Weeds are a bigger problem in direct seeding rice systems compared to conventional ones, because weeds germinate and grow at the same time as the rice. so it's more competitive. Chemical weed control with herbicides, if done with one active ingredient repeatedly, will cause resistance which threatens biodiversity. This research aims to determine the appropriate dose of the Florpyrauxifen-Benzyl and Cyhalofop mixture in controlling weeds in direct seeding lowland rice plants. The research was conducted in Sambi Village, Sambirejo District, Sragen (...) Regency, Central Java in July - November 2023. The experiment used a complete randomized block design, the treatments were: (1) Florpyrauxifen-Benzyl dose 1000 ml/ha. (2) Florpyrauxifen-Benzyl dose 1250 ml/ha, (3) Florpyrauxifen-Benzyl + chyalofop dose 750 ml/ha + 1000 ml/ha, (4) Florpyrauxifen-Benzyl + chyalofop dose 800 ml/ha + 1000 ml/ha (5) Manual control and (6) no weed control. The experiment was repeated in 4 repetitions with an area of 100 m in each experimental unit2. Research result: Herbicide application Florpyrauxifen-benzyl alone and Florpyrauxifen-benzyl at a dose of 1000 ml/ha b.a. + cyhalofop-butyl dose 750 ml/ha b.a. does not cause poisoning in rice plants. Florpyrauxifen-Benzyl + chyalofop dose 800 ml/ha + 1000 ml/ha showed very mild poisoning and symptoms of poisoning were not visible 14 days after application. Herbicide application Florpyrauxifen-benzyl alone against E. cruis-galli and L. chinensis Some control is not satisfactory, while broadleaf weeds are controlled. The mixed herbicide Florpyrauxifen-Benzyl+chyalofop provides perfect control for all target weeds. The rice yield saved by the single application of the herbicide Florpyrauxifen is between 47.44% - 50.57%, while with the use of the mixed herbicide Florpyrauxifen-benzyl+ cyhalofop-butyl it is 52% -53, 28%. (shrink)

Organising smallholder farmers into groups or co-operatives is widely promoted as a strategy to connect farmers to markets and turn them into price makers rather than price takers. This pathway usually combines co-operative organisational models, based on collective ownership and representation in internal governance, with measures to shorten the agri-food chain, shifting the ownership of intermediary sourcing, aggregating and trading functions to the group. The underlying assumption is that this improves smallholder farmers' terms of inclusion in markets. To scrutinise this (...) assumption, our study compares two examples of farmer-led auctions facilitating trading in the chilli market in Java, Indonesia. The auctions' ownership, management and performance evolved differently: one was run by a group and the other by a family. The comparison brings nuance to the prevalent emphasis on co-operative ownership structures. By researching practices central to collective trading at the chilli supplier–trader interface, this study unravels four dimensions—ownership, voice, reward and risk—capturing smallholder chilli farmers' terms of inclusion in both the auctions and the market. Our comparative analysis suggests that shared ownership and control of the trading function, a central feature of co-operative models, does not necessarily ensure favourable terms of inclusion for smallholder farmers with little capacity to take risks. The capacity to reconfigure the terms of market inclusion for vulnerable smallholder farmers involves direct payment modalities and risk taking. A collectively owned trading organisation does not necessarily imply an inclusive business concept when the organisation cannot acquire sufficient working capital to pay its suppliers. (shrink)

The article aims to examine how individuality is projected in Paper Towns by John Green. John Green’s writings are known for sharp dialogue, unrequited love, and many heart-breaking twists. Green identifies the individualistic spirit through Margo's character, which becomes a focus of this paper. The different facets of the character are explored to reveal the bildungsroman journey undertaken. John Green's Paper Towns is the primary text of analysis in this study. Other secondary sources are also consulted to substantiate the arguments (...) presented in this study, and other sources. The theoretical framework is built on feminism and relevant critical insights.and other sources. Liberal feminism theory is employed in the analysis of the primary text to comprehend the woman’s problem in the novel. The sociological approach was also used to show the social context in John Green’s Paper Towns as it represents Florida’s society in the 21st century. It concludes that a woman must fight for her rights as they become her natural rights. For Margo, leaving Florida is only the beginning of pursuing her goal. (shrink)

The scarcity of resources during the COVID‐19 pandemic caused ethical dilemmas in prioritizing patients for treatment. Medical and ethical guidance only emphasizes clinical procedures but does not consider the sociocultural aspect. This study explored the perception of former COVID‐19 patients and their families on the decision‐making process of the patient's selection at a time of scarcity of resources. The result will inform the development of an ethical guide for allocating scarce resources that aligns with Indonesian culture. We conducted qualitative research (...) with in‐depth interviews between May ‐ December 2022 involving sixteen participants from various cities in Indonesia. We transcribed the interviews and analyzed the results using thematic analysis. This study found that doctor's decisions often differed from patient's expectations in allocating scarce resources, and therefore, it should be communicated appropriately. Medical decisions were not sufficiently made ethically, but must also be made communicatively. In Indonesia's strong communal culture, community involvement was essential to distributing limited resources. A better approach to ethical education, including adequate communication skills, is necessary to prepare health professionals for facing unpredictable future pandemics. (shrink)

Polygamy is a highly controversial topic and the object of serious political contestation in Indonesia. Although all major Muslim organizations consider polygamy is allowed under Islamic Law, the practice is not without stigma. In 1974 when Indonesia adopted its current Marriage Law, the Indonesian parliament decided to tie polygamy to strict conditions. This law however failed to prevent the practice of unregistered polygamous marriages. Women in unregistered polygamous marriages formally hold no rights as lawful wife in case of a divorce (...) or death of the husband. The question is what arrangements the second, third or fourth wife in unregistered polygamous marriages have made with their husband in view of the lack of legal recognition of their rights as wife. What are the consequences of non-recognition of their marriage for these women? Does legal insecurity in practice also mean economic and social insecurity? Does the husband fulfill his obligations and responsibilities towards his wives and their families? This article aims at answering those questions by looking in-depth at a selection of three case studies, which were collected during a total of nine months of research in Jakarta in 2015 and 2016. This article is part of the socio-legal domain, combining legal analysis with anthropological approaches. The starting point of the research is a legal one: the disadvantaged legal position of women whose polygamous marriage has not been registered, but a large part of the research is based on anthropological methods. Through the experiences of these women the paper will reveal a range of personal reasons and underlying causes for unregistered Islamic polygamous marriages as well as their consequences–including legal ones. The paper will depict a great diversity in legal reasoning, socio-economic considerations, religious reflections and daily life dilemmas of these individual women living in unregistered polygamous marriages. (shrink)