This paper investigates propositional hyperintensionality in counterfactuals. It starts with a scenario describing two children playing on a seesaw and studies the truth-value predictions for counterfactuals by four different semantic theories. The theories in question are Kit Fine’s truthmaker semantics, Luis Alonso-Ovalle’s alternative semantics, inquisitive semantics and Paolo Santorio’s syntactic truthmaker semantics. These predictions suggest that the theories that distinguish more of a given set of intensionally equivalent sentences (Fine and Alonso-Ovalle’s) fare better than those that do not (inquisitive semantics (...) and Santorio’s). Then we investigate how inquisitive semantics and Santorio can respond to these results. They can respond to them by helping themselves to considerations from Hurford disjunctions, disjunctions whose disjuncts stand in an entailment relation to one another. I argue that considerations from Hurford disjunctions are ad hoc modifications merely to predict the expected results. I conclude that the scenarios suggest a need for more fine-grained theories of sentential meaning in general. (shrink)

Abū Bakr Muḥammad bin Zakariyya’ al-Rāzī (865–925) is generally known as a freethinker who argued against prophecy and revealed religion based on arguments from fairness of God and rationality. Recently some scholars argued that Razi was not as radical as the general interpretation takes him to be. Both the freethinker and conservative interpretations seem well supported based on difference bodies of evidence. However, the evidence is based on secondhand reports. In this paper I argue there is an interpretation of prophecy (...) which is supported by primary sources and can reconcile these putatively contradictory positions. Under my interpretation Razi allows for prophecy based on the rationality of moral deference in certain circumstances. In this picture one function of prophets is to act as moral experts for deference. This interpretation provides a synthesis of the freethinker and conservative views. Razi is conservative in having room for prophecy because of his dualist nature of humanity, and Razi is still a freethinker who values reason above all, because moral expertise requires excellent command of reason. (shrink)

Activists and progressive governments sometimes interfere in the working conditions of sweatshops. Their methods may include boycotts of the products produced in these facilities, bans on the import of these products or tariffs imposed by the home country, and enforcing the host country’s laws that aim at regulating sweatshops. Some argue that such interference in sweatshop conditions is morally wrong since it may actually harm workers. The reason is that the enterprise that runs the sweatshop may choose to lay off (...) some workers as the result of effective interference in order to maintain their profit at the desired level. If successful, this argument would prohibit any interference in sweatshop conditions on moral grounds. In this article, I argue in dissent and build a contractualist argument in favor of the moral permissibility of interference in sweatshops. I base my argument on an ex ante interpretation of T.M. Scanlon’s contractualism. (shrink)

İslam, kalbi sadece bir organ olarak telakki etmez. Kalp aynı zamanda insanın anlama ve idrak etme merkezini oluşturur. Bu sebeple hakikati görme veya hakikate kör bakma kalbin bir hareketi olarak ifade edilir. Anlamak istemeyen kalbin felaketi ise bu durumda mühürlenme/hatm olmaktadır. Mu’tezilî düşüncede her ne kadar mühürlenme bir akıbet/ceza, alamet veya diğer insanlar için maslahat kabul edilse de insanın iman etme özgürlüğüne engel olan bir belirlemeyi ifade etmez. İnsan, teklifin son anına kadar kendisi hakkında nihaî kararı verebilme yeti ve kudretine (...) sahiptir. Hem adli ilahi hem de insana verilen tercih etme imkânı gerçeğe ulaşmayı engelleyecek faktörlere müsaade etmemektedir. Bu sebeple hatm, bir sebep değil; bireyin kararıyla ilintili sonuçtur. Buna göre özgür bireyin kendisi hakkında verdiği net ve sabit karar mühürlenme olmaktadır. (shrink)

