As soon as the economy of Kazakhstan is highly resource‐oriented despite numerous efforts to change the structure of the national economy, constant assessment of the scientific and innovation sphere of the country is actual and important. By way of qualitative, quantitative, comparative, and descriptive analysis 13 indicators related to science and innovations were investigated to define the level of scientific and innovative development in Kazakhstan. Science and innovation in Kazakhstan are under‐financed and state‐based financing of innovative activities seems to be (...) ineffective, and the innovations are still unprofitable. The scientific human capital is affected by “brain drain,” when best graduates go into business or leave the country to build careers in better financial conditions. Eight indicators are found to be universal and comparable for various countries, and can be applied with the purpose of defining the level of scientific and innovative development of a country or countries. The results of the study can be applied by governmental officials for developing policies related to science and innovations. The methods, set of indicators, and findings of the study can be used by other researchers for investigating and comparing the level(s) of scientific and innovative development in other country or countries. (shrink)

Survey participants were asked to rate the effectiveness of different strategies for dealing with bullying on a scale from 1 to 5. The results of the survey, which were checked for reliability and accuracy, indicate that social support and avoidance of aggression are the preferred methods. An analysis of responses from adolescents between the ages of 12 and 17 shows that many of them turn to their friends for comfort and support. The correlation coefficient is highest at age 14 (13.044), (...) while the coefficients for ages 12, 15, and 16 (7.593, 12.497, 12.167 respectively) are closer to the average and suggest a moderate relationship between the variables. The lowest correlation coefficient is at age 17 (8.308), indicating a weaker connection between that age group and the ability to seek comfort and support. People have different ways of responding to bullying and defending themselves. Not everyone chooses to confront the bully directly; some seek support and try to avoid conflict. Adolescents who are 14 years old (7.598) seem to be the most willing and able to respond to bullying, likely due to their stronger sense of social support and conflict avoidance strategies. On the other hand, those who are 12, 16, and 17 years old (4.438, 6.021, 5.029) may struggle more with showing empathy and support, possibly because they are more inclined to avoid conflict or lack the necessary skills in this area. (shrink)

The study of cognitive mechanisms involved in the process of developing communicative competencies, particularly from the perspective of dialogue theory, is relevant and necessary to improve communicative activity and its effectiveness. The purpose of this research is to study the cognitive-communicative interaction in the process of dialogical communication and the cognitive conditionality of the development of communicative competencies. The methods of frame, cognitive and communicative analysis, and the analytical-synthetic method were used in the study. The main frame structures of dialogic (...) speech were considered: using one frame and similar ways of verbalization, using one frame and different ways of verbal expression, and using two frames with different thematic or semantic content. The study examined cognitive-communicative interaction in dialogic communication and the cognitive basis for developing communicative competencies. Among the important conclusions is the discovery of three primary dialogical unity frame structures. It has been found that cognitive functions affect successful communication. The study demonstrated how cognitive-communicative interaction fosters the development of communicative competencies. It was also determined that dialogue structure relates to response shifts represented as interrelated frames. The study concludes that future research should focus on studying cognitions in communicative contexts and improving foreign language communication. (shrink)

The article considers regional issues of the Kazakh transtoposystem. There are a number of problematic issues related to cross-border Kazakh toponymy. The article analyzes only one aspect – the status of binary names in the cross-border toposystem. The goal is to study how obvious the binary opposition is there, considering the etymology of toponyms based on semantic opposition. The toposystem of the Northern and Western regions bordering Russia was used as the empirical material for the study. According to the border (...) administrative-regional division, a number of districts of such regions of the country as North Kazakhstan, Pavlodar, Kostanay, Western Kazakhstan, Aktobe, and Atyrau border with Russia. In the article, a series of binary names along the toponyms of this cross-border zone is formed. In particular, Úlken-Kіshі (Big-Small), Aq-Qara (Black-White), Qara-Sary (Black-Yellow), Jaqsy-Jaman (Good-Bad), Jyly-Sýyq (Warm-Cold), and Ashy-Tushy (Bitter-Fresh) are analyzed. The difference between toponymic binary names and lexical antonyms is considered. We discuss the fact that the contradiction in lexical antonyms is clearly expressed, but in binary opposition along toponyms, the contradiction may not be complete. It is reported that the contradiction of toponyms is recognized only in the toponymic context, and sometimes it is even possible to form a related pair, rather than a semantic contradiction. (shrink)