The article emphasizes the importance of the Charter of Local Self-Government to the Lithuanian national legal system. Lithuania has ratified the Charter, not only acknowledged, but also committed to implement its provisions. The Charter consists of 13 items representing the essence of local self-government, which sets the content and is the principal purpose of local public. The principles should be not only a declaratory move into the national legal system, but also recognized as a state’s obligation to follow them. The (...) article analyzes the content of the Charter principles, their incorporation level in the national legal system. During the study noted that between the executive and local authorities are the differences of interpreting and dysfunctions implemented a few principles of the Charter: subsidiary and decentralization, local government financial autonomy and the freedom of formation executive local bodies. (shrink)

Straipsnyje siekiama įvertinti pagalbos namuose paslaugas teikiančių darbuotojų darbo vietos kokybę Lietuvoje ir išryškinti veiksnius, kurie leistų šią kokybę pagerinti – tai ypač aktualu didėjant šių paslaugų poreikiui tiek visoje Europos Sąjungoje (toliau – ES), tiek Lietuvoje. Apžvelgiamos darbo vietos kokybės tendencijos globos sektoriuje ES šalyse, aptariama teorinė darbo vietos kokybės samprata bei jos pagrindu analizuojami 2016 m. Lietuvoje atliktos lankomosios priežiūros darbuotojų (LPD) anketinės apklausos rezultatai. Tyrimo rezultatai leidžia teigti, kad LPD darbo vietos kokybė (...) nėra patraukli. Tai lemia nuolatinės darbo vietos neturėjimas, emocinis darbo pobūdis, sukeliantis stresą, paplitęs fiziškai sunkus darbas, nepakankamas bendradarbiavimas tarp sveikatos ir socialinės pagalbos specialistų. Be to, pagalbos namuose paslaugų sektoriuje dominuoja netipinės užimtumo formos ir menkas darbo užmokestis, nepasinaudojama šio sektoriaus galimybėmis lanksčiai organizuoti darbą ir darbo laiką, nors tai prisidėtų prie darbo vietų kokybės gerinimo. Tyrimo išvados leidžia teigti – jeigu organizuojant paslaugas nebus kreipiamas dėmesys į darbo ypatumus šiame sektoriuje, užimtumo kokybės gerinimo veiksnius, ateityje susidursime su darbo jėgos senėjimo socialinių paslaugų sektoriuje problema ir darbuotojų šiame sektoriuje trūkumu. (shrink)

Out-of-court proceedings or alternative dispute resolution (ADR) is a peaceful, voluntary alternative method for settling disputes without litigation in the court. ADR institutions usually use a third party to help the consumer and the trader to reach a solution. The main purpose of this article is to share the main insights and experience about the out-of-court proceedings in various countries and European Union Member States, to discuss the most important problems concerning ADR and propose possible solutions of these problems. First (...) of all, in this article, ADR is presented and its main advantages are outlined. For example, ADR institutions are indeed a low-cost and quick alternative for consumers for settling disputes with businesses. ADR mechanisms are highly diverse. There are public and private institutions as well as institutions established on the basis of cooperation between the public sector and the industry or consumer organizations and the industry. Although there is a high correlation between the nature of the institution and the funding, i.e. private institutions are usually financed by the industry and public institutions by public funds, ADR bodies established by public law can also be financed by the industry (especially in highly regulated markets). In the majority of the institutions, the participation of the industry in the ADR procedure is voluntary. (shrink)

The authors of this article use systemic, comparative and historical methods to review the most representative legal systems – rench, English and German – and analyse how these legal systems deal with the effects of change in circumstances on the performance of a contract. The authors also discuss solutions adopted by scholar groups working on supranational contract law (soft law) instruments, namely, UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts and Principles of European Contract Law, stressing that these sets of principles have (...) significantly affected Lithuanian contract law provisions on changed circumstances. The authors concisely evaluate the case law of the Supreme Court of Lithuania on the application of the provisions on change in circumstances and their effect on the performance of a contract. (shrink)

Various special investigative methods are more often applied nowadays; their use is unavoidably induced by today’s reality in combating organised crime in the spheres such as corruption, prostitution, drug trafficking, trafficking in persons, money counterfeit and etc. Therefore, special secret investigative methods are more often used and they are very effective in gathering evidence for the purpose of detecting and investigating very well-organised or latent crimes. Both the Convention on the Protection on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms itself, i.e. its (...) Article 6, and other international instruments, such as the Council of Europe’s Criminal Law Convention, the Council of Europe’s Convention on Laundering, Search, Seizure and Confiscation of the Proceeds from Crime and others, do not prohibit the use of special investigative methods, provided that their use does not violate human rights. The use of special investigative methods, such as undercover agents or other undercover investigative methods, cannot in itself infringe human rights and the right to a fair trial; however, its use must have clear limits and safeguards. The recent judgements of the European Court of Human Rights regarding the use of undercover agents confirm that the use of undercover agents in certain types of cases is often unavoidable and also very problematic, because the Court imposes on the member states of the Convention increasingly wider obligations. Partly this is determined by the fact that the current jurisprudence of the Court is still in the state of formation, therefore many questions are left unanswered. (shrink)

