Es ist ein aufHilliger Zug in der heutigen intellektuellen Welt, daß an vielen Orten und in vielen Zusammenhängen die Rolle und die Wichtigkeit der Sprache betont oder neu hervorgehoben wird. Die Reaktionen auf dieses gestiegene und noch weiter steigende Interesse sind, soweit es die eigentlich sprachorientierten Disziplinen betrifft, unterschied lich: Die neueren Philologien haben immer dann, wenn sie in modernerer Ausrichtung betrieben und vertreten werden, die sprachlichen Gegebenheiten ihrer Objektbasis, also ihrer kulturrelevanten Texte, mitzuberücksichtigen versucht; die Sprachwissenschaft selbst hat im (...) Rahmen ihrer speziellen Ausprägung einer Allgemeinen Sprachwissenschaft ex officio mit der Sprache als solcher zu tun und z. B. in der Erforschung sprachlicher Universalien bestimmten universellen und generellen Zügen Rechnung getragen; die Philosophie schließlich hat nicht nur im Rahmen sprachphilosophischer Fragen über Sprache reflektiert, und innerhalb der Sprachphilosophie selbst hat sich die Erkenntnis durchzusetzen begonnen, daß eine Anerkennung und Berücksichtigung allgemein-lingu istischer Ergebnisse auch für philosophische Sprachreflexionen von Wert sein kann. Die vorliegende Arbeit gehört in diese letztgenannte Gruppe und verbindet philosophische Problem-mit linguistischer Sachkenntnis. Die Arbeit erhält damit einen besonderen Wert: Kann sie einerseits zu einer Modifi kation und Differenzierung philosophischer Problemstellungen anregen, so kann sie andrerseits zu einer Erweiterung des linguistischen Gesichtspunktspektrums beitragen. über die Konsequenzen philosophischerseits werden diejenigen urteilen, aus deren Be reich die Arbeit hervorgegangen und zu deren Anregung sie geschrieben ist, d. h. die Philosophen als Sachwalter spezifisch philosophischer Thematik. (shrink)

Es ist ein aufHilliger Zug in der heutigen intellektuellen Welt, daß an vielen Orten und in vielen Zusammenhängen die Rolle und die Wichtigkeit der Sprache betont oder neu hervorgehoben wird. Die Reaktionen auf dieses gestiegene und noch weiter steigende Interesse sind, soweit es die eigentlich sprachorientierten Disziplinen betrifft, unterschied lich: Die neueren Philologien haben immer dann, wenn sie in modernerer Ausrichtung betrieben und vertreten werden, die sprachlichen Gegebenheiten ihrer Objektbasis, also ihrer kulturrelevanten Texte, mitzuberücksichtigen versucht; die Sprachwissenschaft selbst hat im (...) Rahmen ihrer speziellen Ausprägung einer Allgemeinen Sprachwissenschaft ex officio mit der Sprache als solcher zu tun und z. B. in der Erforschung sprachlicher Universalien bestimmten universellen und generellen Zügen Rechnung getragen; die Philosophie schließlich hat nicht nur im Rahmen sprachphilosophischer Fragen über Sprache reflektiert, und innerhalb der Sprachphilosophie selbst hat sich die Erkenntnis durchzusetzen begonnen, daß eine Anerkennung und Berücksichtigung allgemein-lingu istischer Ergebnisse auch für philosophische Sprachreflexionen von Wert sein kann. Die vorliegende Arbeit gehört in diese letztgenannte Gruppe und verbindet philosophische Problem-mit linguistischer Sachkenntnis. Die Arbeit erhält damit einen besonderen Wert: Kann sie einerseits zu einer Modifi kation und Differenzierung philosophischer Problemstellungen anregen, so kann sie andrerseits zu einer Erweiterung des linguistischen Gesichtspunktspektrums beitragen. über die Konsequenzen philosophischerseits werden diejenigen urteilen, aus deren Be reich die Arbeit hervorgegangen und zu deren Anregung sie geschrieben ist, d. h. die Philosophen als Sachwalter spezifisch philosophischer Thematik. (shrink)

