Results for 'Complexity'

956 found
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  1. Itzhak Gilboa.Kolmogorov'S. Complexity Measure & L. Simpucism - 1994 - In Dag Prawitz & Dag Westerståhl, Logic and Philosophy of Science in Uppsala: Papers From the 9th International Congress of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science. Dordrecht, Netherland: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 205.
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  2.  21
    Jacek Pasnic/ck.Complex Properties Do We Need & Inour Ontology - 2006 - In J. Jadacki & J. Pasniczek, The Lvov-Warsaw School: The New Generation. Reidel. pp. 113.
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  3.  5
    Part I. consciousness.Investigation ofa Complex - 2012 - In Ingrid Fredriksson, Aspects of consciousness: essays on physics, death and the mind. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co..
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    Complexity: critical concepts.Bill McKelvey & John Bragin (eds.) - 2012 - New York: Routledge.
    v. 1. Origins of order-creation science : complexity science from basic disciplines -- v. 2. Self-organization, emergence and self-organized criticality -- v. 3. Organization and management complexity dynamics -- v. 4. Agent-based socio-economic simulation -- v. 5. Power-law distributions in society and business.
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    Complexity, Science and the Public.Cristian Suteanu - 2005 - Theory, Culture and Society 22 (5):113-140.
    This article addresses complexity by selecting some of its key aspects that share a common feature: the power to change. They seem to change not only the way the world is approached by scientists, but also the way this approach, the resulting perspectives and their multiple relationships, are interpreted. These main aspects are: (1) the challenge of measurability, with an unexpected result that escapes the gravitational field of the measurability problem; (2) the meaning of reproducibility and the redrawn boundaries (...)
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    Kolmogorov Complexity and Noncomputability.George Davie - 2002 - Mathematical Logic Quarterly 48 (4):574-581.
    We use a method suggested by Kolmogorov complexity to examine some relations between Kolmogorov complexity and noncomputability. In particular we show that the method consistently gives us more information than conventional ways of demonstrating noncomputability . Also, many sets which are awkward to embed into the halting problem are easily shown noncomputable. We also prove a gap-theorem for outputting consecutive integers and find, for a given length n, a statement of length n with maximal proof length.
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    Complexity Thinking as a Tool to Understand the Didactics of Psychology.László Harmat & Anna Herbert - 2020 - Frontiers in Psychology 11:542446.
    The need to establish a research field within psychology didactics at secondary level has recently been voiced by several researchers internationally. An analysis of a Swedish case coming out of secondary level education in psychology presented here provides an illustration that complexity thinking – derived from complexity theory – is uniquely placed to consider and indicate possible solutions to challenges, described by researchers as central to the foundation of a new field. Subject-matter didactics is defined for the purpose (...)
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    Complexity and Analysis.Stewart Umphrey - 2002 - Lexington Books.
    Wherever we look, we notice complexity. Philosophically, the concept constitutes a tangled web of problems, in theory as well as daily life. Complexity and Analysis is a meticulous rendering of these problems, tackling the seldom considered nature of complexity that confronts ontological analysts and holists alike. Stewart Umphrey expertly describes the limits of analysis as they have come to light within mathematics, the natural sciences, and analytic philosophy, explaining how Aristotle came upon, and sought to move beyond, (...)
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  9. Complexity and Postmodernism: Understanding Complex Systems.Paul Cilliers - 1998 - New York: Routledge.
    In _Complexity and Postmodernism_, Paul Cilliers explores the idea of complexity in the light of contemporary perspectives from philosophy and science. Cilliers offers us a unique approach to understanding complexity and computational theory by integrating postmodern theory into his discussion. _Complexity and Postmodernism_ is an exciting and an original book that should be read by anyone interested in gaining a fresh understanding of complexity, postmodernism and connectionism.
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  10.  17
    Complexity According to Peirce.Jaime Nubiola - 2000 - The Commens Encyclopedia: The Digital Encyclopedia of Peirce Studies.
    In a world of ever-growing specialization, the issue of complexity attracts a good amount of attention from cross-disciplinary points of view. Charles S. Peirce’s thought may help not only to shoulder once again philosophical responsibility which has been largely abdicated by much of 20th century philosophy, but also to tackle some of the most stubborn contemporary problems. The founder of pragmatism identified one century ago most of these problems, and he also mapped out some paths that may be followed (...)
