This article addresses the question of the object of psychology in the context of recent attempts in philosophy of mind to restore the concept of the soul in the framework of a strong anthropological dualism. After an historical and philosophical explanation of the modern dismissal of the human soul as the object of psychology, this article provides a critical examination of the new turn to dualism by reference to an exemplary case. It is shown that apriorism and spiritualism are the (...) two fundamental problems that explain neodualism’s inefficacy to provide a convincing argument for the restoration of the substantial soul as the object of psychology. Finally, certain guidelines for a new approach to this question are proposed in rudimentary form. (shrink)

Public goods, as well as commercial commodities, are affected by exclusive arrangements secured by intellectual property (IP) rights. These rights serve as an incentive to invest human and material capital in research and development. Particularly in the life sciences, IP rights regulate objects such as food and medicines that are key to securing human rights, especially the right to adequate food and the right to health. Consequently, IP serves private (economic) and public interests. Part of this charge claims that the (...) current IP regime is privatizing the very building blocks of research and development – that used to be part of the commons. The public domain, in contrast to the private domain, may be the locus of much more diverse forms of creativity that at the same time ensures a wider plurality of productive traditions. An IP regime must support a sense of public morality because it is dependent upon civil support. This inevitably prompts questions of what are “good” exclusive rights and what are “bad” exclusive rights, and how shall such IP rights be developed. We argue that the democratization of the current IP regimes is an important first step to respond to these issues. (shrink)

En este artículo se ofrecerán tres razones a fin de defender una fraternidad política con los animales. La primera comprenderá a los animales como miembros de la misma clase social oprimida que los humanos durante el desarrollo capitalista. La segunda analizará el concepto de ciudadanía matizando su rasgo de participación política y resaltando el rasgo de compartir un espacio común. La tercera introducirá el dinamismo orgánico y ecológico en el espacio de convivencia. Finalmente, mediante una relativización del concepto de vulnerabilidad, (...) se concluirá que nuestra relación política con los animales no ha de ser siempre paternalista, hospitalaria o solidaria, sino también fraternal. (shrink)

El objetivo del estudio fue examinar las prácticas pedagógicas mediadas por TIC, integradas por los docentes de la Facultad de educación de la Universidad de Las Américas ˗en tiempos de pandemia. El trabajo es una investigación de nivel exploratorio, no experimental, con una metodología mixta. Los datos se recogieron a través de una entrevista semiestructurada de 82 preguntas, abiertas y cerradas. Los resultados más importantes muestran tendencias a la integración de metodologías activas, principalmente aula invertida y uso de cápsulas digitales. (...) Finalmente, predomina la integración de herramientas de evaluación y colaboración. (shrink)

New technologies such as smart sensors improve rehabilitation processes and thereby increase older adults’ capabilities to participate in social life, leading to direct physical and mental health benefits. Wearable smart sensors for home use have the additional advantage of monitoring day-to-day activities and thereby identifying rehabilitation progress and needs. However, identifying and selecting rehabilitation priorities is ethically challenging because physicians, therapists, and caregivers may impose their own personal values leading to paternalism. Therefore, we develop a discussion template consisting of a (...) series of adaptable questions for the patient–physician encounter based on the capability approach. The goal is to improve geriatric rehabilitation and thereby increase participation in social life and well-being. To achieve this goal, we first analyzed what is considered important for participation on basis of the capability approach, human rights, and ethics of care. Second, we conducted an ethical analysis of each of the four identified dimensions of participation: political, economic, socio-cultural, and care. To improve compliance with rehabilitation measures, health professionals must align rehabilitation measures in an open dialogue with the patient’s aspiration for participation in each dimension. A discussion template based on the capability approach allows for a proactive approach in patient information and stimulates a critical assessment of treatment alternatives while reducing the risk of imposing personal values. (shrink)

The 20th century was a bloody one, full of armed clashes which destroyed Europe, withered an entire generation’s hope of European-level peace. After the Versailles Treaty, the famous economist John Maynard Keynes uttered this prophecy: ”With such a peace treaty, you’ll be at war again within 20 years”. John Maxwell Coetzee, an important South-African novelist, called the 20th century “Satan’s century”. A tough statement yet extremely true unfortunately. Besides war, the past one hundred years also witnessed terrible totalitarian regimes occur, (...) such as the Nazi and fascism. The hardness of those regimes at least equaled the suffering caused by the world wars. One wouldn’t be wrong to call such regimes state terrorism: a leader suppressing his own citizens just to satisfy his own fantasy. The hugeness of their deeds goes beyond human imagination according to the number of victims. A classical word of wisdom describes terrorism as follows: ”It kills a few, but terrifies more”. (shrink)