This article studies the cognitive and communicative effects of typographical iconicity in poetry from the perspective of relevance theory. It argues that the visual aspect pertaining to an instance of typographical iconicity conveys a sensory impression, which perceptually resembles elements of the semantic material represented via the typographical iconicity’s lexical aspect. It is suggested that the non-propositional information relating to this impression can trigger the derivation of a wide array of weak implicatures which can combine to form an impressionistic and (...) indeterminate cognitive state described within relevance theory as a poetic effect. Furthermore, since the added effort, which the typographical iconicity requires to be perceived and processed, is offset by the derived implicatures, the use of typographical iconicity may be said to produce an optimally relevant level of processing. (shrink)

The typographic matchmaking in the city" book offers a brief range of essays that discuss the complex topic of public space from their respective authors' individual experiences and perspectives. Through specific anecdotes, they elucidate the problematics and implications of designing for 'public space' and multicultural communities. These essays frame and contextualize the research and designs presented by the five teams participating in the 'Typographic Matchmaking in the City project. They briefly shed light on the function and role of (...) text in architectural spaces, discussing specific historical and contemporary examples from cities like Beirut, Dubai, Muscat, Cairo, Rotterdam and Amsterdam, and addressing the various roles of monumental typography in public space. (shrink)

A small number of minor typographical issues arose during the proofing process. The corrections are posted here.

Letterforms are an inseparable part of a civilized literary landscape. At some distant point in history, letters started as representations of things in the world. Then, gradually, through a complex evolutionary process, they came to be defined as the closed shapes of a writing system. This photo-typographic essay is a meditation on this remarkable transition. Exploring the relationship between typography and the visual world around us, the essay looks at the twenty-six letters of the English version of the Roman (...) alphabet in four manners: as the world presenting itself in the shape of a letter, as an intended letter in space, as a flat letter on paper, and finally as a pure geometric form embodied in a typeface. Familiar letterforms are presented in fresh, surprising ways, forming an homage to the beauty of type and a reflection on its ubiquity in our visual understanding of the world around us. Alongside the fascinating images, Ornan Rotem's text offers an overview and a detailed discussion of each letter. In this unusual book, text and image coalesce to create a modern day primer on letters: a typographic abecedarium. (shrink)

O objectivo deste artigo é analisar a insígnia profissional e outros símbolos tipográficos usados pelos membros de uma família de impressores de nome António Álvares, que trabalharam em Lisboa nos séculos XVI e XVII. Inicia-se com uma súmula dos dados biográficos e da actividade destes profissionais; segue-se a apresentação da marca tipográfica e de outras gravuras; e conclui-se com uma breve reflexão sobre a importância do estudo das marcas tipográficas para a compreensão do trabalho dos impressores, que inclui a detecção (...) de obras contrafeitas e clandestinas. (shrink)

Este artigo aborda o primeiro século e meio de utilização de marcas tipográficas nos livros impressos, identificando, no caso da França, as oficinas que os tinham produzido ou os livreiros que os tinham custeado, e explicando os elementos que compõem essas marcas, as suas regras, os seus sentidos e tipologia.

The concept of ‘pareto superiority’ plays a central role in ethics, economics, and law. Pareto superiority is sometimes taken as a relation between outcomes, and sometimes as a relation between actions—even where the outcomes of the actions are uncertain. Whether one action is classed as (ex ante) pareto superior to another depends on the prospects under the actions for each person concerned. I argue that a person’s prospects (in this context) can depend on how that person is designated. Without any (...) constraints on acceptable designators, then, the concept of pareto superiority is ill defined and gives inconsistent results. I consider various ways of completing the definition and draw out some surprising implications. (shrink)

