Artykuł przedstawia interpretację Emila Rousseau jako koncepcję jednego z czterech miejsc — obok republiki, małej wspólnoty ulokowanej poza społeczeństwem i pełnej samotności — w których człowiek może wyzwolić się z alienacji. Emil żyje w społeczeństwie, ale zachowuje duchowy dystans wobec jego członków; w istocie żyje na pograniczu społeczności, bardziej obok ludzi niż z nimi. Tak jak „obcego”, o którym pisał Simmel, łączy go z jej członkami to, co wspólne wszystkim ludziom, dzieli natomiast to, co ich właśnie łączy we wspólnotę. Emil (...) jest więc obcy ludziom, ale nie jest wyobcowany, gdyż to właśnie on, a nie oni, żyje zgodnie z naturą. Jakkolwiek Rousseau zapewnia, że Emil jest potencjalnie zdolny do zajęcia wszystkich pozostałych miejsc, autor tekstu dowodzi, że kierując się zasadą dobrowolności stowarzyszeń Emil skazany jest na życie samotne, do którego jest też najlepiej przygotowany. (shrink)

First-order logic is formalized by means of tools taken from the logic of questions. A calculus of questions which is a counterpart of the Pure Calculus of Quantifiers is presented. A direct proof of completeness of the calculus is given.

This book provides a detailed exposition of one of the most practical and popular methods of proving theorems in logic, called Natural Deduction. It is presented both historically and systematically. Also some combinations with other known proof methods are explored. The initial part of the book deals with Classical Logic, whereas the rest is concerned with systems for several forms of Modal Logics, one of the most important branches of modern logic, which has wide applicability.

This paper develops a new proof method for two propositional paraconsistent logics: the propositional part of Batens' weak paraconsistent logic CLuN and Schütte's maximally paraconsistent logic Φv. Proofs are de.ned as certain sequences of questions. The method is grounded in Inferential Erotetic Logic.

We provide an application of a sequent calculus framework to the formalization of definite descriptions. It is a continuation of research undertaken in [20, 22]. In the present paper a so-called free description theory is examined in the context of different kinds of free logic, including systems applied in computer science and constructive mathematics for dealing with partial functions. It is shown that the same theory in different logics may be formalised by means of different rules and gives results of (...) varying strength. For all presented calculi a constructive cut elimination is provided. (shrink)

This is a spin-off paper to [3, 4] in which we carried out an extensive analysis of Andrzej Grzegorczyk’s point-free topology from [5]. In [1] Loredana Biacino and Giangiacomo Gerla presented an axiomatization which was inspired by the Grzegorczyk’s system, and which is its variation. Our aim is to compare the two approaches and show that they are slightly different. Except for pointing to dissimilarities, we also demonstrate that the theories coincide in presence of axiom stipulating non-existence of atoms.

In 1934 Stanisław Jaśkowski published his groundbreaking work on natural deduction. At the same year Gerhard Gentzen also published a work on the same topic. We aim at presenting of Jaśkowski’s system and provide a comparison with Gentzen’s approach. We also try to outline the influence of Jaśkowski’s approach on the later development of natural deduction systems.

entailment; families of sets; logic of questions.

There are many religions in the human world, and people manifest their religiousness in many different ways. The main problem this paper addresses concerns the possibility of sorting out this complex world of human religiousness by showing that it can be phenomenologically reduced to a few very basic existential attitudes. These attitudes express the main types of ways in which a human being relates to his or herself and the world, independently of the worldview or religion professed by the individual. (...) I use Kierkegaard’s theories of the stages of existence and subjective truth as a model. The theory of the stages of existence provides five basic existential attitudes on the basis of which religious attitudes can develop: spiritlessness, the aesthetic, the ethical, religiousness A, and religiousness B. The theory of subjective truth shows how the concept of truth functions in an ethical and existential sense as the personal truth of an individual engaged in building their religious identity. In turn, I discuss the problem of the relation of Kierkegaard’s philosophy to phenomenology, briefly introduce his concept of subjective truth and the stages of existence, and show how existential attitudes can be transformed into religious ones. I also consider the problem of the demonic as the inverted order of this anthropological and existential model. Finally, I argue that the model developed herein may be useful for further research into the phenomenology of religious attitudes. (shrink)

The author reflects on the moral attitudes displayed by Poles fighting in the Warsaw Uprising. He believes that the sacrifice and selflessness with which Varsovians battled for their city had its roots in the general mentality of the Poles, who for generations had been raised in the spirit of “mutual and willing endowment”. He also notes that the noble ideals of the wartime generations have today been largely replaced by mercenary selfishness.

Artykuł stanowi syntetyczna próbę spojrzenia na historyczny rozwój filozofii życia z perspektywy pytań o człowieka. W jej dziejowej ewolucji wyodrębniono trzy okresy z uwzględnieniem specyfiki każdego z nich. Spoiwem wszystkich odmian filozofii życia jest otwarta, dynamistyczna koncepcja człowieka, będąca częścią wizji nieustannie stającego się świata. W takim ujęciu pytanie o człowieka odnosi sie do przesłanek rozumienia: naturalnych korzeni, dziejowej egzystencji czy ładu aksjologicznego.

The article is devoted to Vilfredo Pareto’s reflections on socialism and dicusses thoroughly his important work Les syst`emes socialistes, especially its first part dealing with so called real socialist systems. This large treatise edited in 1901-1902 played an important role in the evolution of Pareto’s ideas. It brought the early version of his famous theory of social elites that was strictly connected with his refutation of historiosophical progressivism. Pareto examined many historical examples– from ancient to some tendencies in contemporary policy (...) – in order to elaborate the precise typology of the systems of real socialism. He tried to demonstrate that real socialism was an obstacle to economic and cultural development. Socialism was for him on the one hand utopian, and on the other hand – immoral. He didn’t exclude however that in the future the well organized socialist movement would come into power. (shrink)