En el siguiente artículo se busca plantear la problemática de los modos de ser a partir del fenómeno del tiempo. Se presenta la exposición de los distintos problemas acerca de los modo de ser en la temática de la ontología fundamental. El primer problema se refiere a la modalidad primaria de presentación del Dasein como «punto de partida» en torno a los modos de ser en general. El segundo problema de la modalización consiste en la caracterización de los distintos modos (...) de ser sobre la base del fenómeno del mundo: el mundo es el ámbito que hace posible la manifestación de los distintos modos de ser. El tercer problema fundamental de la modalización, de la que parte la propuesta del presente ensayo, se refiere al carácter temporal de los modos de ser, en este caso, tanto de los comportamientos referidos a estos modos, como de la propia comprensión del sentido de ser llevada a cabo en cada uno de ellos. El proyecto de la ontología fundamental consiste precisamente en una tematización que intenta acceder y comprender el sentido de ser a partir del horizonte del tiempo y así exponer las modalidades de ser del ente a partir de su carácter temporal. La investigación se centra en los modos de ser de la existencia (Existenz) del Dasein, el modo de ser de lo a la mano (Zuhandenheit) y lo que está ahí (Vorhandenheit). Se requiere una doble interpretación, propuesta por Heidegger: temporal y temporaria. La propuesta es sostener que, en la etapa de la ontología fundamental, Heidegger ha hecho del tiempo «lo más anterior a todo», esto es, el horizonte desde el cual se comprende toda modalidad del ente y aquello a partir de lo cual la ontología es posible como ciencia. (shrink)

La meta del siguiente ensayo es explicar las raíces metódicas que conciernen al uso de los indicadores normales y así vislumbrar el giro que Heidegger le da concepto de fenómeno en vistas a desarrollar la temática de los modo de ser. La intención no es llevar a cabo una exposición histórica o sistemática acerca de los indicadores formales, menos aún confrontar el pensamiento del Heidegger joven con su maestro Husserl en torno al concepto de fenómeno, sino más bien tomaré pasajes (...) relevantes que iluminen el significado de dichas nociones y así explicar su uso metódico en vistas a esclarecer la conexión interna de los problemas en torno al acceso de la vida fáctica. La problemática se planteará de la siguiente manera: la vida fáctica no se deja determinar a través de rasgos definitorios que nos digan, por ejemplo, qué es algo como lo “humano”, sino cómo se lleva a cabo el existir en cada caso, de ahí que ser fácticamente es lo mismo que decir, cómo se realiza en tanto modo de ser “ahí” en cada caso. A partir de dicha problemática se tratará de determinar el tipo de acceso al modo de ser de la vida fáctica y su correspondiente articulación categorial. Los indicadores formales surgen a partir de la necesidad de elaborar dicha articulación categorial que nos permita hablar correctamente del ser de la vida en su facticidad. (shrink)

Entrevista com Luiz Felipe de Alencastro.

This book provides an up to date, high-level exchange on God in a uniquely productive style. Readers witness a contemporary version of a classic debate, as two professional philosophers seek to learn from each other while making their cases for their distinct positions. In their dialogue, Joshua Rasmussen and Felipe Leon examine classical and cutting-edge arguments for and against a theistic explanation of general features of reality. The book also provides original lines of thought based on the authors’ own (...) contributions to the field, and offers a productive and innovative inquiry into on one of the biggest questions people ask: what is the ultimate explanation of things? (shrink)

Demonstrative thoughts are distinguished by the fact that their contents are determined relationally, via perception, rather than descriptively. Therefore, a fundamental task of a theory of demonstrative thought is to elucidate how facts about visual perception can explain how these thoughts come to have the contents that they do. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how cognitive psychology may help us solve this metasemantic question, through empirical models of visual processing. Although there is a dispute between attentional and (...) non-attentional models concerning the best metasemantic mechanism for demonstrative thoughts, in this paper I will argue in favor of a hybrid model, which combines both types of processes. In this picture, attentional and non-attentional mechanisms are not mutually exclusive, and each plays a specific role in determining the singular content of demonstrative thoughts. (shrink)

The philosophy of perception has been mostly focused on vision, to the detriment of other modalities like audition or olfaction. In this paper I focus on olfaction and olfactory experience, and raise the following questions: is olfaction a perceptual-representational modality? If so, what does it represent? My goal in the paper is, firstly, to provide an affirmative answer to the first question, and secondly, to argue that olfaction represents odors in the form of olfactory objects, to which olfactory qualities are (...) attributed. In order to do this I develop an empirically adequate notion of olfactory object that is sensitive to the peculiarities of olfaction, and defend it against various objections. (shrink)

La vida noble.--Los valores humanos.--Janua pacis.--El derecho natural.--Leyes de biología nacional.--Los ministros de la ley.