According to contractualist theories in ethics, whether an action is wrong is determined by whether it could be justified to others on grounds no one could reasonably reject. Contractualists then think that reasonable rejectability of principles depends on the strength of the personal objections individuals can make to them. There is, however, a deep disagreement between contractualists concerning from which temporal perspective the relevant objections to different principles are to be made. Are they to be made on the basis of (...) the prospects the principles give to different individuals ex ante or on the basis of the outcomes of the principles ex post? Both answers have been found to be problematic. The ex ante views make irrelevant information about personal identity morally significant and lead to objectionable ex ante rules, whereas ex post views lead to counterintuitive results in the so-called different harm and social risk imposition cases. The aim of this article is to provide a new synthesis of these views that can avoid the problems of the previous alternatives. I call the proposal ‘risk-acknowledging’ ex post contractualism. The crux of the view is to take into account in the comparisons of different objections both the realized harms and the risks under which individuals have to live. (shrink)

Ex ante contractualism holds that in situations involving risk we ought to act in accordance with principles that license the action that satisfies the strongest individual claim, where those claims are a function of the expected value that a given policy gives each person ex ante. I here challenge ex ante contractualism on contractualist grounds. I argue that adopting ex ante contractualism would have far reaching implications that contractualists, or many nonconsequentialist in general, would find very hard to accept. I (...) conclude that to block these implications, contractualists should adopt an ex post approach to deal with decisions under risk. (shrink)

Prioritarianism is a variant of utilitarianism. It differs from utilitarianism in that benefiting individuals matters more the worse off these individuals are. On this view, there are two standard ways of handling risky prospects: Ex-Post Prioritarianism adjusts for prioritizing the worse off in final outcomes and then values prospects by the expectation of the sum total of those adjusted values, whereas Ex-Ante Prioritarianism adjusts for prioritizing the worse off on each individual's expectation and then values prospects by the sum total (...) of those adjusted expectations. A standard objection to Ex-Post Prioritarianism is that it violates Ex-Ante Pareto, that is, it prescribes choices that worsen the expectations for everyone. In this article, I argue that Ex-Ante Prioritarianism suffers from much the same problem: it violates a sequential version of Ex-Ante Pareto, that is, it prescribes sequences of choices that worsen the expectations for everyone. (shrink)

Individuals convicted of crimes are often subject to numerous restrictions — on housing, employment, the vote, public assistance, and other goods — well after they have completed their sentences, and in some cases permanently. The question of whether — and if so, when — ex-offender restrictions are morally permissible has received surprisingly little philosophical scrutiny. This article first examines the significance of completing punishment, of paying one's debt to society, and contends that when offenders' debts are paid, they should be (...) restored to full standing as citizens. Thus all ex-offender restrictions are presumptively unjustified. Nonconsequentialist defences of these restrictions are ultimately unsuccessful in defeating the presumption against them. In a limited range of cases, consequentialist considerations — namely, of risk reduction — may be sufficient to override the presumptive case against these restrictions. The article concludes by suggesting a number of criteria for assessing whether particular restrictive measures are permissible on grounds of risk reduction. (shrink)

Anna Mahtani describes a puzzle meant to show that the Ex-Ante Pareto Principle is incomplete as it stands and, since it cannot be completed in a satisfactory manner, decades of debate in welfare economics and ethics are undermined. In this paper, we provide a better solution to the puzzle which saves the Ex-Ante Pareto Principle from this challenge. We also explain how the plausibility of our solution is reinforced by its similarity to a standard solution to an analogous puzzle in (...) quantified epistemic logic. We also show that even if the puzzle were to remain unsolved, its impact on welfare economics and ethics would be limited. (shrink)

"Alexandre Vanautgaerden's research shows that Erasmus never ceased to adapt, depending on each type of text, the layouts of his books to best control their reception. A reversal of the traditional countdown of the exegesis of Erasmus's works, which lends at times a blind faith to his correspondence, this present work focuses on the study of manuscripts and printed books. Erasmus would not settle for just writing his texts, but preoccupied himself, with a growing scrupulousness, with the manner in which (...) they would be read. In addition to this new biography of an Erasmus who we discover riveted to the material existence of his books, the reader will find a great number of unedited documents, in Latin or in translation, as well as a list of the humanist's first editions. This volume offers a new look on the status of authors and readers at the beginning of the 16th century. It will interest historians of books as much as of humanism"--Publisher's website. (shrink)

