Evald Ilyenkov’s last book, Leninist Dialectics and the Metaphysics of Positivism, was published in 1980 shortly after the author’s tragic demise. In it he celebrated the 70th anniversary of Lenin’s still controversial Materialism and Empirio-criticism (1909). Like Lenin’s own book, this final contribution by Ilyenkov is often dismissed as mere polemic. But as Lev Naumenko noted in the original preface: “the fires of the ideological struggle have not weakened”. Under the protective shield of “Leniniana”, as Lev Naumov called it, Ilyenkov (...) set out his approach to materialist dialectics as both the science of logic and the logic of revolution. I discuss the nature of Ilyenkov’s motives, the place of Leninist Dialectics within his philosophical oeuvre and why the original manuscript was censored by the Politizdat publishers. I draw on memoirs by Ilyenkov’s close colleague and friend Felix Mikhailov and intended co-author, Grigori Vodolazov. Their testimonies make evident that Ilyenkov’s challenge to the myth of “two Lenins” was a thinly disguised attack on the technocratic anti-humanistic ideology that prevailed in the late 1970s Soviet Union. I propose that Lenin was inspired by Hegel’s dialectic throughout his life through Russian writers as well as Marx and Engels. Ilyenkov explains how Lenin’s EmpirioCriticism embodied dialectical concepts that cannot be described as crude materialism. Finally I suggest that Ilyenkov’s cri de coeur still stands as a call to the future as a foundation demanding further exploration towards a contemporary theory of knowledge. (shrink)