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  11.  52
    Discovering Complexity: Decomposition and Localization as Strategies in Scientific Research.William Bechtel & Robert C. Richardson - 2010 - Princeton.
    An analysis of two heuristic strategies for the development of mechanistic models, illustrated with historical examples from the life sciences. In Discovering Complexity, William Bechtel and Robert Richardson examine two heuristics that guided the development of mechanistic models in the life sciences: decomposition and localization. Drawing on historical cases from disciplines including cell biology, cognitive neuroscience, and genetics, they identify a number of "choice points" that life scientists confront in developing mechanistic explanations and show how different choices result in (...)
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  12.  48
    Syntactic Complexity Effects in Sentence Production: A Reply to MacDonald, Montag, and Gennari.Gregory Scontras, William Badecker & Evelina Fedorenko - 2017 - Cognitive Science 41 (8):2280-2287.
    In our article, “Syntactic complexity effects in sentence production”, we reported two elicited production experiments and argued that there is a cost associated with planning and uttering syntactically complex, object-extracted structures that contain a non-local syntactic dependency. MacDonald et al. () have argued that the results of our investigation provide little new information on the topic. We disagree. Examining the production of subject versus object extractions in two constructions across two experimental paradigms—relative clauses in Experiment 1 and wh-questions in (...)
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  13.  11
    Computational Complexity.Christopher Mole - 2025 - Open Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science.
    Designing effective computational systems is often a matter of finding ways in which simple logical operations can be combined to perform more complex tasks. Computer scientists therefore gauge the complexity of tasks by asking how many such operations would be needed to perform them. They are especially concerned with cases in which the number of these operations is so large that the task cannot feasibly be performed by computational means. This happens whenever a task that takes n bits of (...)
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  14. Complexity and the Function of Mind in Nature.Peter Godfrey-Smith (ed.) - 1996 - New York: Cambridge University Press.
    This book explains the relationship between intelligence and environmental complexity, and in so doing links philosophy of mind to more general issues about the relations between organisms and environments, and to the general pattern of 'externalist' explanations. The author provides a biological approach to the investigation of mind and cognition in nature. In particular he explores the idea that the function of cognition is to enable agents to deal with environmental complexity. The history of the idea in the (...)
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  15. Complexity: a guided tour.Melanie Mitchell - 2009 - New York: Oxford University Press.
    What enables individually simple insects like ants to act with such precision and purpose as a group? How do trillions of individual neurons produce something as extraordinarily complex as consciousness? What is it that guides self-organizing structures like the immune system, the World Wide Web, the global economy, and the human genome? These are just a few of the fascinating and elusive questions that the science of complexity seeks to answer. In this remarkably accessible and companionable book, leading complex (...)
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  16. Complex societies.Peter J. Richerson & Robert Boyd - 1999 - Human Nature 10 (3):253-289.
    The complexity of human societies of the past few thousand years rivals that of social insect societies. We hypothesize that two sets of social “instincts” underpin and constrain the evolution of complex societies. One set is ancient and shared with other social primate species, and one is derived and unique to our lineage. The latter evolved by the late Pleistocene, and led to the evolution of institutions of intermediate complexity in acephalous societies. The institutions of complex societies often (...)
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  17. Complexity and Extended Phenomenological‐Cognitive Systems.Michael Silberstein & Anthony Chemero - 2012 - Topics in Cognitive Science 4 (1):35-50.
    The complex systems approach to cognitive science invites a new understanding of extended cognitive systems. According to this understanding, extended cognitive systems are heterogenous, composed of brain, body, and niche, non-linearly coupled to one another. This view of cognitive systems, as non-linearly coupled brain–body–niche systems, promises conceptual and methodological advances. In this article we focus on two of these. First, the fundamental interdependence among brain, body, and niche makes it possible to explain extended cognition without invoking representations or computation. Second, (...)
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  18.  60
    Complexity: life at the edge of chaos.Roger Lewin - 1993 - New York: Maxwell Macmillan International.
    "Put together one of the world's best science writers with one of the universe's most fascinating subjects and you are bound to produce a wonderful book.... The subject of complexity is vital and controversial. This book is important and beautifully done."--Stephen Jay Gould "[Complexity] is that curious mix of complication and organization that we find throughout the natural and human worlds: the workings of a cell, the structure of the brain, the behavior of the stock market, the shifts (...)
