Studies in the History and Culture of the Middle East are published as supplement to Der Islam founded in 1910 by Carl Heinrich Becker, an early practitioner of the modern study of Islam. The mission of the series is the study of past societies of the Middle East, their belief systems, and their underlying social and economic relations - in their aim to cover the entire spectrum of the historically oriented humanities and social sciences.

Chapter One THE MAN-APES A Lesson for Thomas Hobbes Probably the most exciting development in modern anthropology is the discovery of the australopithecines ...

Das Sammelwerk legt umfassend den Stand der Staatstheorie dar und arbeitet die Beiträge der bedeutendsten Staatsdenker und der wichtigsten Strömungen des Staatsdenkens zum heutigen Staatsverständnis exemplarisch heraus.Renommierte Philosophen, Historiker, Sozial-, Kultur- und Rechtswissenschaftler aus Universitäten und Forschungseinrichtungen in ganz Europa stellen in 15 gleichgewichteten Kapiteln das Staatsdenken von der Antike bis zur Postdemokratie facettenreich heraus. Jedes Kapitel firmiert unter einem Schwerpunkt, angefangen beim klassischen und konservativen über das liberale und feministische bis hin zum anarchistischen und religiösen Staatsdenken. Einen besonderen Stellenwert (...) nimmt dabei das Staatsdenken in anderen Kulturen ein, darunter China, Indien, die arabische Welt sowie das vor- und das postkoloniale Afrika.Die Schlussbetrachtung zum "Staat der Zukunft" bilanziert die Probleme von Souveränitätsverlust, Staatszerfall und Postdemokratie vor dem Hintergrund von Globalisierung, Ökonomisierung und Individualisierung.Praktische Querverweise und ein umfassendes Literaturverzeichnis erleichtern den Zugriff, detaillierte Stichwort- und Personenregister runden das Werk ab.Mit Beiträgen von:Helga Albrecht, Andreas Anter, Olaf Asbach, Friedrich Balke, Ernst Baltrusch, Michael Becker, Hannah Bethke, Karl-Heinz Breier, Michael Brie, Norbert Campagna, Lars Distelhorst, Sabine Doyé, Dominik Finkelde, Oliver Flügel-Martinsen, Alexander Gantschow, Eva Geulen, Gerhard Göhler, Dieter Grimm, Martin Gronau, Gregor Hain, Hendrik Hansen, Leonhard Harding, Oliver Hidalgo, Wilhelm Hofmann, Frauke Höntzsch, Dana Ionescu, Matthias Jestaedt, Dirk Jörke, John Kannankulam, Stefan Koslowski, Oliver W. Lembcke, Rochus Leonhardt, Roland Lhotta, Mathias Lindenau, Marion Löffler, Gundula Ludwig, Günter Maschke, Jean-Christophe Merle, Dominique Fabian Miething, Andreas Niederberger, Claudia Opitz-Belakhal, Henning Ottmann, Gregor Paul, Thore Prien, Walter Reese-Schäfer, Claudia Ritzi, Samuel Salzborn, Stefano Saracino, Birgit Sauer, Peter Seyferth, Thomas Schölderle, Hans-Martin Schönherr-Mann, Ulrich Seeber, Veith Selk, Harald Sippel, Tine Stein, Kazuhiro Takii, Ulrich Thiele, Andreas Vasilache, Rüdiger Voigt, Christian Wendt, Stefanie Wöhl, Joachim Wurst, Holger Zapf und Barbara Zehnpfennig. (shrink)

