1. Le fe por la palabra -- 2. Topía y Utopía -- 3. Luz en la caverna.

In the last decades, research in science mapping has delivered several powerful techniques, based on citation or textual analysis, for charting the intellectual organization of research fields. To map the social network underlying science and scholarship, by contrast, science mapping has mainly relied on one method, co-authorship analysis. This method, however, suffers from well-known limitations related to the practice of authorship. Moreover, it does not perform well on those fields where multi-authored publications are rare. In this study, a new method (...) for mapping the social structure of research fields is advanced, based on the analysis of the acknowledgments of academic publications. We first discuss the standard account of the function of acknowledgments in scholarly communication, then we introduce a new interpretative framework in which the acknowledgments are intended as positioning signals exchanged by researchers. Next, we provide the formal definition of the four acknowledgments-based networks that stand at the core of the method, and we test it on a humanities field, analytic philosophy. Results show that acknowledgement-based networks allow to reconstruct the fine-grained social structure of analytic philosophy from different perspectives. Furthermore, by comparing the citation-based maps of the field with the acknowledgments-based networks, it permits to shed light on the relationship between the intellectual and social layer of analytic philosophy. We conclude by presenting practical limitations of the method and by sketching some further research lines. (shrink)

Norms conferring public or private powers, i.e., the competence to issue other norms, play a very important rôle in law. But there is no agreement among legal philosophers about the nature of such norms. There are two main groups of theories, those that regard them as a kind of norms of conduct (either commands or permissions) and those that regard them as non-reducible to other types of norms. I try to show that reductionist theories are not quite acceptable; neither the (...) command-variety (Kelsen, Alf Ross inOn Law and Justice), nor the permission-variety (von Wright, Kanger, Lindahl) provide a satisfactory account of competence norms.Among the authors who maintain that competence norms are different from (and hence not reducible to) norms of conduct are Hart, Ross inDirectives and Norms, and Searle. Ross and Searle distinguish between regulative and constitutive rules as two radically different kinds of rules and classify competence norms among constitutive rules. This distinction runs parallel to von Wright's distinction between rules that are prescriptions and determinative rules. While the first regulate actions (by commanding, prohibiting, or permitting them), determinative rules define certain concepts. To view competence norms as (partial) definitions of certain legal concepts (like those of legislator, judge, etc.) seems to open interesting perspectives and to shed light on at least one aspect of these elusive norms. (shrink)

Au début des années 1930, l'épistémologie, l'histoire et l'histoire des sciences ont eu une influence réciproque importante mais indirecte. Tant les philosophes que les historiens mettaient en jeu des concepts épistémologiques issus de la crise des sciences exactes et rejetaient l'empirisme et l'idéalisme au nom d'un rationalisme expérimental qui mettait en relation théorie et expérience. Il en résultait une conception dialectique de la science, essentiellement historique mais à propos de laquelle les historiens étaient encore timides du point de vue théorique. (...) Désormais l'histoire était pourtant au coeur des réflexions philosophiques et épistémologiques. (shrink)

Bergson a toujours voulu séparer science et philosophie soulignant que chacune suit une méthode radicalement différente de l’autre. Bachelard, critiquant les concepts fondamentaux de la philosophie de Bergson, voit dans cette séparation un danger très grave tant pour la science que pour la philosophie. Il faut montrer selon lui les faiblesses du bergsonisme afin d’empêcher que la philosophie ait le dernier mot sur ce qu’est la réalité et le temps. On verra donc, mot par mot, comment les deux philosophes traitent (...) le temps, la durée, la multiplicité, la continuité et la discontinuité. On aboutira ainsi à une sorte de dialogue entre sourds, analogue à celui qui eut lieu entre Bergson et Einstein en 1922. (shrink)