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  19.  18
    The complexity of definability by open first-order formulas.Carlos Areces, Miguel Campercholi, Daniel Penazzi & Pablo Ventura - 2020 - Logic Journal of the IGPL 28 (6):1093-1105.
    In this article, we formally define and investigate the computational complexity of the definability problem for open first-order formulas with equality. Given a logic $\boldsymbol{\mathcal{L}}$, the $\boldsymbol{\mathcal{L}}$-definability problem for finite structures takes as an input a finite structure $\boldsymbol{A}$ and a target relation $T$ over the domain of $\boldsymbol{A}$ and determines whether there is a formula of $\boldsymbol{\mathcal{L}}$ whose interpretation in $\boldsymbol{A}$ coincides with $T$. We show that the complexity of this problem for open first-order formulas is coNP-complete. (...)
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    Complex Adaptive Systems and Global Capitalism: The Risk of a New Ideology of Global Complexity.Alvaro Malaina - 2014 - World Futures 70 (8):469-485.
    Since the foundation of the Santa Fe Institute, the new science of complex adaptive systems has seen extraordinary development, breaking with previous, more epistemological, trends in complexity theory. This article makes a critique of CAS as a model of the current global complexity. Its basic model, the cellular automaton, which focuses on the interactive dynamics among components, ignores the nature of any complex system as constructed by the observer/actor and is unable to explain the sociohistorical construction of the (...)
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    Complexity Scales and Licensing in Phonology.Eugeniusz Cyran - 2010 - De Gruyter Mouton.
    This book is an attempt to demonstrate that the basic principles of phonological organization boil down to the interaction between the strength of nuclei as licensers of phonological structure and various non-rerankable scales of complexity occurring at different levels of phonological representation. The licensing relation between nuclei and the preceding onsets on the one hand, and governing relations between consonants, which are to a great extent determined by their internal melodic structure, allow us to view the phonological representation as (...)
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  22. Complexity and coherency: integrating information in the brain.Giulio Tononi, Gerald M. Edelman & Olaf Sporns - 1998 - Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2 (12):474-484.
    The brains of higher mammals are extraordinary integrative devices. Signals from large numbers of functionally specialized groups of neurons distributed over many brain regions are integrated to generate a coherent, multimodal scene. Signals from the environment are integrated with ongoing, patterned neural activity that provides them with a meaningful context. We review recent advances in neurophysiology and neuroimaging that are beginning to reveal the neural mechanisms of integration. In addition, we discuss concepts and measures derived from information theory that lend (...)
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  23.  18
    The Complexity, and Principles, of the American Founding: A Response to Alan Gibson.P. Carrese - 2000 - History of Political Thought 21 (4):711-718.
    Alan Gibson has invited me to discuss publicly some of the issues I raised in my referee's report for History of Political Thought on his article ‘Ancients, Moderns and Americans: The Republicanism- Liberalism Debate Revisited’. I gladly accepted, not least because a dialogue on views of the American Founding is fitting both for the subject and Gibson's instructive characterization of it. The Federalist opens by identifying candid debate as a fundamental achievement for young America, giving hope that reflection and choice, (...)
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  24. Complexity science: the study of emergence.Henrik Jeldtoft Jensen - 2023 - New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
    Ecosystems, the human brain, ant colonies, and economic networks are all complex systems displaying collective behaviour, or emergence, beyond the sum of their parts. Complexity science is the systematic investigation of these emergent phenomena, and stretches across disciplines, from physics and mathematics, to biological and social sciences. This introductory textbook provides detailed coverage of this rapidly growing field, accommodating readers from a variety of backgrounds, and with varying levels of mathematical skill. Part I presents the underlying principles of (...) science, to ensure students have a solid understanding of the conceptual framework. The second part introduces the key mathematical tools central to complexity science, gradually developing the mathematical formalism, with more advanced material provided in boxes. A broad range of end of chapter problems and extended projects offer opportunities for homework assignments and student research projects, with solutions available to instructors online. Key terms are highlighted in bold and listed in a glossary for easy reference, while annotated reading lists offer the option for extended reading and research. (shrink)
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  25.  72
    Complexity effects are found in all relative-clause sentence forms.Glenda Andrews & Graeme S. Halford - 1999 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22 (1):95-95.