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar como se constitui o sentido do objeto a partir da experiência antepredicativa da consciência como expresso na Vª Investigação Lógica de Husserl. Compreendemos a experiência antepredicativa como a base de sustentação dos atos intencionais da consciência, sendo esta experiência da ordem do que é vivido e não do que é objetivado. A experiência antepredicativa está fundada nos dados sensuais da consciência, isto é, das sínteses que ocorrem sem qualquer atividade explícita de objetivação. Para atingir (...) este objetivo, dividimos este trabalho em duas etapas: § 1 Conteúdo enquanto Matéria das Sensações e § 2 Conteúdo enquanto Matéria dos Atos Intencionais. Assim, é possível uma arguição sobre o papel fundamental do conteúdo, enquanto matéria do ato intencional, ser uma vivência constituinte da consciência. E isso faz-nos acreditar que todo conhecimento, na fenomenologia husserliana, começaria a partir da experiência antepredicativa. Tal crença está fundamentada na retomada husserliana da concepção kantiana de que todo o conhecimento começaria com a experiência, mas não resultaria só dela. Os dados hiléticos surgiriam como o substrato da experiência do vivido, fazendo parte constituinte da trama do ato intencional. Consideramos, então, ser possível demostrar que a fenomenologia husserliana não abandona os dados sensíveis, mas lhe reserva um espaço de fundamental importância quando trata das bases que constituem o sentido do objeto. (shrink)

Este trabajo relee la Cuarta Investigación Lógica de Edmund Husserl, la cual se expone el proyecto de una gramática lógica pura. Examinamos dos asuntos centrales y que han suscitado diversas interpretaciones: a) El modo de aplicación de la teoría del todo y de las partes a las expresiones; y b) La posibilidad de que el argumento contenga otro argumento implícito y contradictorio (ver Bundgaard, 2004, 2010). Ante eso postulamos con respecto a (a), que, si bien la postura de Husserl es (...) clara, sus numerosas ambigüedades dan pie a las diversas interpretaciones. Y en relación con (b), defendemos que sí hay un argumento implícito contradictorio, desarrollado en la primera parte de la investigación. Finalmente, acudiendo a Hua XXX, mostramos que posteriormente Husserl modificó, en parte, sus ideas. Ello resuelve las ambigüedades detrás de (a), pero no parece hacerlo con (b), lo cual, juzgamos, pone en cuestión la factibilidad del proyecto en sí. (shrink)

This article investigates the relationship between emotional sharing and the extended mind thesis. We argue that shared emotions are socially extended emotions that involve a specific type of constitutive integration between the participating individuals’ emotional experiences. We start by distinguishing two claims, the Environmentally Extended Emotion Thesis and the Socially Extended Emotion Thesis. We then critically discuss some recent influential proposals about the nature of shared emotions. Finally, in Sect. 3, we motivate two conditions that an account of shared emotions (...) ought to accommodate: Reciprocal Other-awareness and Integration. Consideration of and discussion of relational accounts of joint attention lead us to the proposal that a construal of socially extended emotions in terms of a constitutive integration of the participating individuals’ experiences is more promising than proposals that simply appeal to various forms of social situatedness, embeddedness, or scaffolding. (shrink)

Resumo: Feuerbach em A essência do cristianismo desenvolve uma investigação sobre a origem humana de Deus, sobretudo, na religião cristã e este artigo procura reconstruir a fundamentação teórica de nosso autor que, a partir de uma teoria da consciência e essência humanas, alicerça uma crítica/desvendamento da alienação religiosa que o permitirão demonstrar, assim, a verdade integralmente antropológica de Deus e da religião, afirmando, também, a perfeição e infinitude das qualidades essenciais do homem enquanto ser consciente de seu gênero.

In this paper we deal with the logical description of complexity classes arising in the real number model of computation introduced by Blum, Shub, and Smale [4]. We adapt the approach of descriptive complexity theory for this model developped in [14] and extend it to capture some further complexity classes over the reals by logical means. Among the latter we find NC R , PAR R , EXP R and some others more.

