Christopher O. Tollefsen, Lying and Christian Ethics, New York, Cambridge University Press, 2014, xii + 209 pp., ISBN: 978-1-107-06109-5.

Nuevos espacios de participación de los afrodescendientes en América y el Caribe.

This paper focuses on the comparison of individual and group decision-making, in a stochastic inter-temporal problem in two decision environments, namely risk and ambiguity. Using a consumption/saving laboratory experiment, we investigate behaviour in four treatments: individual choice under risk; group choice under risk; individual choice under ambiguity and group choice under ambiguity. Comparing decisions within and between decision environments, we find an anti-symmetric pattern. While individuals are choosing on average closer to the theoretical optimal predictions, compared to groups in the (...) risk treatments, groups tend to deviate less under ambiguity. Within decision environments, individuals deviate more when they choose under ambiguity, while groups are better planners under ambiguity rather than under risk. Our results extend the often observed pattern of individuals behaving more optimally under risk, to its dynamic dimension. (shrink)

I. La izquierda con sujeto -- II. Le socialisme qui venait du chaud -- III. Novela policíaca, estado policial -- IV. Últimas consecuencias.

Este artículo pretende señalar aquellos puntos de la Fenomenología del espíritu en los que Hegel transforma el concepto moderno de identidad y lo abre al tiempo, al proceso y al desarrollo, dando paso a la identificación como nuevo fundamento del fenómeno identitario. Se ha señalado muchas veces que, por el hecho mencionado, Hegel está en la base de Freud, pero pocas veces se ha hecho una lectura cercana de ciertos pasajes y términos de la Fenomenología como formulaciones del fenómeno de (...) la identificación. La identificación aparece así, entre otras cosas, como un dejar atrás el sujeto protegido de la modernidad y un tomar la diferencia, la otridad, como el único camino para que el sí-mismo avance. (shrink)

Kevin Liggieri, »Anthropotechnik«. Zur Geschichte eines umstrittenen Begriffs, Konstanz: Konstanz University Press 2020.

Increasingly sophisticated and expensive medical technologies, chronic illness and aging, and a population that insists upon the best health care and coverage, together demand that priorities be set in the public funding of health care. This article describes Spanish initiatives in dealing with such problems and analyses the ethical implications of health care legislation and rationing.

Ofrecemos dos cartas inéditas entre los filósofos Manuel García Morente y Xavier Zubiri. La primera carta, escrita por el pensador giennense, viene a iluminar el itinerario de su conversión religiosa que le llevó a ordenarse sacerdote en la Iglesia católica. Dicho proceso espiritual había empezado a fraguarse el año anterior en París, durante el exilio que ambos pensadores habían compartido en la capital francesa, tras el estallido de la guerra civil española. En la segunda carta, fechada casi dos años y (...) medio después de la anterior, Zubiri dirige al pensador andaluz unas palabras entrañables en respuesta a la invitación recibida de asistir a su primera misa; una carta en la que el filósofo vasco desvela la inquebrantable amistad entre ambos pensadores, intensificada en los últimos años por la fe cristiana. (shrink)

La crisis de la idea moderna de sujeto, que se propaga en la división de la conciencia de Hegel, inaugura el siglo de la mediación, el brioso afán de sutura del siglo XIX. La idea de Einfühlung, apuntada en Herder y formulada durante todo el contexto decimonónico, toma el relevo de la idea moderna de simpatía y se completa con la idea de vivencia ( Erlebnis ) para oponer a aquel sistemático y artificial sujeto una impronta orgánica y recuperar así (...) una idea de identidad que no sea incompatible con la vida. (shrink)

Este artículo propone una relectura de la conocida referencia de Aristóteles al miedo y a la compasión en términos de _identificación _y _empatía _respectivamente: miedo (intencional y proposicional) como una forma de experiencia en la que el espectador se pone en la posición del personaje y actualiza su experiencia (identificación) _desde afuera hacia adentro_; compasión como sentimiento moral que contiene necesariamente el momento de la empatía: ocupación intencional e imaginaria de la conciencia del personaje y actualización de su experiencia desde (...) adentro hacia afuera. Esta consideración puede ser útil para revisar las críticas que Noël Carroll dirigió al sentido más intenso del término identificación. (shrink)

Experiments on intertemporal consumption typically show that people have difficulties in optimally solving such problems. Previous studies have focused on contexts in which agents are faced with risky future incomes and have to plan over long horizons. We present an experiment comparing decision making under certainty, risk, and ambiguity, over a shorter lifecycle. Results show that behavior in the ambiguity treatment is markedly different than in the risk condition and it is characterized by a significant pattern of under-consumption.