    We argue that if a different definition of sentence complexity is adopted and processing capacity is assessed in a way that is consistent with that definition, then the Caplan & Waters distinction between interpretive versus postinterpretive processing is unnecessary insofar that it applies to the thematic role assignment in relative-clause sentences.
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  26. Exploring Complexity: An Introduction.G. Nicolis & Ilya Prigogine - 1989 - W H Freeman & Company.
    Unexpected discoveries in nonequilibrium physics and nonlinear dynamics are changing our understanding of complex phenomena. Recent research has revealed fundamental new properties of matter in far-from-equilibrium conditions, and the prevalence of instability-where small changes in initial conditions may lead to amplified effects.
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  27.  25
    Complex visual discriminations in cultural familial retardates and normal children.Wayne P. Silverman - 1974 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 103 (3):539.
  28.  40
    Reflexing Complexity.Brian Wynne - 2005 - Theory, Culture and Society 22 (5):67-94.
    Dominant social sciences approaches to complexity suggest that awareness of complexity in late-modern society comes from various recent scientific insights. By examining today’s plant and human genomics sciences, I question this from both ends: first suggesting that typical public culture was already aware of particular salient forms of complexity, such as limits to predictive knowledge (which are often denied by scientific cultures themselves); second, showing how up-to-date genomics science expresses both complexity and its opposites, predictive determinism (...)
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  29.  39
    Analyzing Complex Longitudinal Data in Educational Research: A Demonstration With Project English Language and Literacy Acquisition Data Using xxM.Oi-Man Kwok, Mark Hok-Chio Lai, Fuhui Tong, Rafael Lara-Alecio, Beverly Irby, Myeongsun Yoon & Yu-Chen Yeh - 2018 - Frontiers in Psychology 9:299293.
    When analyzing complex longitudinal data, especially data from different educational settings, researchers generally focus only on the mean part (i.e., the regression coefficients), ignoring the equally important random part (i.e., the random effect variances) of the model. By using Project English Language and Literacy Acquisition (ELLA) data, we demonstrated the importance of taking the complex data structure into account by carefully specifying the random part of the model, showing that not only can it affect the variance estimates, the standard errors, (...)
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    Complex Identity: Genes to God.Carolyn J. Love - 2023 - Zygon 58 (1):124-131.
    Unraveling the complex notion of “self” and “other” necessitates a layered approach that explores biology, namely genetics; philosophy, namely event phenomenology; and culture, namely religion. This essay examines (1) the latest paradigm shift occurring in the genetic sciences due to the increased knowledge of epigenetic effects on gene expression and how our DNA functions in concert with the cellular apparatus, the body, and the environment; (2) the incorporation of relationality into a philosophical understanding of self; and (3) finally, what religion (...)
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  31. Complexity and evolution: What everybody knows.Daniel W. McShea - 1991 - Biology and Philosophy 6 (3):303-324.
    The consensus among evolutionists seems to be that the morphological complexity of organisms increases in evolution, although almost no empirical evidence for such a trend exists. Most studies of complexity have been theoretical, and the few empirical studies have not, with the exception of certain recent ones, been especially rigorous; reviews are presented of both the theoretical and empirical literature. The paucity of evidence raises the question of what sustains the consensus, and a number of suggestions are offered, (...)
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  32.  76
    Syntactic Complexity Effects in Sentence Production.Gregory Scontras, William Badecker, Lisa Shank, Eunice Lim & Evelina Fedorenko - 2015 - Cognitive Science 39 (3):559-583.
    Syntactic complexity effects have been investigated extensively with respect to comprehension . According to one prominent class of accounts , certain structures cause comprehension difficulty due to their scarcity in the language. But why are some structures less frequent than others? In two elicited-production experiments we investigated syntactic complexity effects in relative clauses and wh-questions varying in whether or not they contained non-local dependencies. In both experiments, we found reliable durational differences between subject-extracted structures and object-extracted structures : (...)
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  33.  72
    Computational complexity of logical theories of one successor and another unary function.Pascal Michel - 2007 - Archive for Mathematical Logic 46 (2):123-148.
