In this paper we extend Wittgenstein’s notion of family resemblance to translation, interpretation, and comparison across traditions. There is no need for universals. This holds for everyday concepts such as green and qing 青, philosophical concepts such as emotion and qing 情, as well as philosophical categories such as form of life and dao 道. These notions as well as all other concepts from whatever tradition are family resemblance concepts. We introduce the notion of quasi-universal, which connects family resemblance concepts (...) from a limited number of traditions. The possibility and necessity of extending family resemblance concepts across traditions dissolves the false antinomy of universalism versus relativism. (shrink)

La mobilisation par les pouvoirs publics de fichiers contenant des informations à caractère personnel à des fins de sécurité s'ancre dans une histoire longue. Ces dernières décennies, on constate pourtant une évolution significative de ces fichiers du fait de l'extension de leur nombre, de leur ampleur et de leur champ d'application. Cet article s'intéresse à ce phénomène en analysant certains problèmes dont il est à l'origine. Tout d'abord, les dysfonctionnements que l'exploitation de ces fichiers occasionne. Ensuite, l'accroissement des pouvoirs (...) de police résultant de la transformation de la finalité de certains de ces fichiers. Enfin, le caractère insatisfaisant de la protection des individus face à l'utilisation qui est faite de leurs données personnelles.Public authorities have used records containing personal information for security reasons fora long time. However, there have been significant developments in recent decades, with records increasing in number, including more data and covering a broader scope. This paper analyses some of the problems caused by this process of expansion. Firstly, we review the administrative dysfunctions that the exploitation of such records may cause. Secondly, we look into the increase in police powers that result from changes in the aims pursued by some filing systems. Finally, we examine the issue of inadequate protection of individual privacy and liberties against the misuse of personal data. (shrink)

L’extension de la logique aristotélicienne ne doit s’entendre ni par voie d’opposition, ni par voie de simple développement, mais plutôt par voie de différenciation progressive. On trouvera ainsi dans cette logique tant la défense des fondements essentiels de la connaissance que le germe des développements possibles de la logique et la justification des acquisitions positives de la logique moderne.

Le Corbusier still believed that architecture’s fundamental measure should be man. With the exception of Hilberseimer, who more perspicaciously believed in the advent of an abstract, conceptual and computational form of production, architecture has been late in grasping the interlinkage of science, industry and capitalism. Even if it means a questioning of its own foundations, it can no longer feign ignorance of a production process that relies increasingly on linguistic constructions, on an « ambient factory » of interconnected PCs.

"La Nouvelle Alliance (1979), by physicist Ilya Prigogine and philosopher Isabelle Stengers, is both a book on the history and philosophy of thermodynamics and a philosophical essay on man's place in nature. It has given rise to lively interdisciplinary controversy.".

À partir de l’analyse d’un argument présenté dans la correspondance avec More, cette étude examine la conception cartésienne du rapport de l’étendue à l’impénétrabilité à travers le prisme de l’imagination. Je montre que l’argument en question est une expérience de pensée qui s’appuie sur le caractère inimaginable d’une étendue pénétrable. Je défends l’idée selon laquelle la conception proprement cartésienne de l’imagination implique que le contenu et les limites de nos actes d’imagination dépendent des propriétés des images cérébrales. J’en déduis que (...) cette conception particulière de l’imagination explique pourquoi l’argument des lettres à More est concluant du point de vue de Descartes. (shrink)

The creation of ad hoc international penal tribunals and of a permanent international penal court symbolizes the will to extend penal law from the national state to international relations, thus giving rise to the concept of a punitive intervention. This contribution seeks to establish whether this extension of penal law to international relations should be strictly modeled on national penal law or whether it should follow a paradigm of its own. This could well be the same paradigm, which some (...) authors have suggested for the national level, i. e. the paradigm of reconstructive justice. Though it does not radically exclude the penal dimension of justice, reconstructive justice nevertheless relativizes this dimension, thus leaving room for a more constructive reaction to crime. (shrink)