In this study, it is aimed to determine the perceptions of high school students about the Religious Culture and Moral Knowledge course and their teachers through metaphors. In the study, which was designed in a phenomenological (factual) design, one of the qualitative research designs, the participants were determined by the criterion sampling method, one of the purposive sampling methods. The data were collected from 262 students studying in 4 different high school institutions in the 2021-2022 academic year. The research data (...) were obtained by completing the sentences “Religious Culture and Moral Knowledge teacher…like/because…and Religious Culture and Moral Knowledge lesson…-similar/ because……like” in the form given to them. The metaphors obtained at this stage were categorized according to their semantic content, divided into sections, expressed numerically and tabulated, and interpreted in a way that the reader can understand. As a result of the research in which the students' perceptions of the Religious Culture and Moral Knowledge course were gathered under three themes as positive, neutral and negative, it was determined that the majority of the students produced positive metaphors for the Religious Culture and Moral Knowledge Lesson and teacher. (shrink)

Religion refers to two excuses for the deliberately abandoning of prayers: sleep and forgetting. However, according to some scholars, some other reasons may also allow the deliberately abandoning of prayers. The most important support of these scholars is that the Messenger of Allah performed some prayers outside their own time during the al-Khandaq. However, there is a serious obstacle in front of this approach: The fear prayer. The aim of the article is to reveal the relationship between this application of (...) the Prophet and the fear prayer and investigates whether it is a general rule to leave a prayer due to the fear of war or the enemy. The importance of this issue stems from the fact that the practice in this battle is comparable. If this is accepted as a general rule, the framework of the issues that may cause a prayer to be left can be expanded. Excuses that can be considered force majeure and legitimate in terms of daily life can be added to the unconscious states of harmony and forgetting. Therefore, the article mentions a much smaller dimension of this broad framework, rather than the general aspects of the issue, such as the deliberately abandoning of prayers, whether it is possible or not, and its proofs. In this context, it can be said that it is of great importance to determine the historical sequence between this battle and the prayer of fear. The article comes to a conclusion through the determination of this relationship, which has clues in various hadith, history, and commentary books. (shrink)

Hegel’in, dizgesinde mantık bilimi ve doğa bilimi kısımlarından sonra gelen tin bilimi (tin felsefesi) kısmındaki öznel tin ve nesnel tinden geçerek ulaştığı mutlak tin aşaması, kendini üç aşamada ortaya koymuştur. Bunların ilki sanat ikincisi din ve üçüncüsü felsefedir. Hegel, mutlak tinin gelişiminin ikinci aşaması olan dini de _Din Felsefesi Üzerine Dersler_’inde din kavramı, sonlu dinler ve mutlak din olarak aşamalandırmıştır. 1827 yılındaki _Din Felsefesi Üzerine Dersler_’inde din kavramı Hegel tarafından yine üç aşamada değerlendirilir. Bunlar Tanrı kavramı, Tanrı bilgisi ve külttür. (...) Bu çalışmanın odaklandığı kısım din kavramı dahilindeki Tanrı bilgisidir. Dinde Tanrı olarak ortaya çıkan mutlak tin, bu biçimiyle dinin de tek içeriğidir. Hegel için böylesi bir içeriğe ilişkin bilgi de ne salt iman ya da dolaysız bilgi ile ne de rasyonel teolojinin anladığı akılla olanaklıdır. Tanrı’ya yükseliş dolaysız bilmeden başlayan ama orada kalmayan, duygu, tasarım ve düşünme aşamalarına ilerleyen bir yükseliştir. Bu çalışmada Hegel’in Tanrı bilgisi üzerine sunduğu görüşler gösterilmeden önce Tanrı bilgisine ilişkin kendisinden önceki görüşler ve Hegel’in bu görüşlere getirdiği eleştirilere değinilmiştir. Hegel bu görüşlerden özellikle rasyonel teoloji ile Kant’ın Tanrı bilgisi anlayışına ve Jacobi’de öne çıkan dolaysız bilgiye dayalı anlayışa bir yanıt vermek istemektedir. Çalışmada bu görüş ve eleştirilerin ardından Hegel’in kendi dizgesindeki Tanrı bilgisi anlayışı incelenmiştir. Tanrı bilgisi kapsamında dinsel bilincin üç biçimi yani duygu, tasarım, düşünme biçimleri ve bunların Tanrı ile ilişkisi ele alınmıştır. Bu anlamda çalışmanın amacı da Hegel için Tanrı’ya dair bilginin olanaklı olduğunun ve bunun dinsel bilincin üç biçimi olan duygu, tasarım ve düşünme biçimlerinde incelenebileceğinin gösterilmesidir. (shrink)