Resumen Este artículo aborda dos reescrituras de William Shakespeare en la dramaturgia chilena actual, Shakespeare falsificado: reconstrucción falsificada de un manuscrito censurado de Luis Barrales y La Tempestad de Juan Radrigán. Para ello propone la reescritura como ejercicio metadramático, un gesto consciente, dramático y político, que busca dialogar y discutir con el original, inscribiendo la nueva perspectiva autorial en el continuum de la tradición cultural. Dentro de este enfoque, el trabajo expone, en primer lugar, las características de la dramaturgia renacentista (...) inglesa como una praxis híbrida, colaborativa, refundidora y política. Luego, caracteriza ambas reescrituras como prácticas que muestran la vigencia y continuación de un canon cultural, literario y dramático, por medio de las distintas modulaciones que se imprimen desde estas nuevas voces. Asimismo, las perspectivas de Barrales y Radrigán se exhiben como gestos políticos expresados hacia sus contextos.The following article approaches two rewritings of William Shakespeare’s work within current Chilean playwriting:Shakespeare falsificado: reconstrucción falsificada de un manuscrito censurado, by Luis Barrales andLa Tempestad, by Juan Radrigán. It proposes rewriting as a metadramatic exercise, a conscious gesture -both political and dramatic- that seeks to establish dialogue and discussion with its original, inscribing a new authorial perspective within the cultural tradition continuum. With this approach, this work exposes, first, characteristics from English renaissance dramaturgy as a hybrid praxis, collaborative, refounding and political. Then, it characterises both rewritings as practice that showcase the currency and continuation of a cultural, literary and dramatic canon through different articulations that print themselves in our voices. Likewise, Barrales and Radrigan’s perspectives display themselves as political gestures expressed towards their contexts. (shrink)

We model happiness as a measurement tool used to rank alternative actions. Evolution favors a happiness function that measures the individual’s success in relative terms. The optimal function, in particular, is based on a time-varying reference point –or performance benchmark –that is updated over time in a statistically optimal way in order to match the individual’s potential. Habits and peer comparisons arise as special cases of such updating process. This updating also results in a volatile level of happiness that continuously (...) reverts to its long-term mean. Throughout, we draw a parallel with a problem of optimal incentives, which allows us to apply statistical insights from agency theory to the study of happiness. (shrink)

This book argues for adopting a new account of the circumstances of justice ("the habilitation framework") for philosophical theories of basic justice. It proposes a concept of basic health as a metric for such theories, and healthy agency as a target for them. It does not, however, propose a specific distributive rule or set of distributive principles. Nor does it propose a specific type of theory to pursue (e.g., utilitarian, contractarian, etc.). The book is thus meant to be largely theory-independent (...) respect to standard normative theories. (shrink)

Asserting that traditional Western religious groundings for ethics neither reach a modern international audience nor solve the interpersonal and global problems ...

This book is a systematic introduction to the outlines of contemporary analytical and normative jurisprudence, intended for use in introductory courses in which philosophy of law plays a role. It is clearly written, concise, and organized in a way that fits with major books of readings in philosophy of law.

Cet article présente plusieurs machines dont l’existence est intimement liée aux pratiques ludiques. Il montre que ces objets s’inscrivent aussi bien dans la recherche en robotique et en intelligence artificielle que dans les pratiques artistiques contemporaines. Il s’intéresse en particulier à l’espace de jeu ouvert par l’interaction avec les machines et propose de considérer cet espace comme le lieu privilégié d’une forme d’expérimentation anthropologique.

Das Nachdenken von Wissenschaftlern und Kunstlern uber das Verhaltnis von Natur und Kunsten, uber die begrundende, orientierende Qualitat der Kunst, ihr Bearbeitungs-, Veranderungs-, Deutungsrecht an der Natur oder ihre Abhangigkeit von der Natur ist alt. Das in den sechziger Jahren erwachte Interesse an der Barockliteratur hat der Literatur der fruhen Neuzeit in vielen Bereichen ganz neue und andere, vor allem in einzelne Kunste und Nationalkulturen ubergreifende Zusammenhange gelehrt, mit bis heute unabsehbaren und weiterwirkenden Folgen fur die Kulturgeschichte der Epoche.Die 65 (...) Vortrage des Kongresses gehen der Programmatik und den Perspektiven des Verhaltnisses von Natur und Kunsten nach, untersuchen die Konstanz und den Wandel im kunsttheoretischen Diskurs, betrachten Fragen der Kunstnormierung und der Entwicklung neuer Gattungen, beschreiben Institution und Medien der Diskussion und der Entwicklung von Kunstlehren. (shrink)