L’examen du « canon des Ecritures », après la consécration de l’expression par Athanase au IVe siècle, révèle d’abord une époque où une certaine fluidité caractérisait la réflexion sur l’extension des Ecritures et sur leurs limites. A partir du IVe siècle, une mutation décisive se produit, à laquelle il faut adjoindre une autre évolution sémantique préparée de longue date à travers l’emploi de diatèkè, traduit en latin par testamentum. Ainsi apparaissent deux temps forts dans l’histoire des Ecritures aux premiers (...) siècles du christianisme. Le premier est celui de l’extension du concept de livre saint à d’autres textes que les écrits hérités du judaïsme ; le second, dans la seconde moitié du IVe siècle, est celui des efforts de délimitation de l’Ancien et du Nouveau Testament, des décisions prises pour trancher les débats, commencés deux siècles plus tôt. L’examen de quelques-uns des problèmes que pose l’extension du canon et qui s’offrent ici à l’historien confirme qu’ils ne sont pas résolus définitivement par les Eglises.An examination of the ³canon of the Scriptures,² after the consecration of Athanasius¹ expression in the 4th century, first of all reveals a period when a certain fluidity characterized reflection on the extension of the Scriptures and their limits. From the 4th century a decisive change came about, to which must be added another semantic evolution, which was prepared for a long time through the use of diatéké, translated in Latin by testamentum. Thus, two important periods in the history of the Scriptures appear in the first centuries of Christianity. In the first there was an extension of the concept of the sacred book to texts other than the inherited writings of Judaism. The second period, in the second half of the 4th century, concerns efforts to demarcate the Old and New Testaments, and decisions taken to settle the debates begun two centuries earlier. The examination of some of these problems about the extension of the canon is offered here to the historian and confirms that they are not definitively resolved by the Churches. (shrink)

De 1905 à 1922, l uvre d'Alfred North Whitehead a pour but principal de montrer comment les objets fondamentaux de la géométrie, de la physique et de la perception sont abstraits à partir d'un seul et unique type d' entités définies comme les éléments ultimes de l'expérience sensible : les événements. WHitehead développe dès lors la méthode de l'abstraction extensive : un modèle logico-mathématique qui permet d'exprimer ces différents types d'objets dans les termes mêmes des événements et de leurs relations. (...) L'élaboration d'un concept événementiel de nature constitue l'une des principales lignes de force des recherches whiteheadiennes : l'identité doit être définie dans les seuls termes des événements. (shrink)

Dans le Continu, Hermann Weyl donne une nouvelle assise aux notions d’ensemble et de fonction, pour assurer aux mathématiques leur applicabilité à la physique, et résoudre ainsi le problème du continu. Les notions introduites, éloignées de la théorie des ensembles, prêtent à confusion et à multiples interprétations.Nous nous proposons d’éclairer le sens du déplacement que Weyl opère dans ces notions. Nous présentons une synthèse des thèses épistémologiques soutenues dans Le Continu et résolvons certains problèmes interprétatifs. Par une approche comparative, nous (...) soulignons l’écart entre les principes logico-mathématiques du Continu et ceux de la théorie des ensembles. Nous nous centrons sur la distinction entre intension et extension, et sur la place attribuée aux entiers naturels pour le fondement des mathématiques. (shrink)

The main source of Archytas, fr. 1 Diels-Kranz is Porphyr. in Ptol. harmon. p. 56,5–57,27 Düring; there is also an extensive quotation of its initial part in Nicomachus, Introd. Arithm. p. 6,16–7,5 Hoche. In recent years both the text and the interpretation of this fragment, whose authenticity was questioned by W. Burkert, have been re-examined, and a good deal of progress has been made especially by paying more attention to the nature of Nicomachus' quotation and its context.