El objetivo de este artículo es evaluar el desempeño democratizador de las candidaturas independientes en México a partir de su adopción en el año 2014. En específico, este trabajo analiza sus fundamentos jurídicos y sus requisitos legales y económicos en comparación con las candidaturas tradicionales de los candidatos de los partidos políticos. En la segunda parte del trabajo se analiza el desempeño de los candidatos independientes en los procesos electorales llevados a cabo en los años 2015, 2016 y 2017. Finalmente, (...) se proponen algunas conclusiones que giran en torno a una cuestión central: a pesar de que las candidaturas independientes se introdujeron con la finalidad de estimular la participación ciudadana, han recibido poco apoyo electoral y, en general, han sido utilizadas de forma creciente por políticos vinculados a los partidos tradicionales que desean emprender una carrera política personal.The aim this paper is to evaluate the performance of the independent candidates in Mexico, since its legal adoption in 2014. Specifically, this paper analyses its legal foundations, the legal and the economic requirements –compared to the traditional candidacies of the political parties. The second part of the paper analyses the performance of the independent candidates in the electoral processes carried out in the years 2015, 2016 and 2017. Finally, some conclusions are proposed that revolve around a central question: although the Independents candidacies were introduced with the aim of stimulating the citizen participation, they have received generally a minor electoral support, and they have been increasingly used by politicians linked to traditional parties who wish to begin a personal political career. (shrink)

Resumen Populismo es un término que ha devenido moda en el discurso político contemporáneo, después de que algunos lo creían desaparecido. El término es aún de uso impreciso y se utiliza en diversas realidades discursivas, las que a su vez remiten a diferentes mundos objetivos: ideologías políticas, movimientos y agrupaciones políticas, estilos discursivos y programas de acción política y modos de obrar, tanto en los regímenes autoritarios como democráticos. Una primera parte de este trabajo se destina a un intento de (...) despejar esta selva semántica y tratar de ubicar el uso de los conceptos en su nivel adecuado, buscando definir los componentes que permiten caracterizar a un discurso populista. En alguna de las aproximaciones del populismo éste ha sido caracterizado como ideología, lo que también se analiza. En un segundo momento se estudian las perspectivas del análisis del discurso político, poniendo énfasis en la práctica de la cortesía y la descortesía en las manifestaciones concretas del discurso sobre el populismo, donde aparece como una forma particular de lograr adhesión afectiva, recurriendo a la construcción de una imagen social del otro o del destinatario favorable o positiva, en oposición al diferente u opuesto. Se analizan discursos de diferentes políticos del hemisferio occidental, tomados de los medios de comunicación, donde se busca ubicar los elementos populistas y el contexto en el que tienen o tuvieron lugar, tratando de analizar los efectos de ese discurso. Se toma en cuenta que en los debates políticos de cualquier escenario alrededor del populismo son más las expresiones de agresividad verbal y descortesía que las derivadas de una actitud de cortesía. (shrink)

This article deals with empty spacetime and the question of its physical reality. By “empty spacetime” we mean a collection of bare spacetime points, the remains of ridding spacetime of all matter and fields. We ask whether these geometric objects—themselves intrinsic to the concept of field—might be observable through some physical test. By taking quantum-mechanical notions into account, we challenge the negative conclusion drawn from the diffeomorphism invariance postulate of general relativity, and we propose new foundational ideas regarding the possible (...) observation—as well as conceptual overthrow—of this geometric ether. (shrink)