A formação docente brasileira foi marcada por interlocuções epistêmicas, mudanças e transformações estruturais e conjunturais, atreladas aos âmbitos sociais, culturais, econômicos, jurídicos e políticos, influenciando e configurando as dimensões do ser professor. Sua configuração, como um ser social, permite a transposição dicotômica entre conhecimentos científicos e senso comum, possibilitando reflexões a uma análise conjuntural acerca da realidade posta, efetivando a essencialidade do processo formativo elucidada a partir do rompimento alienado efetivado por meio dos princípios ideológicos que regem, fragilizam e fragmentam (...) essa formação. Propomos analisar evidências delineadas na Resolução CNE n. 6/2018, acerca da implementação nacional de políticas institucionalizadas neoliberais para formação docente em Educação Física. Para tal feito, nos ancoramos em características investigativo-descritivas com pressupostos de análise de conteúdo e documental, sustentados pelo subentendimento da teoria da alienação trazidas por Konder. Diante das análises, destacam-se indicadores dos ideários neoliberais, transcritos por meio de orientações com vistas à formação docente para atuação no mundo do trabalho. A partir das orientações normatizadas em prol de um processo formativo com competências e habilidades, delineadas nos indicadores destinados à “área de estudo e pesquisa”; “área de conhecimento específico para educação”, “atividade acadêmica para prática pedagógica”; e “componente curricular”, evidenciando os pressupostos de uma formação sistêmica e linear, subscrevendo a formação humana do futuro professor a determinados interesses e com viés que diverge dos pressupostos educacionais, suscitando uma possibilidade de alienação, induzindo à formação docente por meio de uma ideologia prescrita subliminarmente, à qual o profissional em formação será submetido, dificultando, por vezes, a construção de um conhecimento que propicie sua emancipação de forma crítica e reflexiva acerca da realidade social. Palavras-chave: Educação Física. Formação docente. Neoliberalismo. Alienação. (shrink)

We routinely speak of Newton’s laws in classical mechanics without really knowing how Newton understood such laws. This article clarifies some of the ontological, epistemological, and theological presuppositions underpinning his conception of the laws of nature. After introducing the Cartesian background (2), we examine the Newtonian view of laws of nature in three respects, namely: the character of laws of nature in the context of the rules for natural philosophy (3); the emanative conception of space and time in _De Gravitatione_; (...) (4); and the interpretation of laws of nature in terms of Leibnizian mechanisms or Berkeleyan principles (5). Our analysis highlights crucial philosophical elements of Newton’s view of laws of nature, which contributed to shape the directions that predominated in successive investigations (6). (shrink)

This paper examines the profile of the Albatros Publishing House in Bucharest (specialising in youth literature) and the activity of its director, writer Mircea Sântimbreanu. He held this position for almost two decades and recounted his experience in a volume of memoirs. I tried to explore these memoirs mainly in parallel with accounts from archival documents and secondary literature. The Albatros Publishing House was a micro-universe for assessing the impact of successive ideological offensives by the Romanian Communist Party on book (...) production and on the youth in general (mainly the July 1971 Theses and the other party directives of the 1970s, as well as the Mangalia Theses of 1983). By the 1980s, the regime’s propaganda had acquired ultra-nationalistic nuances. This paper will also exemplify such developments by discussing the scandal generated by the 1983 publication of Saturnalii by Corneliu Vadim Tudor, a volume of poems with strong antisemitic tenor. Using mainly diaries, journals, secondary literature and archival documents, this article also analyses the strategies deployed by the communist regime in order to coerce the young generation – through the agency of publishing houses – to assume the new literary-political ideology of revolutionary humanism (the Socialist Realism of the Ceaușescu era). (shrink)

Resumen El siguiente artículo propone una interpretación del Hipias Mayor de Platón. A partir del análisis del contexto dramático, de los interlocutores y de la ejecución del diálogo, se destaca el problema de lo bello en sus implicancias ontológicas y éticas. El repetido esfuerzo por determinar lo bello no sólo responde a un problema filosófico fundamental, sino a una intención terapéutica por parte de Sócrates. El desdoblamiento de Sócrates resultará en el fondo ser un recurso por el cual sea posible (...) superar el olvido de la ignorancia que el interlocutor de Sócrates padece.The following paper proposes an interpretation of Plato’s Hippias Major. From the analysis of the dramatic context, the interlocutors and the execution of the dialogue, it highlights the problem of beauty in its ontological and ethical implications. The repeated effort to determine the beautiful not only responds to a fundamental philosophical problem, but to a therapeutic intention by Socrates. The debated splitting of Socrates will be ultimately a resource by which it is possible to overcome the oblivion of the ignorance that the interlocutor of Socrates suffers. (shrink)

Première partie. De la question des mondes possibles aux présuppositions de la méta-éthique -- Deuxième partie. Différenciation logique et connaissance morale -- Troisième partie. Un paradigme pour penser les droits.