The process of deciding which higher education institution to attend is a very important turning point for an individual who graduates from a secondary education institution and has sufficient central placement score. Making the right decisions at the mentioned turning point is important both for the individual him/herself and for the quality of the future service. In this context, the main purpose of this study, which consists of findings obtained from the descriptive analysis of the answers given to 9 open-ended (...) questions, is to determine the opinions of the individuals who continue higher religious education within the scope of the choice of faculty, the determined goal and the quality of the education. In order to achieve this aim, the research was completed with the participation of 117 students, 54 male and 63 female, studying in the Faculty of Islamic Sciences of Giresun University in the 2019-2020 academic year. According to the data obtained in the study, the participants' interest in the field in the process of choosing the faculty, their interest in the field, especially to receive religious education, affected by factors such as placement score, professional justification, the school they graduated from, the desire to acquire knowledge, family and influence of social environment, desire to serve religion. In addition, concerns about employment have been pointed out as the main reason for turning to higher religious education throughout the country. Considering the targets determined regarding the process before and after higher religious education, continuing higher religious education with graduate education and being a teacher of the RCaM, Qur'an course teacher, Imam hatip, muezzin within the Ministry of National Education and Presidency of Religious Affairs were mentioned. In terms of the quality of teaching, learning techniques based on rote are criticized, while teacher-student interaction in the institution where the education is made is mentioned as a reference increasing the quality of education. (shrink)

Bu çalışmanın amacı, fenomenoloji ile fenomenolojik yöntemin ne olduğunun ve neyi hedeflediğinin varlık ve bilgi problemlerinden hareketle incelenmesidir. Husserl, fenomenoloji felsefesini Avrupa bilimler krizinin neden olduğu felsefesizliğe bir tepki olarak geliştirmiştir. Fenomenolojinin hedefi, bilince verili olan fenomenleri çözümlemektir. Fenomenoloji şeyler hakkında değil, onların kendilerini gösterme biçimleri hakkında konuşur. Fenomenolojik yöntem fenomenolojik tavırla başlar, yönelimsellikle de devam eder. Fenomenolojik yöntem araştırmasını daha sonra fenomenolojik epoke, fenomenolojik redüksiyon, fenomenolojik refleksiyon ve fenomenolojik betimleme ile sürdürür. Bu süreçte bilincin ulaştığı özler, üzerlerine bilginin temellendirileceği (...) immanent özlerdir. Fenomenolojik ontolojide bir töz metafiziği yapılmaz, varlığın nasıl doğru okunup bilinebileceği aracısız ve nedensiz olarak araştırılır. Fenomenolojik epistemolojide ise bilginin temeli araştırılarak bilginin nasıl mümkün olduğu açıklığa kavuşturulur. Böylece fenomenoloji felsefesi hem Kartezyen felsefenin hem de determinizm, empirizm ve pozitivizmin aksine özne ve nesneden birini diğerine indirgemeyerek bilince verili olan fenomenlerin anlamını kendine özgü ve özel bir yöntemle açıklığa kavuşturmaktadır. (shrink)

This article descriptively discusses the divine purpose in the creation of the world and especially the human being, and the value analysis of the concepts, expressing this purpose in the light of the views of Qāḍī ʿAbd al-Jabbār (d. 415/1024), who was from the Basra School, and systemized the five doctrinal principles of the Mu'tazila. Accordingly, it answers the question why God created the human on the basis of the purpose/aim in divine actions and examines the qualitative value of the (...) non-compulsory cause (dā’ī) that motivates God to create. In addition, the article shows that 'beneficence', the central concept in the purpose of the creation, is formulized as ‘tafaḍḍul’ (disinterested or gratuitous beneficence) with the title of wisdom before the creation and as ‘thawāb’ (reward) and ‘iwaḍ (compensation) with the title of wājib (necessary or obligatory) in the resurrection. It also emphasizes that ‘iqāb (punishment) is not a value for the beginning of creation, and therefore it is 'legal good' required by the resurrection. It also touches on that the concepts, expressing all this purposefulness are based on the values of 'benefit and good' (maṣlaḥa and ḥusn). This article concludes that while the main purpose of the beginning of creation is beneficence and its actual value is tafaḍḍul; the main purpose of re-creation is benefit and good, and the actual value is wājib. (shrink)