This paper addresses the role of the notion of sacrifice in Kant’s theoretical philosophy, practical philosophy, and in his account of religion. First, I argue that kenotic sacrifice, or sacrifice as ‘withdrawal’, plays a hidden and yet important role in the development of Kant’s transcendental philosophy. Second, I focus on Kant’s practical philosophy, arguing that the notion of sacrifice that is both implied and explicitly analyzed by Kant is mainly suppressive sacrifice. However, Kant’s account is fundamentally ambiguous, as sometimes the (...) kenotic meaning of sacrifice seems to resurface, especially in the context of Kant’s discussion of the happiness of others as an end in itself. Because religious notions are regarded by Kant as necessary transitional forms (Darstellungen) to be used to make moral ideas applicable to the world, I then scrutinize Kant’s view of sacrifice as an improper symbol, and I analyze Kant’s arguments for such a dismissal and discuss the subject matter in recent literature. Finally, I examine the role of sacrifice in Kant’s account of Christ as the prototype of pure moral disposition. I conclude by arguing that Kant indeed grasped the importance of including kenotic dynamics in practical philosophy but was somehow unable or unwilling to integrate it into the formal grounding of his ethics. This tension, however, effectively provides an entry point for features that can be found in the post-Kantians. (shrink)

Durante la última década del siglo XX y los primeros años del nuevo milenio, las instituciones públicas y/o de gobierno han pasado por un proceso de ajuste y cambio debido al arribo de las técnicas gerenciales provenientes del sector privado conocidas como Nueva Gestión Pública. Dichas técnicas han generado, por un lado, una modificación sustantiva en la forma de organizar, estructurar y operar los servicios públicos y, por otro, algunos cambios en la conducta de los servidores públicos pero desviándose de (...) la esencia de servicio público original. Ante este panorama, éste artículo se plantea reflexionar sobre si hay alguna alternativa a esta situación. (shrink)

Contribución exegética acerca de la teoría spinoziana de los afectos (=ética) y la libertad (=eleuteriología), la cual remarca el carácter constructivo de la ética spinoziana y algunas dificultades inherentes a la correlativa teoría metafísica de la libertad.

Microbes can influence host physiology and behavior in many ways. Here we review evidence suggesting that some microbes can contribute to host stress (and other microbes can contribute to increased resilience to stress). We explain how certain microbes, which we call “stress microbes,” can potentially benefit evolutionarily from inducing stress in a host, gaining access to host resources that can help fuel rapid microbial replication by increasing glucose levels in the blood, increasing intestinal permeability, and suppressing the immune system. Other (...) microbes, which we term “resilience microbes,” can potentially benefit from making hosts more resilient to stress. We hypothesize that “stress microbes” use a fast life history strategy involving greater host exploitation while “resilience microbes” use a slow life history strategy characterized by more aligned evolutionary interests with the host. In this paper, we review the evidence that microbes affect host stress and explain the evolutionary pressures that could lead microbes to manipulate host stress, discuss the physiological mechanisms that are known to be involved in both stress and microbial activity, and provide some testable predictions that follow from this hypothesis. (shrink)

Understanding the mechanisms underlying the formation of cultural traits is an open challenge. This is intimately connected to cultural dynamics, which has been the focus of a variety of quantitative models. Recent studies have emphasized the importance of connecting those models to empirically accessible snapshots of cultural dynamics. In particular, it has been suggested that empirical cultural states, which differ systematically from randomized counterparts, exhibit properties that are universally present. Hence, a question about the mechanism responsible for the observed patterns (...) naturally arises. This study proposes a stochastic structural model for generating cultural states that retain those robust empirical properties. One ingredient of the model assumes that every individual’s set of traits is partly dictated by one of several universal “rationalities,” informally postulated by several social science theories. The second, new ingredient assumes that, apart from a dominant rationality, each individual also has a certain exposure to the other rationalities. It is shown that both ingredients are required for reproducing the empirical regularities. This suggests that the effects of cultural dynamics in the real world can be described as an interplay of multiple, mixing rationalities, providing indirect evidence for the class of social science theories postulating such a mixing. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to offer a phenomenological interpretation of Aristotle’s approach to the sense of touch. The first part of this text deals with the role of touch in De Anima and states the central point of the argument to be developed: to show that touch has an ontological function insofar as it is the condition of possibility for accessing objects as objects. Some methodological considerations are required in order to delineate the overall context in which the (...) present contribution has to be understood. Not dealing with a philological reconstruction, nor with a perspective focusing on the history of philosophy, this text aims at a systematic approach to the question, taking Aristotle as its starting point. (shrink)

l nostro obiettivo è di rintracciare l'origine dell'autocoscienza attraverso una indagine filosofica che, a partire dalle ricerche di Darwin, segue il filo che lega lo scienziato inglese alle concezioni pragmatiste sviluppate da Mead e Wright, i quali hanno messo in evidenza alcuni aspetti chiave che sviluppiamo poi in una ricostruzione sistematica e genealogica condotta con l'aiuto della fenomenologia classica e della filosofia di Carlo Sini.

