, derechos de propiedad, etc.), más que en discutir los criterios que podrían definirles como una escuela en asuntos económicos. (shrink)

La revolución digital de trasfondo transhumanista en la que estamos inmersos plantea un escenario de robotización también de la función jurisdiccional. El uso intensivo de Big Data e Inteligencia Artificial (IA) abriría la posibilidad de que sean las máquinas quienes razonen jurídicamente y sean -en definitiva- quienes tomen las decisiones dirimentes de los conflictos sociales so capa de una mayor rapidez, objetividad y predictibilidad; en definitiva, dada su evidente eficiencia en comparación con los juzgadores humanos. Sin embargo, conviene examinar atentamente (...) las limitaciones de la IA aplicada a la argumentación jurídica. Merece la pena recapacitar acerca de la idoneidad social de una eventualidad tal. Se concluye escuchando voces autorizadas que se han pronunciado al respecto, cuestionando la existencia de una ‘justicia transhumanista’, pues el uso intensivo y extensivo de la IA no dejaría de ser una capitulación de la ciencia jurídica. Ahora bien, un uso encuadrado dentro de sus posibilidades abre una oportunidad para el mejor razonamiento jurídico y la extensión de los métodos de resolución de conflictos alternativos a la jurisdicción estatal. (shrink)

Este artículo vincula preocupaciones sociológicas con la propuesta comunitarista de Michael Walzer y las esferas de la justicia. Partiendo de la premisa básica de que no puede existir un criterio distributivo único universal para todas las esferas y de que efectivamente las distintas esferas exigen distintos criterios, se intenta responder la siguiente pregunta: a partir del reconocimiento de ciertas realidades apremiantes del mundo actual, ¿qué ideas de justicia global pueden ser válidas, sobre qué criterios básicos y para qué esferas teniendo (...) en cuenta la diversidad de los bienes sociales? Asimismo, se analizan las esferas del dinero y del poder político y se propone dos estrategias para tratar de alcanzar una justicia global: la Renta Básica Ciudadana en la esfera del dinero y el reconocimiento del Estado plurinacional en la esfera política. This article links up sociological concerns with the communitarian proposal of Michael Walzer and the spheres of justice. Starting from the basic premise that there can be no such thing as a single universal distributive criterion for all the spheres and that effectively all the different spheres require different criteria, this paper tries to answer the following question: Based on the recognition of certain urgent realities in today's world, what ideas of global justice may be valid, on what basic criteria and for which spheres taking into account the diversity of social goods? Likewise, the spheres of money and political power are analyzed and also two strategies to try to achieve global justice are proposed: The Citizen Basic Income in the sphere of money and the recognition of the plurinational State in the political sphere. (shrink)

On ethics and conduct of life according to Buddhism.

In the fifty-one years since its publication Dirac's magnetic monopole conjecture has stimulated a theoretical outpouring rich in variety. We review here the experimental techniques with which monopoles have been sought and we will describe the limits on monopole properties these searches have established.

In a 2014 paper in this journal, I put forward two objections to a version of divine simplicity I call ‘Divine Truthmaker Simplicity’. James Beebe and Timothy Pawl have come to Divine Truthmaker Simplicity’s defense. In this paper, I respond to Beebe and Pawl, consider an overlooked way of defending Divine Truthmaker Simplicity, and conclude by outlining an alternative account of God’s simplicity.

As it is presently employed, grounding permits grounding many things from one ground. In this paper, I show why this is a mistake by pushing for a uniqueness principle on grounding. After arguing in favor of this principle, I say something about it and kinds of grounding, discuss a similar principle, and consider its import on a formal feature of grounding, ontology, and ontological simplicity.

My dissertation is a critical study of Jose Ortega Y Gasset's attempt to reconcile his notion of lived-experience , which is fundamentally immediate experience, with his idea of life as vital-reason. But life as vital reason is, itself, best understood as consisting of life as a rational-existential project. This, in effect is Ortega's manner of fusing idealism and realism. The result of this mediation is to be interpreted as the self-with-things or what amounts to: I-in-the-world. Man is never what he (...) is in his immediacy and therefore he must create his essence through a self-conscious existential project. Thus, Ortega's notion of life as radical reality is the culmination of an underlying dialectic that is present throughout his work. That is, man's self-awareness of his life as a pre-reflective extranatural phenomenon vis-a-vis the material world can only be understood through reflection and therefore never in its immediacy. Therefore I conclude that for Ortega the synthesis of these apparently antithetical notions culminates in a form of subjective idealism given that primacy is necessarily attributed to the self over the external world. Even though I accept the fundamental tenets of his argument concerning the synthesis of Realism and Idealism and Rationalism and Vitalism, I have focused upon the inherent tension that exists in any such reflective endeavor. I believe that due to Ortega's emphasis that all reflection must originate and therefore concern itself with life as phenomenon, his philosophy necessarily gives primacy to the self over the material world . In arguing "Yo Soy Yo Y Mis Circumstancias" Ortega stresses the character of the Rational Vitalism that results from my self-awareness of my life as a problem for reflection that is forged through my necessary dealings with the world. The result of this self-knowledge is the foundation of a metaphysics of life that is best understood as man as radical reality. (shrink)