Thomas Aquinas summarizes almost exclusively the attribute of knowledge in God in Q. D. De Veritate II: De scientia Dei. The absence of confrontation, in its substance, between this text and contemporary studies, referring primarily to the Sacred Doctrine or Theology as science, are treated in this paper integrally with those investigations. However, the approaches differ substantially. In those studies the metaphysical question for theology as a science is prioritized; in this work, however, the essence of God as a science (...) is highlighted. (shrink)

Este artigo revisa as criticas apontadaspor Pablo da Silveira à teoria da justiça de JohnRawls. proposta para ordenar uma sociedade dospovos. Os problemas da estabilidade, do consensojustaposto e da razão pública. tratados por Rawlsde forma insatisfatória em sua obra mais recente,The LaW of Peoples. são aqui revisitados. nointuito de verificar a pertinência daquelas críticase as implicações para a teoria da justiça de Rawls,da substituição dos conceitos de cidadão pelo depovo e consenso justaposto por consensoconstitucional, razão política por razão pública.Considero, criticamente, (...) que tais substituiçõestêm implicações tanto no âmbito domésticoquanto internacional, podendo fomentar a apatiado cidadão no que diz respeito à participaçãodireta nos assuntos políticos. (shrink)

Microplastics are an issue of rising concern, in terms of their possible implications for both the environment and human health. A survey was distributed among a representative sample of the adult Norwegian population to explore the public understanding of microplastics. Respondents were asked to report the first thing that came to mind when they read or heard the word “microplastics,” based on which a coding scheme was developed that served to categorize the obtained answers into thematic clusters. Results indicate that (...) the public seem to think of microplastics as something bad that might pollute the ocean and harm animal species. Awareness of the sources of microplastics appeared to be rather low, and few respondents mentioned potential ways to solve the problem. Responses differed across certain socio-demographic characteristics; for example, female and younger respondents were more likely to think about the spread and causes/sources of microplastics, whereas a higher educational level was associated positively with thinking of ways to solve the problem. Additional analyses indicated relationships between personal values and the identified thematic clusters; for example, endorsing self-transcendence and openness-to-change values was associated with thinking of ways to solve and of consequences of microplastics. These findings are informative to those wanting to design tailored communications and interventions aimed at reducing plastic pollution and plastic waste. (shrink)

O presente trabalho visa apresentar a recepção que Axel Honneth faz da obra de Facticidade e Validade de Jürgen Habermas. Argumenta-se que, por mais que Honneth não explicite isso em seus escritos posteriores a publicação do livro de Habermas, a obra exerce influência determinante em suas produções que culminam em O direito da liberdade. Assim, apresenta-se tanto a primeira crítica a de Honneth a Habermas, quanto os momentos posteriores de diálogo com a Facticidade e Validade. Ao final, busca-se identificar as (...) consequências da recepção e dos afastamentos de Honneth em relação a esse marco teórico e os próprios caminhos que a teoria crítica tomou em relação ao direito, bem como as possibilidades teóricas da perspectiva honnethiana sobre o tema. (shrink)

In this essay we consider the possibility of knowledge being transferred or transmitted via testimony. Initially, we present an introduction to the epistemology of testimony, by indicating their origin in a tradition that has John Locke, David Hume and Thomas Reid as their representatives. We present a version of the non-reductionist thesis. We show that the non-reductionist about knowledge must request from the speaker a testimonial epistemic performance that is truth conductive, as well as intellectual integrity from the listener.

O artigo busca trazer contribuições a uma crítica da vigilância voltada a seus efeitos disruptivos nas condições sociais de manutenção da ordem democrática. Para isso, ele propõe integrar as análises de Christian Fuchs sobre a vigilância, pautadas na crítica da economia política e nas características distintivas do capitalismo informacional, ao projeto de atualização da eticidade democrática defendido por Axel Honneth em O Direito da Liberdade. A conjugação destes dois aportes teóricos permitirá compreender a vigilância como uma das principais fontes de (...) patologias sociais no capitalismo recente, reforçando sua crítica como um processo informacional que contradiz as bases sociais de formas de vida democráticas. (shrink)

Replicability is widely taken to ground the epistemic authority of science. However, in recent years, important published findings in the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences have failed to replicate, suggesting that these fields are facing a “replicability crisis.” For philosophers, the crisis should not be taken as bad news but as an opportunity to do work on several fronts, including conceptual analysis, history and philosophy of science, research ethics, and social epistemology. This article introduces philosophers to these discussions. First, I (...) discuss precedents and evidence for the crisis. Second, I discuss methodological, statistical, and social-structural factors that have contributed to the crisis. Third, I focus on the philosophical issues raised by the crisis. Finally, I discuss proposed solutions and highlight the gaps that philosophers could focus on. (shrink)