Movies can serve valuable didactic purposes teaching clinical ethics to medical students. However, using film sequences as means to develop critical thinking is not a straightforward task. There is a significant gap in the literature regarding how to analyse the ethical content embedded in these clips systematically, in a way that facilitates the students’ transition from anecdotal reflections to abstract thinking. This article offers a pedagogical proposal to approach the ethical analysis of film sequences in a systematic fashion. This structured (...) stepwise method encourages students to identify the main ethical problem of a selected scene and to reflect on the theoretical principles involved, emphasizing the application of these norms and values in a contextually situated analysis. We believe this method in film studies both reinforces the students’ comprehension of the theoretical framework of an ethical topic, and casts light on its pertinence and limitations under the circumstances of the scene, thus proving a constructive tool to strengthen the bridge between the theoretical teaching of clinical ethics and clinical practice. (shrink)

A function is algebraic on an algebra if it can be implicitly defined by a system of equations on. In this note we give a semantic characterization for algebraic functions on quasiprimal algebras. This characterization is applied to obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for a quasiprimal algebra to have every one of its algebraic functions be a term function. We also apply our results to particular algebras such as finite fields and monadic algebras.

Resumo O propósito deste artigo é mostrar a contribuição de Nietzsche à revolução nas práticas da encenação que ocorreram no Século XX, bem como sua relevância como crítico apaixonado pelo potencial de uma forma de arte que ele sentia que era interpretada em sua época de forma diminuída. A partir de seu estudo do teatro grego na obraO nascimento da tragédia, sublinha a importância da encenação na tragédia antiga, a qual estava para além do texto escrito por seu autor. Oferece (...) com isso uma análise da ideia de teatro como arte, a qual é consubstancial realizar-se em três dimensões: a do ator, a do poeta ou escritor do texto e a do espectador. Nietzsche defende a especificidade desses três papéis para toda realização teatral e o sentido filosófico que tem o teatro como autêntica forma artística. Conclui-se o artigo mostrando a recepção do pensamento teatral de Nietzsche em autores como August Strindberg, George Bernard Shaw e Eugene O'Neill, que buscarão novas formas e novos significados para sua arte.The purpose of this article is to show the contribution of Nietzsche to the revolution in the practices of the scenario that takes place in the 20th century, as well as its relevance as a passionate critic for the potential of an art form that he felt was interpreted in his time in a diminished way. From his study of Greek theater in his workThe Birth of Tragedy,he underlines the importance that in the ancient tragedy had its staging, and that went beyond the text written by its author. It offers therefore an analysis of the idea of theater as art, which is consubstantial in three dimensions: the actor, the poet or writer of the text and the viewer. Nietzsche defends the specificity of these three roles for every theatrical enterprise and the philosophical sense that theater has as an authentic artistic form. The article concludes by showing the acceptance of Nietzsche's theatrical thought in authors such as August Strindberg, George Bernard Shaw or Eugene O'Neill, who sought new forms and new meanings for their art. (shrink)

Despite recent efforts, little research has been done concerning the issue of medical ethics in Georges Canguilhem’s work. This is mainly due to the critical position the author takes regarding the humanistic medicine practices that began to proliferate after World War II. However, we hold that the medical philosopher´s insights do contribute to the field of medical ethics, since they rescue the patients’ individuality, which is highly valued in today´s person centered medicine: over the “objectifying” rationality of modern medicine. We (...) also propose that Canguilhem poses an “interactive” understanding of human life that goes beyond a reductionistic vision of life and which allows the development of an ethical subject capable of producing new norms. (shrink)

We extend the construction of bad fields of characteristic zero to the case of arbitrary prescribed divisible green torsion.