Since his pioneering application of economic analysis to racial discrimination, Gary S. Becker has shown that an economic approach can provide a unified framework for understanding all human behavior. In a highly readable selection of essays Becker applies this approach to various aspects of human activity, including social interactions; crime and punishment; marriage, fertility, and the family; and "irrational" behavior. "Becker's highly regarded work in economics is most notable in the imaginative application of 'the economic approach' to (...) a surprising breadth of human activity. Becker's essays over the years have inevitably inspired a surge of research activity in testimony to the richness of his insights into human activities lying 'outside' the traditionally conceived economic markets. Perhaps no economist in our time has contributed more to expanding the area of interest to economists than Becker, and a number of these thought-provoking essays are collected in this book."—Choice Gary Becker was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic Science in 1992. (shrink)

We argue that mentalistic constructs like the “object concept” are not substitutes for process explanations of cognition, and that it is impossible to prove the existence of such constructs with behavioral tasks. We defend the field theory as an appropriate level for modeling embodiment. Finally, we discuss the model's biological plausibility and its extensions to other tasks and other species.

God vs. the Gavel challenges the pervasive assumption that all religious conduct deserves constitutional protection. While religious conduct provides many benefits to society, it is not always benign. The thesis of the book is that anyone who harms another person should be governed by the laws that govern everyone else - and truth be told, religion is capable of great harm. This may not sound like a radical proposition, but it has been under assault since the 1960s. The majority of (...) academics and many religious organizations would construct a fortress around religious conduct that would make it extremely difficult to prosecute child abuse by clergy, medical neglect of children by faith-healers, and other socially unacceptable behaviors. This book intends to change the course of the public debate over religion by bringing to the public's attention the tactics of religious entities to avoid the law and therefore harm others. (shrink)

Modern societies are characterized by group-based hierarchies. Similar to attackers, disadvantaged-group members wish to change the status quo; like defenders, advantaged-group members wish to protect it. However, the psychological arrays that are typical of disadvantaged- and advantaged-group members are opposite to those of attackers and defenders – suggesting that the Attacker-Defender Game does not capture the dynamics between advantaged and disadvantaged groups.

It is well-established that party identity biases the processing of political information and the evaluation of political actors. This is presumed to avoid cognitive dissonance and achieve positive affect. What happens, however, when individuals diverge from this pattern and do make identity-inconsistent evaluations of political actors – how does this translate into positive and negative emotions toward the candidates? The paper addresses this question using large-N data from the main televised debate of the 2017 German national election by combining survey (...) responses with viewer perceptions measured during the debate. The findings suggest that candidate ratings made during the debate have different valence depending on a person’s party identity. Strikingly, a stronger party identity does not mean a reduced impact of identity-inconsistent evaluations on emotional responses toward a candidate. Rather, only evaluations in accordance with one’s party identity, and hence with lower information value, show a reduced effect on emotional responses. (shrink)

L’expression connue de Platon êrnbcava ouatai et les considérations d'Aristote sur le thème de la philosophie première font reconnaître, dans l’idée de transcendance, un double sens, qui n’est pas éclairci. La poursuite systématique de ce problème conduit à une séparation de l’idée traditionnelle de transcendance en une « transcendance » proprement dite et en une forme nouvelle, jusqu’ici insuffisamment considérée, la « paratranscen- dance ». Elle correspond au « naturel », à la croissance organique, aux puissances maternelles, sang et terre. (...) La recherche qui la concerne fonde une nouvelle discipline métaphysique de même genre que l’ontologie, la « parontologie ». (shrink)

Aus kunsthistorischer, literaturwissenschaftlicher und wissensgeschichtlicher Perspektive analysiert Mira Becker-Sawatzky bildkünstlerische Praxis und textverfasste Theorie in ihrem teils dialogischen, teils diskrepanten Verhältnis zueinander. Dazu werden in thematischen Clustern Malerei, Zeichnung, Bildhauerei, Dichtung und Traktatistik mit ihrer je spezifischen Medialität und Materialität zueinander ins Verhältnis gesetzt. Betrachtet werden Um-Ordnungen der Wissenshierarchie, die Pluralität des Paragone, die Virulenz grotesker Ästhetik, die Konzeption künstlerischer Stile, die Bedeutungsdimensionen von vaghezza und die Wurzeln der Mailänder Ambrosiana.