The aim of the present paper is to supply an elucidation of the concept of information in the communicational context. For this purpose, two traditional interpretations of the concept of information, the epistemic and the physical interpretations, will be distinguished, and their specific problems will be considered. In particular, whereas the epistemic interpretation misses an essential feature of communication, the physical interpretation faces difficulties in the quantum domain. The final goal will be to argue that the difficulties of the physical (...) interpretation can be overcome by means of a manipulability conception of causation. (shrink)

Somos seres naturales. Tenemos una potencia, un "derecho natural" que nos ha sido legado desde la inmanencia. Pero también nos hemos dado un estado político y unas leyes producto de aquella capacidad natural. ¿Hasta dónde, sin embargo, nuestra obediencia voluntaria a esas leyes? Spinoza nos dejó planteada una nueva forma de pensar, un "tercer género de conocimiento" que puede entrar en conflicto con el pacto previamente establecido. Es la propia construcción del sujeto ético la que resulta ahí concernida, tal como (...) se expone en este artículo. (shrink)

Lo privado es visto comúnmente como el espacio de la libertad y los derechos individuales, mientras lo público se observa como el espacio de la dominación política, por esto resulta necesario ver cuál es en realidad la relación que hay entre la libertad y lo público. En este sentido resulta conveniente revisar el pensamiento de autores contemporáneos como Julien Freund, que piensan la libertad y lo público tomando distancia del pensamiento liberal tradicional que ha determinado la visión actual de las (...) dos esferas mencionadas. En Freund lo público es espacio de libertad en el ámbito político, y garantía de libertad para los demás ámbitos de la vida de las personas. (shrink)

One field in ethics that has been developed during recent decades is virtue ethics, represented most importantly by Alasdair MacIntyre's work After Virtue. Virtue ethics is not opposed to principle-based ethics, but rather complements its task and develops it more fully. In the field of US bioethics, this option has proved to be even more fruitful, especially in the work of Edmund Pellegrino and David Thomasma. Virtue ethics is also being reappraised in relation to the ethics of organisations and business. (...) It is considered that the best way of running a company does not depend solely on a group of ethical principles or agreed criteria, but on the effective exercise of certain qualities of character. Indeed, minimal ethics do not guarantee the excellence of organisations, or even their correct development. They guarantee certain standards of coexistence, but this is not sufficient to carry forward a collective enterprise in a creative way. It is impossible to achieve the aims of an organisation without ambition, magnanimity, humility, prudence, responsibility and courage. This group of intangible elements are virtues. This article explores the process of decision-making in the light of Aristotelian ethics, in particular his work Nicomachean Ethics. Making decisions is a common task on the managerial agenda. The decisions of a manager affect individuals, the future of the organisation and, of course, they have consequences for the organisation and its surroundings. Aristotle dedicates Book III of the work in question to studying the art of deliberation and examining which virtues must be taken into account when reaching the best decision. Aristotle tells us that we deliberate about things that are within our power and can be done. There can be no deliberation upon exact and sufficient knowledge; however, we deliberate upon the things that are brought about by our own efforts, although not always in the same way. Leading an organisation is not a mechanical matter, but rather a process that requires creativity and responsibility. There are many different ways of doing it. Following the Aristotelian doctrine, this article aims to examine the elements that must be taken into consideration for correct decisions to be made. The following virtues play a fundamental role in this process: prudence, fortitude, justice and temperance, referred to below as called cardinal virtues. (shrink)

La finalidad de este trabajo es mostrar las similitudes entre el proceder matemático, concretamente en la geometría, y la metodología desarrollada por Vico en la Scienza nuova ; pues, aunque los objetos de estudios sean distintos , los procedimientos para formar el objeto cognitivo son paralelos.The aim of this work is to show the similarities between mathematical method, concretely geometry, and Vico's methodology developed in the New Science. Even if the objects of study are so different , procedures to shape (...) the cognitive object are parallels. (shrink)

Este trabajo tiene como principal objetivo el de lograr una comprensión de la filosofía en cuanto fundamento insoslayable para la teología. Sostiene, en pri-mer lugar, la necesidad de desarro-llar una teología más autocosciente en el sentido racional del σὺν λόγω, es decir, desde el programa ple-namente actual de la fides quarens intellectum. Defiende, en segundo lugar, que la filosofía solo puede entenderse partiendo de la pre-tensión que la ha animado desde el comienzo de su andadura: la bús-queda de la verdad (...) de las cosas. Y para este fin ten-drá necesariamente que dotarse de densidad metafísica suficiente y apostar por las tesis de un sano realismo cognoscitivo. Este estudio concluye con una reflexión, en ter-cer lugar, sobre el uso teológico de la filosofía. La tesis que se defiende es que sin el fundamento filosófico, la fe y la teología pierden lo más nuclear de su misión, la posibili-dad misma de presentarse todavía con algún rastro de significatividad para el hombre de hoy. (shrink)