Cet article, qui fait suite à une publication précédente (« Les apories du concept de redondance logique chez Bolzano »), poursuit un double objectif : (I) démontrer que les apories que nous avions relevées peuvent être surmontées par l’analyse des rapports extensionnels entre représentations ; (II) évaluer la contribution de Bolzano à la question classique des rapports intension/extension telle qu’elle a été posée par Port-Royal. La logique des classes, dont Bolzano pose les fondements ( Théorie de la science, 2 (...) e partie, 3 e section), permet en effet de dégager les lois de la redondance logique — auxquelles Bolzano ne cesse de faire implicitement référence sans en donner la formule — et de délimiter le champ d’application du principe classique de proportionnalité inverse entre intension et extension auquel déroge précisé­ment la redondance. La critique bolzanienne de la logique de Port-Royal prend alors tout son sens. (shrink)

L’article propose de déduire de l’analyse géohistorique des patrimonialisations polarisées par le centre historique de Bologne (Italie) les logiques successives et simultanées qui accompagnent l’évolution temporelle du fait patrimonial, et ainsi définir ce que nous rendons par le néologisme de « pluripatrimonialisation ». Pour cela, nous menons une étude comparative des patrimonialisations architecturales et urbanistiques de ce territoire à partir des sites à portiques inscrits par l’Unesco au Patrimoine mondial en juillet 2021. Ce corpus est en effet l’occasion pour les (...) acteurs locaux de mettre en valeur une forme patrimoniale typique et diffuse à l’échelle de la commune de Bologne, qui s’inscrit dans l’histoire patrimoniale locale. Sa définition suppose qu’ils se confrontent à la fois aux représentations exogènes dans un contexte de mondialisation culturelle (Gravari-Barbas, 2012) et à la sémiogenèse des corpus de biens nationaux et municipaux existants comme héritage et production... (shrink)

On se propose de fédérer les questions relevant de la bioéthique, des générations futures et de l’éthique environnementale autour du thème de la communauté morale. On examinera certains problèmes théoriques posés par l’élargissement de celle-ci. On soutiendra qu’il n’est possible d’y faire face qu’en se ralliant à une forme d’anthropocentrisme. Toutefois, il s’agit d’un anthropocentrisme méta-axiologique, pas d’un anthropocentrisme normatif: il ne saurait être question de soutenir que les intérêts des être humains ont, toujours et partout, priorité sur les intérêts (...) des autres créatures. (shrink)

In this paper, we discuss and extend the taxonomy of tacit knowledge proposed by Collins in his 2010 book, Tacit and Explicit Knowledge. First, we question the definition and the name of one of Collins’s three categories of TK, namely Relational Tacit Knowledge (RTK). After having explained the true fundamental principle that individuates RTK as one category distinct from the two others (Somatic Tacit Knowledge STK and Collective Tacit Knowledge CTK), we suggest an alternative name for RTK, which fits this (...) principle better. Second, our analyses identify a possible ambiguity in the interpretation of RTK, STK and CTK, and indicate how to avoid the related possible confusions. For this purpose, we introduce several notations that specify Collins’s ones. The corresponding developments strengthen and specify a point implicitly suggested in Collins’s book, namely the existence of a serious asymmetry between RTK on the one hand, and STK/CTK on the other. Third, the paper attempts to elaborate and complete Collins’s framework. In this vein, we introduce the possibility of different sub-types of RTK. One of these sub-cases raises the issue of individual, intellectual tacit knowledge—a case that does not seem to have any place in Collins’s picture. We also look at Collins’s framework in a dynamical perspective, and discuss the possibility—not considered by Collins—of dynamic transformations between some of the three categories. Finally, we make two suggestions in order to avoid confusions or misunderstandings when using Collins’s distinctions. When the qualities “explicit”, “explicable” or “tacit” are attributed to some knowledge, these qualities should always be accompanied by the specification for whom and when. Moreover, the attributions “explicit” and “explicable” should always indicate which of Collins’s four senses is meant—elaboration, transformation, mechanization or scientific explanation. (shrink)