ExcerptCzesław Miłosz issues from an age and place when making a distinction between the ethos of a poet, an essayist, or a philosopher seemed an unnecessary and imprudent indiscretion. His resplendent work on political philosophy, The Captive Mind, is along with Albert Camus' The Rebel one of the most insightful, historically accurate, and devastating critiques of Marxism and its entrenchment in twentieth-century thought to date. As such, The Captive Mind is unrivalled by other “theoretical” and abstract treatises in its sheer (...) ability to grasp the vital essence of political reality under totalitarian regimes. As a poet and an essayist, Miłosz's…. (shrink)

Este trabajo investiga las capacidades epistémicas de las instituciones democráticas a través de una evaluación de tres modelos epistémicos de democracia: el Teorema del Jurado de Condorcet, el Teorema ‘Diversidad supera Habilidad’ y el modelo experimentalista de Dewey. El modelo de Dewey es superior a los demás en su capacidad de modelar las funciones epistémicas de tres características constitutivas de la democracia: la diversidad epistémica de los participantes, la interacción de la votación con el debate y los mecanismos de retroalimentación (...) como las elecciones periódicas y las protestas. Considera que la democracia es una institución para reunir información ampliamente distribuida sobre problemas y políticas de interés público mediante la participación de conocedores epistémicamente diversos. Las normas democráticas de libre discurso, disenso, retroalimentación y rendición de cuentas funcionan para garantizar el aprendizaje colectivo y con base experimental a partir de las diversas experiencias de los diferentes conocedores. Ilustro estos puntos con un estudio de caso de grupos forestales comunitarios en el Asia meridional, cuyas capacidades epistémicas se han visto perjudicadas por la supresión de la participación de las mujeres. (shrink)

El presente trabajo se propone reflexionar sobre la relación entre guerra y política. El punto de partida de son algunas indicaciones realizadas por Juan Carlos Marín acerca de la necesidad de producir una crítica del fetichismo de las armas presente en las concepciones militaristas del estatuto de la guerra en el marco del capitalismo que sea paralela a la crítica del fetichismo de la mercancía en Marx. Para pensar este paralelismo se toman los conceptos de “estado-nación” y “ciudadano” como las (...) claves de la construcción de la fuerza armada de la burguesía. La “ciudadanización” como proceso de disciplinamiento de los cuerpos fundamental del capitalismo es explorada a partir de dos autores. Por un lado, se retoma a Louis Althusser, quien afirma que en la lucha de clases lo que se enfrentan no son solo dos clases, sino también dos formas de lucha. Por otra parte, se explora esta tesis a partir de los análisis que Dardo Scavino hace del dispositivo sarmientino de la oposición entre "Civilización y Barbarie" como modelo de constitución de la lucha de clases burguesa y proceso de ciudadanización en la Argentina. Por último, en las conclusiones se exploran los límites de la noción de "ciudadano" en el marco de las políticas neoliberales impuestas por las dictaduras latinoamericanas y el dominio del capital financiero en el ultra-imperialismo. (shrink)

En el presente trabajo se explica y comenta la construcción del ser viviente en la cosmología platónica del Timeo, por la confluencia de la inteligencia divina como causa primaria que provee diseños estructurales perfectos, combinada con la necesidad como causa secundaria que provee los movimientos aleatorios ocasionados por las fuerzas naturales. Palabras clave: República; Timeo; Necesidad; Cosmología; CausaIn this work I explain, and comment on, the construction of the living being in Timaeus’s Platonic cosmology. Such a construction results from the (...) confluence of both the divine intelligence as primary cause, which provides perfect structural designs, and need as a secondary cause, which provides the random movements brought about by natural forces. Keywords: Republic; Timaeus; Necessity; Cosmology; Cause. (shrink)

Basic course of study of Buddhist logic and dialectrical studies prescribed for Rato Datsang, a monastery at Nyetang in Tibet, China.

Text with commentary on basic course of study of Buddhist logic and dialectrical studies prescribed for Rato Datsang, a monastery at Nyetang in Tibet, China.