It’s constitutive of classical theism that there is a necessarily existent personal god who is also the creator of the universe, where the latter claim includes at least the following three theses: (i) God is wholly distinct from the natural world; (ii) God is the originating or sustaining cause of the natural world; and (iii) God created the natural world ex nihilo, i.e., without the use of pre-existing materials. Call this tripartite component of classical theism the classical view of creation. (...) In this paper, I offer a new argument against classical theism. In particular, I argue that creation ex nihilo is prima facie impossible, and that since the doctrine of creation ex nihilo is constitutive of classical theism, classical theism is false. (shrink)

. Este artículo se propone discutir las dificultades que pertenecen al ejercicio de pensarnos en cuanto corporales. Guía de estas reflexiones son los índices heideggerianos sobre la corporalidad humana realizados en Zollikoner Seminare. Dichos seminarios advierten que la actual experiencia de nuestro cuerpo, pese a poder ser estimada como inmediata, se halla mediada por nuestros propios supuestos epocales y se enraiza ya en el pensar ontológico de Occidente. Así, este artículo intentará examinar las aporías filosóficas de tal mediación histórico-epocal, exponiendo (...) la reflexión heideggeriana del cuerpo desde el claro del ser (Lichtung) como una respuesta a la idea tradicional de subjetividad fundada en la noción de “mera presencia” (Vorhandenheit). (shrink)

The reward system of science is the priority rule. The first scientist making a new discovery is rewarded with prestige, while second runners get little or nothing. Michael Strevens, following Philip Kitcher, defends this reward system, arguing that it incentivizes an efficient division of cognitive labor. I argue that this assessment depends on strong implicit assumptions about the replicability of findings. I question these assumptions on the basis of metascientific evidence and argue that the priority rule systematically discourages replication. My (...) analysis leads us to qualify Kitcher and Strevens’s contention that a priority-based reward system is normatively desirable for science. (shrink)

Neste artigo discute-se o modo como a teoria de Rawls enfatiza a eqüidade.

Many philosophers believe there is no general, content-independent duty to obey the law. Yet at least some (and perhaps many) citizens and officials believe law makes a real difference—independently of its content and of prudential considerations—regarding what they should do. This paper offers an argument that vindicates the latter belief, even if skeptics are right in thinking that law cannot generate a general duty to obey. Under this argument, whether law makes a real practical difference, independently of its content and (...) of the sanctions threatened for its violation, can turn on whether individuals have adopted a commitment to law. The paper provides an account of such commitments and their impact on reasons for action. As I argue, the fact that a legal system complies with the demands of the rule of law is one important reason why individuals ought to, or at least might, adopt such a commitment. Compliance with the rule of law is thus not normatively irrelevant, even if it does not directly ground a moral duty to obey. (shrink)

While most people believe the best possible life they could lead would be an immortal one, so‐called “immortality curmudgeons” disagree. Following Bernard Williams, they argue that, at best, we have no prudential reason to live an immortal life, and at worst, an immortal life would necessarily be bad for creatures like us. In this article, we examine Bernard Williams' seminal argument against the desirability of immortality and the subsequent literature it spawned. We first reconstruct and motivate Williams' somewhat cryptic argument (...) in three parts. After that, we elucidate and motivate the three best (and most influential) counterarguments to Williams' seminal argument. Finally, we review, and critically examine, two further distinct arguments in favor of the anti‐immortality position. (shrink)

The experimental interventions that provide evidence of causal relations are notably similar to those that provide evidence of constitutive relevance relations. In the first two sections, I show that this similarity creates a tension: there is an inconsistent triad between Woodward’s popular interventionist theory of causation, Craver’s mutual manipulability account of constitutive relevance in mechanisms, and a variety of arguments for the incoherence of inter-level causation. I argue for an interpretation of the views in which the tension is merely apparent. (...) I propose to explain inter-level relations without inter-level causation by appealing to the notion of fat-handed interventions, and an argument against inter-level causation which dissolves the problem. (shrink)

This collection highlights the new trend away from rationalism and toward empiricism in the epistemology of modality. Accordingly, the book represents a wide range of positions on the empirical sources of modal knowledge. Readers will find an introduction that surveys the field and provides a brief overview of the work, which progresses from empirically-sensitive rationalist accounts to fully empiricist accounts of modal knowledge. Early chapters focus on challenges to rationalist theories, essence-based approaches to modal knowledge, and the prospects for naturalizing (...) modal epistemology. The middle chapters present positive accounts that reject rationalism, but which stop short of advocating exclusive appeal to empirical sources of modal knowledge. The final chapters mark a transition toward exclusive reliance on empirical sources of modal knowledge. They explore ways of making similarity-based, analogical, inductive, and abductive arguments for modal claims based on empirical information. Modal epistemology is coming into its own as a field, and this book has the potential to anchor a new research agenda. (shrink)