    The first-order logical theory Th $({\mathbb{N}},x + 1,F(x))$ is proved to be complete for the class ATIME-ALT $(2^{O(n)},O(n))$ when $F(x) = 2^{x}$ , and the same result holds for $F(x) = c^{x}, x^{c} (c \in {\mathbb{N}}, c \ge 2)$ , and F(x) = tower of x powers of two. The difficult part is the upper bound, which is obtained by using a bounded Ehrenfeucht–Fraïssé game.
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    Computational complexity in the design of voting rules.Koji Takamiya & Akira Tanaka - 2016 - Theory and Decision 80 (1):33-41.
    This paper considers the computational complexity of the design of voting rules, which is formulated by simple games. We prove that it is an NP-complete problem to decide whether a given simple game is stable, or not.
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  35. Are complex systems hard to evolve?Andy Adamatzky & Larry Bull - 2009 - Complexity 14 (6):15-20.
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  36. The complexity-coherence tradeoff in cognition.David Thorstad - forthcoming - Mind:fzaf015.
    I present evidence for a systematic complexity-coherence tradeoff in cognition. I show how feasible strategies for increasing cognitive complexity along three dimensions come at the expense of a heightened vulnerability to incoherence. I discuss two normative implications of the complexity-coherence tradeoff: a novel challenge to coherence-based theories of bounded rationality and a new strategy for vindicating the rationality of seemingly irrational cognitions. I also discuss how the complexity-coherence tradeoff sharpens recent descriptive challenges to dual process theories (...)
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  37. Complex Problem Solving: What It Is and What It Is Not.Dörner Dietrich & Funke Joachim - 2017 - Frontiers in Psychology 8.
    Computer-simulated scenarios have been part of psychological research on problem solving for more than 40 years. The shift in emphasis from simple toy problems to complex, more real-life oriented problems has been accompanied by discussions about the best ways to assess the process of solving complex problems. Psychometric issues such as reliable assessments and addressing correlations with other instruments have been in the foreground of these discussions and have left the content validity of complex problem solving in the background. In (...)
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  38. Is Complexity Important for Philosophy of Mind?Kristina Šekrst & Sandro Skansi - manuscript
    Computational complexity has often been ignored in the philosophy of mind, in philosophical artificial intelligence studies. The purpose of this paper is threefold. First and foremost, to show the importance of complexity rather than computability in philosophical and AI problems. Second, to rephrase the notion of computability in terms of solvability, i.e., treating computability as non-sufficient for establishing intelligence. The Church-Turing thesis is therefore revisited and rephrased in order to capture the ontological background of spatial and temporal (...). Third, to emphasize ontological differences between different time complexities, which seem to provide a solid base for a better understanding of artificial intelligence in general. (shrink)
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    Complexity in Living Organisms.Georges Chapouthier - 2008 - Proceedings of the Xxii World Congress of Philosophy 43:17-22.
    The present thesis, compatible with Darwinian theory, endeavours to provide original answers to the question of why the evolution of species leads to beings more complex than those existing before. It is based on the repetition of two main principles alleged to play a role in evolution towards complexity, i.e. "juxtaposition" and "integration". Juxtaposition is the addition of identical entities. Integration is the modification, or specialisation, of these entities, leading to entities on a higher level, which use the previous (...)
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    Complexities: Social Studies of Knowledge Practices.John Law & Annemarie Mol (eds.) - 2002 - Duke University Press.
    Although much recent social science and humanities work has been a revolt against simplification, this volume explores the contrast between simplicity and complexity to reveal that this dichotomy, itself, is too simplistic. John Law and Annemarie Mol have gathered a distinguished panel of contributors to offer—particularly within the field of science studies—approaches to a theory of complexity, and at the same time a theoretical introduction to the topic. Indeed, they examine not only ways of relating to complexity (...)
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  41.  27
    Complexity: A Philosophical Overview.Nicholas Rescher (ed.) - 1998 - Transaction.
    Our world is enormously sophisticated and nature's complexity is literally inexhaustible. As a result, projects to describe and explain natural science can never be completed. This volume explores the nature of complexity and considers its bearing on our world and how we manage our affairs within it.Rescher's overall lesson is that the management of our affairs within a socially, technologically, and cognitively complex environment is plagued with vast management problems and risks of mishap. In primitive societies, failure to (...)