This paper argues that Kierkegaard uses “spatiation”—a typographical mode of emphasis—to conceptualise human existence and simultaneously call into question the givenness or stability of a concept of existence. In Concluding Unscientific Postscript, spatiation serves as a potent visual of the problem of existence. By conceptualising existence as spatiating, Climacus at once emphasises and dissolves his concept to encourage thinking about what it means to exist without resolving the difficulties of actual existence. While largely overlooked in Kierkegaard scholarship, taking into account (...) spatiation thus offers insights into Kierkegaard’s influential foregrounding of existence and his existentially oriented approach to philosophising that seeks to engage his readers as existing and embodied individuals. (shrink)

We take em-dash as our sample punctuation mark and examine its usage from a discourse perspective, using sentences from well-known corpora. We particularly comment on how dashes can give hints on information structure, focus, and anaphora. Throughout the paper Discourse Representation Theory is used as a framework.

A referência a um conjunto de reportórios e catálogos publicados desde 1890 onde se reproduzem portadas de obras produzidas na Península Ibérica entre finais do século XV e inícios do XVI é o ponto de partida para, através de quatro dezenas de exemplos, propor uma metodologia para identificação, registo e classificação de marcas de impressores.

In this article we wish to present the typographic experimentations of four designers, each of whom looks at typography and its implementations from different viewpoints; however with similar goals – namely to investigate how typographic systems can be implemented, their attributes as carriers of semantic meaning be redefined, and/or their functions be improved upon within the digital medium that presents challenges as well as opportunities that enable graphic designers to reach well beyond the traditional medium of typographic (...) work; i.e., printed paper. The article will examine these four projects under the umbrella concept of Deconstruction, also extending into a consideration of Legibility; setting them forth as examples of the impact that the digital medium has brought to bear upon typographic practice in recent decades. (shrink)

SUMMARYThis is a translation of a short text in Latin by John Toland, with an introduction and annotations. Toland's text is a conjecture on the influence of a passage from Cicero on modern printing. The translator's introduction discusses the theories mentioned by Toland, and sketches the background of the text. It discusses Toland's interest in Cicero and the context of the text's publication in 1722 by Michel Maittaire, and Toland's and Maittaire's intertwined circles of literary patronage.

El presente libro aborda la cuestión clásica de la relación entre el lenguaje y el pensamiento humanos, poniendo el foco en la hipótesis de la relatividad lingüística (RL), esto es, en la idea de que la diversidad lingüística acarrea una correlativa diversidad cognitiva. Aparte de las aportaciones filosóficas sustantivas a este debate, hay una tarea preliminar de aclaración que es ineludible (la hagan o no los filósofos), dada la complejidad del problema. Existe una tendencia a plantear las cuestiones sin muchos (...) matices, adoptando planteamientos cortantes: o se acepta la total independencia del pensamiento con respecto al lenguaje y a las lenguas, o se defiende que el pensamiento está supeditado al lenguaje o a una lengua concreta, sin dejar resquicio de autonomía al pensamiento. Frente a ello, este trabajo intenta elaborar un mapa detallado del territorio de la relatividad lingüística que refleje que hay muchas zonas intermedias habitables. Con ello no se busca sólo presentar espacios lógicos de posibles posturas, sino, ante todo, delimitar zonas de plausibilidad en dichos espacios. Eso no significa que se plantee una posición ser neutral o centrada. A lo largo de sus páginas se defiende la plausibilidad y la relevancia filosófica de al menos algunas versiones de la hipótesis relativista. Con varios matices, se sostiene que el lenguaje está involucrado de modo importante en el pensamiento humano, que la diversidad lingüística puede acarrear una significativa diversidad cognitiva o que la relación entre el lenguaje y el pensamiento es, en realidad, una interacción en la que, además de ellos, intervienen otros factores como la cultura. (shrink)