Engl. Zsfassung u.d.T.: The crossings of the enlightenment and the romanticism : philosophical trends and controversies in Lithuania on the verge of the 18th and 19th centuries.

The platonic ontology as known through the Phaedo and Republic is centered on the hypothesis of the intelligible Forms, that is, the platonic Socrates' belief that there are ontologically independent entities such as "the beautiful itself", "the good itself", "the equal itself" etc., of which all empirical things participate thereby receiving the properties they exhibit. Clearly, the main philosophical influences on this doctrine are pre-Socratic philosophy, the sophistic and Socrates' thought. The aim of this paper is to present which ideas (...) or philosophical questions led Plato to postulate the Forms. (shrink)

Este artigo visa analisar a gestão do processo de revisão do Plano Diretor de São Luís - MA, identificando os fatores responsáveis pela supressão e configuração, bem como a efetividade dos instrumentos institucionais de gestão participativa. A partir disso, foi feita a seguinte indagação: a revisão do Plano Diretor de São Luís atende a quais interesses? Os resultados extraídos dos registros escritos das reuniões do Conselho da Cidade constataram que os principais determinantes da dinâmica de conformação espacial de São Luís- (...) MA são os movimentos de expansão urbana em conjunto com a especulação imobiliária, agronegócio e atividades industriais conduzidos por políticas desenvolvimentistas. (shrink)

Straipsnyje nagrinėjama subjektyviosios gerovės priklausomybė nuo pajamų lygio analizuojant ES šalių atvejį. Ši priklausomybė yra nagrinėjama tiek mikrolygmeniu, apimant atskirų gyventojų ir gyventojų grupių pagal pajamų decilius lygį, tiek ir makrolygmeniu, akcentuojant vidutinę visuomenės subjektyviąją gerovę, vidutines pajamas bei pajamų pasiskirstymo netolygumą. Straipsnyje aptariama subjektyviosios gerovės priklausomybės nuo pajamų problema ir pateikiama šios priklausomybės empirinė analizė bei jos rezultatų interpretavimas. Nustatyta, kad pajamos daro teigiamą poveikį gyventojų subjektyviajai gerovei tiek mikro-, tiek ir makrolygiu. Mikrolygmeniu pastebėtas reikšmingas asmenybės bruožų poveikis individo (...) subjektyviajai gerovei. Taip pat nustatyta, kad kuo pajamos yra tolygiau pasiskirsčiusios visuomenėje, tuo yra aukštesnė vidutinė visuomenės subjektyvioji gerovė. (shrink)

Apresentam-se os resultados clínicos principais de uma primeira investigação efectuada a familiares de doentes sob tratamento paliativo no domicílio da área de Lisboa, com o instrumento de medida da satisfação SERVQUAL Modificado. Dos 58 familiares/doentes que responderam ao questionário apenas uma minona estava insatisfeita (uma classe de 5 indivíduos mostra-se francamente insatisfeita), uma classe de 15 estava moderadamente satisfeita, havendo 38 individuos fortemente satisfeitos com a qualidade e prontidäo dos serviços prestados. Porém urna percentagem elevada de doentes, segundo a opinião (...) retrospectiva dos cuidadores, faleceu com sintomatologia agravada, nomeadamente dores (60%), obstipação (67%) e depressão/ansiedade (43%). Discute-se a consistência e validade do questionáno SERVQUAL Modificado, contextualizam-se os resultados no que é o standard da prática da MCP e integram-se na promoção da dignidade humana no fim da vida. We present the main clinical findings of research on palliative home care, carried out among relatives of patients in the Lisbon area. An adapted version of SERVQUAL was used. Of a total of 58 carers surveyed only a small number (5) was unsatisfied 15 were only moderately satisfied. 38 family carers were strongly satisfied with the services. Yet, a high percentage of patients, as viewed in retrospect by their relatives died with some aggravated symptoms: 60% with more pain, 67% constipation, and 43% anxiety/depression. We discuss the consistency and validity of this adapted SERVQUAL tool and the main results are contextualized beanng in mind the standard practice of palliative medicine and the pursuit of human dignity in death. (shrink)