Introduzione Nel codice della sua Bibliotheca consacrato a recensire la produzione letteraria di Temistio, il patriarca Fozio testimonia di aver letto – oltre ad alcune opere filosofiche – un corpus di trentasei discorsi politici (λόγοι πολιτιϰοιλς), tra cui alcuni indirizzati a Costanzo, a Valente e Valentiniano II, a Teodosio, non tutti pervenuti. Ora, l'opera oratoria di Temistio, quale noi moderni leggiamo, comprende trentatrè orazioni, pubbliche e private, di cui due (o forse tre) incomplete. È molto probabile che gli altri tre (...) discorsi che Fozio ugualmente leggeva siano da identificare con orazioni perdute, di cui sopravvivono talune notizie: il discorso recitato nel 357 dinanzi al senato di Costantinopoli in occasione di un'ambasceria a Roma, il panegirico indirizzato nel 363 all'imperatore Giuliano per il suo quarto consolato e l'orazione sulla tolleranza religiosa indirizzata a Valente tra gli anni 375–376. Verrebbe, in questo modo, confermata la notizia della Bibliotheca circa l'esistenza di un corpus di complessivi trentasei discorsi ed in particolare rafforzata l'ipotesi, ventilata da taluni studiosi, secondo cui la silloge temistiana in nostro possesso corrisponderebbe in buona sostanza al ‘libro’ recensito da Fozio. (shrink)

Les historiens des Annales et les historiens des sciences n'ont pas bénéficié, dans l'entre-deux-guerres, des recherches, des progrès et des problèmes qui, pourtant, leur étaient communs et auraient pu aider les deux disciplines à dépasser les limites qu'elles rencontraient alors. Une analyse détaillée des oeuvres des historiens des sciences d'un côté et des historiens des Annales de l'autre permet d'indiquer avec précision les lieux et les raisons de cette rencontre manquée.

In this work I argue that Descartes was not a trialist by showing that the main tenets of trialist interpretations of Descartes's theory of substance are either not supported by the text or are not sufficient for establishing the trialist interpretation.

As pesquisas sobre formação de professores têm muito a contribuir com a abordagem das relações étnico-raciais. Neste artigo apresentamos os resultados de uma pesquisa-formação realizada com licenciandos em Pedagogia. A questão a ser respondida foi: Quais saberes são mobilizados por professores em formação inicial no curso de Pedagogia ao participarem de uma pesquisa- formação sobre as relações étnico-raciais no ensino de Ciências? Os resultados evidenciam que o processo formativo possibilitou a construção e mobilização de diferentes saberes, particularmente os pedagógicos.

L'article s'interroge sur la tradition française en matière d'épistémologie et analyse la réaction du milieu philosophique du début du xxe siècle face à la crise des acquis philosophiques traditionnels provoquée par le développement des sciences. Les interventions au premier congrès international de Philosophie de 1900 montrent que la philosophie essaie de continuer à exercer une hégémonie sur les sciences, mais que, pour réagir à la crise, elle doit s'engager dans l'histoire des sciences. L'histoire des sciences devient alors le moyen employé (...) par la philosophie pour essayer de garder sa place privilégiée dans l'ensemble du savoir: elle est donc faite par des philosophes qui, de ce fait, en contrôlent les lieux institutionnels. Il devient dès lors possible de tracer une ligne qui relie les questions des philosophes de 1900 à celles qui préoccupent ceux de l'entre-deux-guerres, notamment Gaston Bachelard. (shrink)

Standard citation-based bibliometric tools have severe limitations when they are applied to periods in the history of science and the humanities before the advent of now-current citation practices. This paper presents an alternative method involving the extracting and analysis of mentions to map and analyze links between scholars and texts in periods that fall outside the scope of citation-based studies. Focusing on one specific discipline in one particular period and language area—Anglophone philosophy between 1890 and 1979—we describe a procedure to (...) create a mention index by identifying, extracting, and disambiguating mentions in academic publications. Our mention index includes 1,095,765 mention links, extracted from 22,977 articles published in 12 journals. We successfully link 93% of these mentions to specific philosophers, with an estimated precision of 82% to 91%. Moreover, we integrate the mention index into a database named EDHIPHY, which includes data and metadata from multiple sources and enables multidimensional mention analyses. In the final part of the paper, we present four case studies conducted by domain experts, demonstrating the use and the potential of both EDHIPHY and mention analyses more generally. (shrink)