The last third of the twentieth century was a time of great change within the humanities, as new directions of study and intense interest in methodology challenged traditional approaches in even the most conservative fields and found practical expression in the growth of institutional structures intended to foster innovative and interdisciplinary approaches. One of the results of this academic self‐consciousness was an increased interest in the history of scholarship. Stephen Dyson has attempted to provide a history of classical archaeology as (...) it emerged in the United States, placing individuals and institutions in the context of American culture from the eighteenth century to the present. The aim is a good one, but the book is flawed in conception and execution.Dyson follows a generally chronological organization, at the same time stressing several major themes: academic and para‐academic programs and institutions, professional organizations, the practice of archaeological fieldwork, and museums. Each receives sharp criticism, for the most part based on accusations that the discipline is dominated by the “power brokers” of “the Establishment” , whose “elite private connections” enforce conservative practices and “stiffle [sic] intellectual innovation” .It is not clear for whom the book is intended. The professional audience is already familiar with the criticisms of its institutions and practices and has heard them voiced more convincingly. A subheading like “The Met Hot Pot and the Antiquities Trade” suggests that a more general audience is intended, but if that is so, the nonspecialist reader will be hindered by an insufficient explanation of the scope and aims of the discipline and by the absence of a key to the abbreviations used in the bibliography.Dyson cites some archival materials and has made extensive use of published sources such as diaries, reports, and obituaries. For the most part, however, his treatment seems to derive from secondary syntheses such as encyclopedias, institutional histories, and general accounts of historical periods. This reliance results in sometimes conflicting generalizations. The book lacks the kind of intellectual focus that characterizes, for example, Suzanne Marchand's Down from Olympus: Archaeology and Philhellenism in Germany, 1750–1970 .The exclusive focus on the “ruling elite” in the archaeological United States leaves many questions inadequately discussed. For example, the relationship between science and the humanities is a central interest for our time, but the uneasy attempts by archaeologists to make their discipline “scientific” are only alluded to , and the discussion of governmental funding for archaeology by the National Science Foundation and the National Endowment for the Humanities is cast in terms of the machinations of “the ruling elite in the humanities” .Dyson's approval is reserved for the “New Archaeology” of the late 1950s and for academic programs that favor its anthropological approaches and promote new methods in fieldwork instead of emphasizing excavation and the teaching of Greek and Latin . Yet the limitations of survey archaeology are a topic of current discussion; nor does it seem unreasonable that scholars of the classical cultures should be able to read the texts.The book is filled with small errors that cumulatively cast doubt on its reliability. For example: H. F. DeCou was murdered on 11 March 1911 on page 78, but on 10 March on page 79; “Eric Sjoqvist” and “Kurt Weitzman” ; Charles Waldstein “changed his name from Waldstein to Walton” and is inaccurately quoted. (shrink)

This paper focuses on what can be said to be the definitive features of the approach to theology by three Russian theologians: Fathers Sergii Bulgakov and Georges Florovsky as well as the Venerable Father Sophrony Sakharov. The article argues that the following common themes characterize the nature of their theology. First, personalism, in other words, the use of the term “person”, which they extensively applied to both God and human and angelic beings. The concept of person is indispensable in the (...) thought of all three theologians. The second common theme is how the authors understood the relationship between theology and experience and what is the significance of religious experience for philosophical theology. Finally, all three theologians agree that when theological truths are expressed in human language the problem of interpretation consequently arises. However, they answer in different ways the question of the number and status of possible theological languages. I conclude that it is St. Sophrony Sakharov who in his life and theology realized Florovsky’s famous call for a neo-patristic synthesis. (shrink)

Every recursively enumerable extension of arithmetic which obeys the disjunction property obeys the numerical existence property [Fr, 1]. The requirement of recursive enumerability is essential. For extensions of intuitionistic second order arithmetic by means of sentences (in its language) with no existential set quantifiers, the numerical existence property implies the set existence property. The restriction on existential set quantifiers is essential. The numerical existence property cannot be eliminated, but in the case of finite extensions of HAS, can be replaced (...) by a weaker form of it. As a consequence, the set existence property for intuitionistic second order arithmetic can be proved within itself. (shrink)

The relation between extension and impenetrability is a major issue in the Descartes-More correspondence, which implies an analysis of the concept of extension. The mereological structure partes extra partes is a crucial element here. Both philosophers hold two opposed views of this mereological structure. I try to show that these two views can be traced back to scholastic discussions on quantity’s relation to extension. This background provides a vantage point, which enables to propose a new construal of (...) the argumentative exchange around impenetrability, and which casts some light too on our understanding of two properties – spissitude and indiscerpibility – which More attributes to spiritual extension in his later writings. (shrink)