En esta investigación se analizará y fundamentará el concepto de pensamiento crítico, entendido como un importante objetivo educativo, en relación con el concepto de verdad. En primera instancia se revisará el concepto de pensamiento crítico encontrado en el currículo nacional como ejemplo. Luego se analizará y fundamentará epistemológicamente el pensamiento crítico desde sus componentes epistémicos, desde los aportes del filósofo educativo Harvey Siegel y la epistemología confiabilista de Alvin Goldman. Desde esta fundamentación se vinculará el pensamiento crítico con el concepto (...) de verdad al entenderlo como un proceso conducente a la verdad. Esto permitirá tener una base diferente para conceptualizar el pensamiento crítico como objetivo educativo, reformular este concepto en los documentos ministeriales y derivar sugerencias docentes por medio de las cuales formar en los estudiantes el pensamiento crítico. Lo anterior lleva a reconsiderar la verdad como un objetivo epistémico primario en la educación por derecho propio, junto al desarrollo del pensamiento crítico. (shrink)

Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de materiales disponibles en revistas electrónicas de la base SciELO con el objetivo de fundamentar la contribución de la Medicina Tradicional y Natural a la Salud Pública cubana y las interrelaciones ciencia-tecnología-sociedad. La perspectiva Ciencia, Tecnología y Sociedad contribuye a construir una cultura científica para que la población en general pueda llegar a sentirla como propia, lo cual requiere priorizar la aplicación de la Medicina Tradicional y Natural socialmente útil y culturalmente relevante con el compromiso (...) social basado en la erradicación de la pobreza, la armonía con la naturaleza y el desarrollo sustentable. Se enfatizó en la importancia de la medicina preventiva, además de poner en evidencia la necesidad de reconceptualizar la investigación en las ciencias médicas sobre la base de una visión interdisciplinaria que permita revelar fenómenos no explicados hasta el momento, aspecto que necesita del enfoque desde la perspectiva de la ciencia, tecnología y sociedad como complemento esencial. We conducted a bibliographic review of materials available in electronic journals in SciELO base aiming to substantiate the contribution of Natural and traditional medicine to the Cuban public health and the interrelationships of science-technology - society. Science, technology and society perspective contributes to build a scientific culture so the population can in general get to feel it as their own, which requires to prioritize the application of traditional medicine and Natural, socially useful and culturally relevant social commitment based on the eradication of poverty, the harmony with nature and sustainable development. Emphasized the importance of preventive medicine, as well as highlight the need to reconceptualize the research in the medical sciences on the basis of an interdisciplinary view that reveal phenomena not explained so far, issue that needs the approach from the perspective of science, technology and society as essential complement. (shrink)

Resumen Nos proponemos analizar los mecanismos lingüístico-discursivos movilizados por los dos candidatos a las últimas elecciones colombianas de 2014. Nuestro objetivo es poner de manifiesto las diferentes estructuras discursivas utilizadas por los dos candidatos durante el debate entre la primera y la segunda vuelta del 9 de junio de 2014. Este estudio se centra en ciertas formas recurrentes utilizadas por los dos candidatos con el propósito de exponer sus argumentos y desarrollarlos. En primer lugar, podemos constatar el uso frecuente de (...) ciertos elementos deícticos, tanto de persona como de tiempo, por parte de cada candidato. Estos elementos fueron utilizados con un objetivo particular en el discurso de cada cual: el candidato presidente utilizó más frecuentemente la primera persona del plural exclusiva y el tiempo verbal perfecto para poner de manifiesto los logros en su primer periodo presidencial; mientras que el candidato opositor utilizó con más frecuencia la primera persona del singular y la primera persona del plural inclusiva además de los tiempos verbales del presente para expresar su voluntad de ser presidente, así como los tiempos verbales del perfecto, no retrospectivos, para criticar a su oponente. En segundo lugar, cada candidato construyó una progresión argumentativa alrededor de una sola estrategia discursiva centrada en el tema de la paz. Por un lado, el candidato presidente Juan Manuel Santos utilizó un campo semántico del cambio y de la paz determinada. Por el otro, el candidato opositor Oscar Iván Zuluaga usó un campo semántico alrededor de la paz indeterminada y con condiciones. Estas dos grandes estrategias engloban otras estrategias discursivas que trataremos de detallar en nuestro estudio, a saber: el empleo de fórmulas y de sus contrarios con el objetivo de legitimar la palabra de cada quien y de deslegitimar la palabra del adversario, entre otras. (shrink)