Conventional quantitative methods for the measurement of organizational legitimacy consider mainly three sources that make judgments about organizations visible: news media, accreditation bodies, and surveys. Over the last decade, however, social media have enabled ordinary citizens to bypass the gatekeeping function of these institutional evaluators and autonomously make individual judgments public. This inclusion of voices beyond functional and formally organized stakeholder groups potentially pluralizes the ongoing discussions about organizations. The individual judgments in blogs, tweets, and Facebook posts give indication about (...) the broader fit between an organization’s perceived behavior and heterogeneous social norms and therefore constitute an indicator of organizational legitimacy that can be accessed and measured. We propose the use of social media data and sentiment analysis to study the affect-based responses to organizational actions by citizens. We critically discuss and compare the method with existing quantitative methods for legitimacy measurement and apply them to a recent case in the banking industry. We discuss the value of the method for studying the process of legitimacy construction as the expression and negotiation of normative judgments about organizations by various evaluators. (shrink)

Para el autor de este artículo, el rechazo kantiano de la identificación de su concepto de a priori con la noción leibniciana de lo innato solo puede comprenderse de manera clara y precisa, si recurrimos a la concepción kantiana de la epigénesis como modelo epistemológico; es decir, si consideramos las facultades cognitivas como fuerzas formativas que se componen con otras fuerzas de la naturaleza para hacer posible la adquisición originaria de intuiciones y conceptos a priori.

The problem is addressed of establishing the satisfiability of prenex formulas involving a single universal quantifier, in diversified axiomatic set theories. A rather general decision method for solving this problem is illustrated through the treatment of membership theories of increasing strength, ending with a subtheory of Zermelo-Fraenkel which is already complete with respect to the ∀*∀ class of sentences. NP-hardness and NP-completeness results concerning the problems under study are achieved and a technique for restricting the universal quantifier is presented.

First Published in 1999. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Eugenio Bulygin is a distinguished representative of legal science and legal philosophy as they are known on the European continent - no accident, given the role of the civil law tradition in his home country, Argentina. Over the past half-century, Bulygin has engaged virtually all major legal philosophers in the English-speaking countries, including H.L.A. Hart, Ronald Dworkin, and Joseph Raz. Bulygin's essays, several written together with his eminent colleague and close friend Carlos E. Alchourrón, reflect the genre familiar from (...) Alf Ross's On Law and Justice, Hans Kelsen's Pure Theory of Law, and Georg Henrik von Wright's Norm and Action. Bulygin's wide-ranging interests include most of the topics found under the rubric of analytical jurisprudence - interpretation and judicial reasoning, validity and efficacy of law, legal positivism and the problem of normativity, completeness and consistency of the legal system, the nature of legal norms, and the role of deontic logic in the law. The reader will take delight in the often agreeably unorthodox character of Bulygin's views and in his hard-hitting arguments in defence of them. He challenges the received opinion on gaps in the law, on legal efficacy, on permissory norms, and on the criteria for legal validity. Bulygin's essays have been wellnigh inaccessible in the past, appearing in specialized journals, often in Spanish or German. They are now available for the first time in an English-language collection. (shrink)

In 1911 the Wilson cloud chamber opened new possibilities for physics pedagogy. The instrument, which visualized particles’ tracks as trails of condensed vapour, was adopted by physicists to pursue frontier research on the Compton effect, the positron and the transmutation of atomic nuclei. But as the present paper will show, Wilson's instrument did not just open up new research opportunities, but the possibility of developing a different kind of teaching. Equipped with a powerful visualization tool, some physicists–teachers employed Wilson's instrument (...) to introduce their students to a wide range of phenomena and concepts, ranging from the behaviour of clouds to Einstein's photon, the wave–particle duality and the understanding of the nucleus. This paper uses the notes, books and prototypes of these pioneering physicists–teachers to compose a pedagogical history of the Wilson cloud chamber, documenting an episode of immense ingenuity, creativity and scientific imagination. (shrink)

Some important ideas in Kelsen's Pure Theory of Law can be traced back to Kantian tradition, which has been very influential in Kelsen's thought, particularly in his early period. Among them we find the distinction between two radically different worlds (the world of facts and the world of norms), the normativity of legal science and the idea of validity as a binding force, based on the famous doctrine of the basic norm. These tenets and, especially, the use of a normative (...) concept of validity prove to be incompatible with Kelsen's positivistic programme of a value‐free legal science. The science of law cannot state that legal norms are obligatory or binding without trespassing the limits of Kelsen's ideal of a legal science; on the other hand, it is possible to define the concept of a legal system without resorting to the basic norm. So, if Kelsen is to be regarded as a consequent positivist, the Kantian ingredients of his theory must be rejected and the descriptive concept of validity as membership must be substituted for the normative notion of validity as a binding force. (shrink)