The fundamental purpose of this research work was to explain how the management of agile methodologies for the development of competencies of university students in the Peruvian context. Based on this question, it has been hypothesized that agile methodologies significantly help the development of students' competencies. This is complemented by a quantitative approach study, with a quasi-experimental design of the "Design with pre-test - post-test with experimental groups and control groups" model. The students of the one Peruvian University were considered (...) as the study population, of which the students of the Faculty of Initial Education were taken as a study sample, within which 100 students participated as an experimental group. 100 from V, VII, X cycle and as a control group 100 students from II, III, and IV cycle respectively. Therefore, as the main result, it is evident that, with a bilateral significance of.000 less than the predetermined significance of 0.05 and a result of F = 1.013, they confirm that the first condition of equality of variances is met and thus establish the Test of the General Hypothesis or HG according to the normal "Z" equal to 8.965, in the case of two independent samples and a difference of 3.81 plus Gl = 51 degrees of freedom and assuming a 95% confidence level, the hypothesis is rejected null and the alternative Hypothesis is accepted, concluding that agile methodologies significantly help the development of students' competencies with a significance of pv,000.. (shrink)

Despite a recent wave in global recognition of the rights of transgender and gender-diverse populations, referred to in this text by the umbrella label of trans*, international law continues to presume a cisgender binary definition of gender — dismissing the lived realities of trans* individuals throughout the world. This gap in international legal recognition and protection has fundamental implications for health, where trans* persons have been and continue to be subjected to widespread discrimination in health care, longstanding neglect of health (...) needs, and significant violations of bodily autonomy. (shrink)

In this Article we seek to shift the focus from the texts of bilateral labor agreements to the context of their emergence and materialization. We argue that to study BLAs and evaluate their consequences and potential relevance, they must be read from the perspective of processes of institutionalization that shape the paths of different agreements. In Israel, a cross-sectoral comparison of the agricultural and construction sectors reveals that different agreements did not follow the same path and institutionalization process. The Israel-Thailand (...) agreements for the agricultural sector and the agreements regulating migration to the construction sector did not generate similar dynamics of institutionalization. In both sectors, BLAs transformed recruitment practices and led to a sharp decrease of illicit migration costs extracted in the process. Yet due to differences in the structure of the sectors and the expected skill level of workers, significant variations remain, most notably in the effect of BLAs on the permit and quota system and in the rise of paths to import labor outside BLAs. Based on this cross-sectoral comparison, we offer in this Article a grounded analytical perspective for examining and evaluating BLAs in context. In discussing our suggestions, we will project our analysis to the more recent agreement covering the live-in care sector that is currently the largest employing sector of guest-workers in Israel. (shrink)

El artículo presenta una reflexión sobre la categoría ‘escritor afrohispano’ y las tensiones que involucra. En la primera parte se discute sobre el surgimiento, las utilizaciones y apropiaciones que intelectuales afrodescendientes han hecho de este concepto desde fines de los años ochenta. En la segunda parte se analiza el principal dilema de estos escritores en torno a las posibilidaddes de expresar una identidad específica,la de los afrodescendientes en la América de habla hispana,desde la lengua del colonizador, a través de las (...) reflexiones y propuestas contenidas en la producción ensayística del poeta dominicano Blas Jiménez y del narrador costarricense Quince Duncan. (shrink)

Predominantly on Tibetan Buddhist doctrines and philosophy.

On the twelfth anniversary of the name of Mexican Gastronomy as intangible cultural heritage of humanity, its safeguarding continues in different contexts. Nayarit stands out for its natural and cultural wealth which is reflected in the local gastronomy, whose recognition attracts locals and foreigners to taste the delicious dishes. This text contains research results whose purpose is to document the cultural and natural elements that make up the gastronomic heritage of Nayarit with potential for the development of tourism products. Through (...) a qualitative, applied, descriptive research, historical sources were consulted and contrasted with the information collected through interviews, for the integration of a non-exhaustive inventory of the north coast region of Nayarit, which serves as a basis for the tourist product design. (shrink)

The poetry of Blas de Otero (1961) andYehudaAmichai (1924-2000) invites the 20th century human being to speak out on the main issues of his existence: love, loneliness, suffering, solidarity, injustice, death, hope. A central place in their work is taken up by the merciful and faithful God of the Bible, whose image seems to be refuted by the dramatic situation in which the human being happens to live. The poet’s word stands up against God’s word equipped with his resources: intertextuality, (...) metaphor, comparison, antithesis, sound effects, irony. Both authors place the reader before the task of construct and deconstruct the depiction of the Biblical God. (shrink)