Creatio ex nihilo sounds like a philosophical teaching, but philosophy has been utterly unprepared to offer proper expression for an origination which presupposes nothing at all! Yet each of the Abrahamic faiths insists on such an origination, so it proved serendipitous when sufficient contact opened between these diverse religious traditions to allow thinkers to assist one another in what proved to be a shared task—and indeed gain assistance from others as well, as Sara Grant elucidates the sui generis relation between (...) creatures and creator using Shankara's “non‐duality”. With Robert Dobie's help, we shall can find ourselves attaining mutual illumination from witnessing Meister Eckhart and Ibn ’Arabi struggle with the same conundrum, reminding us how we will invariably falsify this crucial relating if we insist on thinking of Creator and creatures as “two things”, inevitably yielding a creator who must be the “biggest of all”. Yet this witness of classical explorers from different traditions may embolden contemporary thinkers to try their hand as well. (shrink)

Euclid discusses the ex aequali relationship twice in the Elements. The first is in Book V, during his discussion of arithmetical relations between mathematical magnitudes in general. The second is in Books VIIIX, he was not much troubled by the differences between his treatment of ex aequali ratios in these two contexts. Later generations of mathematicians, however, found these differences less acceptable and tried to minimize them in various ways. This paper summarizes Euclid's use of the ex aequali relation in (...) developing his mathematics. The paper then outlines the fate of the post-Theonine Greek attempts to the Euclidean discussion when the Elements entered the Arabic/Islamic intellectual tradition. The study concludes with the attempts by Ibn al-Hayam and Ibn al-Sarī to improve the parallelism between the discussions of ex aequali ratios in Book V and Book VII. (shrink)

This study investigated whether the encoding and retrieval of plurality information and letter-case information of words in recognition memory can be inhibited. Response-deadline experiments using single words have indicted a controlled processing mode, whereas studies using meaningful sentences have indicated an automatic mode of processing plurality information. Two similar opposing views have existed on the processing of letter-case information. The abstractionist view contends that we retain the abstract lexical information and discard the superficial perceptual case information. The proceduralist view holds (...) that perceptual details cannot be separated from the lexical information. Using an intentional and an attention-diverted learning procedure and instructions to ignore plurality and case, we found that subjects experienced a consistent interference effect of changed plurality from study to test but slightly less interference from changed case, suggesting strong automaticity for plurality, and comparatively less automaticity, for case processing. (shrink)

Online consumer reviews are increasingly being written on and posted from mobile devices such that some platforms have started to indicate when this is the case with cues such as “via mobile”. Reviews from mobile devices differ from those from non-mobile devices; for example, reviews from mobile devices are more likely to include typographical errors. For this study, a web-based experiment was conducted to investigate viewers’ evaluation and adoption of online reviews in regard to a mobile cue and typographical errors. (...) The results indicate an interaction effect between the presence of a mobile cue and typographical errors. When a review did not include typographical errors, the presence of a mobile cue negatively affected the evaluation and adoption of information. However, the effects of a mobile cue were not significant for a review with typographical errors. Further, the results suggest that the viewer’s perception of the review writing effort and the review’s information usefulness are sequential mediators explaining the information adoption mechanism. The findings provide interesting insights into consumers’ perceptions of online reviews in the current media landscape in which the large-scale adoption of mobile devices is a well-recognized phenomenon. (shrink)

Authors and printers together created the New Book of Nature—the printed literature of science—in early modern Europe. Careful attention has been given in recent years to the development of literary and rhetorical techniques in science. This article proposes that these developments were linked to printing technology and the typographic culture that produced the early printed book of science. We focus on several cases in which the roles of author and printer-publisher were joined and thereby highlight connections between knowledge production (...) and reproduction during the Scientific Revolution. Examples include Regiomontanus, Tycho Brake, Galileo, William Leybourn, Joseph Moxon, and the collective practices and privileges of the Royal Society of London and the Paris Academy of Sciences. (shrink)