Des influences égyptiennes dans la Descriptio orbis de Denys d’Alexandrie ? L’examen attentif des composantes laudatives et du contenu du proème de la Descriptio orbis de Denys le Périégète prouve que le poète originaire d’Alexandrie a été influencé dans son œuvre même par la religion égyptienne. En particulier, derrière l’éloge de l’Océan paraît se cacher un hymne à la louange du Nun primordial.Egyptian Influences in the Descriptio orbis by Dionysius of Alexandria? The thorough analysis of the laudatory components and contents (...) of the proem by Dionysius Periegetes’ Descriptio orbis shows that the Alexandrian poet was also influenced in his own poem by the Egyptian religion. In particular, behind the encomium of the Ocean, it looks as if the poet is hiding a hymn to the primeval Nun. (shrink)

The article fits in the new investigation trend about the classical models and sources of the Philagathos of Cerami’s Homilies, with particular focus on anonymous quotations and imitations of the Procopius of Gaza’s sophistic and rhetorical work. One of the most signifiant examples is the description of the Cappella Palatina in Palermo , for which Philagathos bore certainly in mind and adapted, besides other works, the Procopius’s Descriptio horologii. The conclusion is that Philagathos had at his disposal a whole now (...) lost manuscript with the Procopius’s work. (shrink)

L'attento esame della tradizione manoscritta delle epistole di Procopio di Gaza ha permesso al suo ultimo editore (A. Garzya) di pubblicare un corpus di 166 lettere, basato su una recensio molto più ampia rispetto a quella dei suoi predecessori e soprattutto più completo per le nuove lettere, venute alla luce nel corso dei secoli.

This article explores the political thought of a leading Italian intellectual after his conversion from Jacobinism to liberalism. It shows the extent to which Foscolo was abreast of the then contemporary debate on constitutional government and nation-building. Moreover, it illustrates how he combined liberal with civic humanist and republican ideas, as well as idealism and Realpolitik in his perception of the problems faced by small nations struggling to be free in an era of international ideological conflict.

We use the model theoretic notion of coheir to give short proofs of old and new theorems in Ramsey Theory. As an illustration we start from Ramsey's theorem itself. Then we prove Hindman's theorem and the Hales-Jewett theorem. Finally, we prove the two Ramsey theoretic principles that have among their consequences partition theorems due to Carlson and to Gowers.

Current Trends in Linguistics, vol. XII: Linguistics and Adjacent Arts and Sciences, The Hague - Paris 1974, pp. 103-171, entitled: "Linguistics and ...

The article surveys the interpretation of Dewey in Italian new-enlightenment and in particular the contributions of Aldo Visalberghi and Antonio Santucci. Visalberghi develops a number of Deweyan insights on the connexions between the methodology of the sciences and the process for the justifications of evaluations. Santucci shows the analogies between Dewey’s pragmatism and Hume’s sceptical empiricism. Both thinkers enrich the attempt by 20th century Italian philosophy of a recover of the Enlightenment’s heritage with the help of Dewey’s ideas.

The experience of guilt is the experience in which human existence, the way of being of man as a conscience, is founded and held in the foundation of its own: the relation of conscience to itself i...

Es un tópico habitual de la crítica contemporánea pensar que la Ilustración generó sistemas de opresión sin precedentes debido a su creencia en una verdad externa y objetiva. En este sentido, en este artículo investigo si es posible plantear con toda legitimidad, tal y como defiende Latour, que uno de los muchos orígenes metafísicos de las guerras mundiales del siglo XX consiste en este extraño proceder con el cual Occidente intentó pacificar todo conflicto apelando a un único y racional mundo (...) común: el Mundo de la Ciencia, de la Tecnología, del Mercado, Democracia.. (shrink)

This paper includes a concise survey of the work done in compliance with de Finetti's reconstruction of the Bayes-Laplace paradigm. Section 1 explains that paradigm and Section 2 deals with de Finetti's criticism. Section 3 quotes some recent results connected with de Finetti's program and Section 4 provides an illustrative example.