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  42. Complexity and scientific idealization: A philosophical introduction to the study of complex systems.Charles Rathkopf - manuscript
    In the philosophy of science, increasing attention has been given to the methodological novelties associated with the study of complex systems. However, there is little agreement on exactly what complex systems are. Although many characterizations of complex systems are available, they tend to be either impressionistic or overly formal. Formal definitions rely primarily on ideas from the study of computational complexity, but the relation between these formal ideas and the messy world of empirical phenomena is unclear. Here, I give (...)
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  43. Complex Adaptation and Permissionless Innovation: An Evolutionary Approach to Universal Basic Income.Otto Lehto - 2022 - Dissertation, King's College London
    Universal Basic Income (UBI) has been proposed as a potential way in which welfare states could be made more responsive to the ever-shifting evolutionary challenges of institutional adaptation in a dynamic environment. It has been proposed as a tool of “real freedom” (Van Parijs) and as a tool of making the welfare state more efficient. (Friedman) From the point of view of complexity theory and evolutionary economics, I argue that only a welfare state model that is “polycentrically” (Polanyi, Hayek) (...)
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  44.  31
    Flexible moral theories: Complexity, domination, and indeterminacy.Francisco Garcia-Gibson & Eduardo Rivera-López - 2020 - Ratio 33 (1):46-55.
    In this article we identify three previously unnoticed problems with flexible moral theories, i.e., theories according to which different moral rules apply when there is full compliance and when there is partial compliance. The first problem is that flexible theories are necessarily very complex, which undermines their ability to motivate and guide action. The second problem is that flexible theories allow for a troubling kind of (moral) domination: the duties an agent has depend on other agents' willingness to comply. Finally, (...)
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  45. Complexity and Emergence.Avijit Lahiri - 2024 - Bengaluru: Avijit Lahiri.
    This monograph focuses on two major themes of current interest---those of complexity and emergence. Neither of the two concepts is, in the very nature of things, precisely defined or easily comprehended. Complexity is all around us while the sciences often analyze entities and events by making simplifications. But the fault lines in the latter get exposed over larger spans of space and time. Complexity entails emergence that involves discontinuity and novelty in the evolution of complex systems, based (...)
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    Complexity of networks (Reprise).Russell K. Standish - 2012 - Complexity 17 (3):50-61.
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  47.  47
    Simply complexity: a clear guide to complexity theory.Neil F. Johnson - 2007 - Oxford: Oneworld. Edited by Neil F. Johnson.
    What exactly is complexity science? Two's company, three is complexity ; Disorder rules, OK? ; Chaos and all that jazz ; Mob mentality ; Getting connected -- What can complexity science do for me? Forecasting financial markets ; Tackling traffic networks and climbing the corporate ladder ; Looking for Mr./Mrs. Right ; Coping with conflict : next-generation wars and global terrorism -- Catching a cold, avoiding super-flu and curing cancer ; The mother of all complexities : our (...)
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  48. Complexity Reality and Scientific Realism.Avijit Lahiri - manuscript
    We introduce the notion of complexity, first at an intuitive level and then in relatively more concrete terms, explaining the various characteristic features of complex systems with examples. There exists a vast literature on complexity, and our exposition is intended to be an elementary introduction, meant for a broad audience. -/- Briefly, a complex system is one whose description involves a hierarchy of levels, where each level is made of a large number of components interacting among themselves. The (...)
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  49.  18
    Corporate Governance and Complexity Theory.Marc Goergen (ed.) - 2010 - Edward Elgar.
    Introduction -- The legal aspects -- Corporate governance and corporate performance -- Complexity and corporate governance -- Conclusion.
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  50. Unsimple Truths: Science, Complexity, and Policy.Sandra D. Mitchell - 2009 - London: University of Chicago Press.
    The world is complex, but acknowledging its complexity requires an appreciation for the many roles context plays in shaping natural phenomena. In _Unsimple Truths, _Sandra Mitchell argues that the long-standing scientific and philosophical deference to reductive explanations founded on simple universal laws, linear causal models, and predict-and-act strategies fails to accommodate the kinds of knowledge that many contemporary sciences are providing about the world. She advocates, instead, for a new understanding that represents the rich, variegated, interdependent fabric of many (...)
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