The lack of water, which has arisen due to reasons such as climate change, excessive and misuse, has become a global problem. The reuse of wastewater is considered as an important solution to overcome this problem. With the technology developed for this purpose, wastewater is treated and used in many fields, especially in irrigation of agricultural products and parks and fire extinguishing. There is no information directly related to the methods of treating polluted water in the religious texts. In the (...) past, when today's technological possibilities were not available, fuqaha determined some treatment techniques, but these are about waters exposed to najāsat (filthy things), not about wastewater that contains a large amount of najis elements. As a matter of fact, it seems impossible to clean wastewater with these methods. With the systems developed today, wastewater can be treated at different levels according to their usage areas. Accordingly, the analysis information regarding the output at each treatment level should be evaluated separately when determining the fiqh provision of treated wastewater. In this study, it is aimed to examine the purification methods discussed in fiqh books together with the relevant texts and to determine the criteria taken as basis in purification and to try to determine the fiqh provision regarding the treated wastewater outputs within these criteria. (shrink)

Namaz birçok âyet ve hadisin önemine vurgu yaptığı ibadetlerdendir. Hatta Kur’an’da namazla birlikte anılmak, diğer ibadetler için bir değer ölçüsü olarak görülmüştür. Hz. Peygamber’in sözlerinde namaz, kalbî bir eylem olan imanın görünür ve yaşanır ölçüsü olarak kabul edilmiştir. Namazın terk edilmesi farklı yorumlar olmakla birlikte “küfür” kelimesiyle de ifade edilmiştir. Bu öneminden dolayı namazın kasten terkedilmesi, namaz vaktinin farkında olmadan kaçırılması veya gaflete düşüp namaz içerisinde birtakım yanlışlar yapılması gibi konuları içeren hadisler titizlikle ele alınıp anlaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Üzerinde farklı yorumların (...) yapıldığı rivayetlerden biri de “kulun kıyamet günü ilk olarak namazdan hesaba çekileceğini” bildiren hadistir. Metnin devamında ise “şayet farzlarda bir eksiklik bulunursa bunların nafilelerle tamamlanacağı” haber verilmektedir. Bu muhtevasıyla rivayet; namazın tembellik ve gaflet eseri terkedilmesi, istemsiz olarak kaçırılması ve kılınırken yapılabilecek birtakım hataların telafisi gibi birçok ihtimale hamledilebilecek bir anlama sahiptir. Makalede söz konusu rivayetin senet ve metnine dönük değerlendirmeler yapılacak ve zikri geçen bu ihtimâllerden hangisine delâletinin daha kuvvetli olduğu tespit edilmeye çalışılacaktır. (shrink)

Ṣāliḥ bin ʿAbd al-Quddūs of Persian origin was born in Basra, the crossroad of religions and teachings with its socio-cultural, scientific and intellectual structure. He grew up in a family that values religion, politics and literature. Rich scientific background and cross-cultural integration of Basra significantly influenced his scientific and intellectual development. However, in historiographical sources, he is an intellectual who has come to the fore with his literary identity. His ‘sectarian’, ‘political’, ‘wise’ (ḥikami), ‘didactic’ and 'gnomic' poems form the main (...) theme of his literary writings. Various titles have been attributed to him by the authors of history and biography. "Master of poets, street preacher, storyteller, theologian and philosopher" are a number of them. Before the translation of philosophical works, he became one of the important representatives of the 'literary theology', the dialectical technique of the period. Thus, besides his poetic and literary identity, he is mentioned as one of the six theologians of Basra. Over time, he was able to attract the attention of the political power with his theoretical and literary works for both theo-political and social adjustment. However, he was not understood adequately, and his poems did not attract the necessary attention since philosophical/wise expressions were widely found in them. In his poems, it is possible to see every tone of hope and hopelessness. He reflects hope, rights, justice, equality, freedom, moral virtues, but more often; despair, death, transience of the world, ascetism and distancing from people. For this reason, he is also referred to as the "poet of despair." From this point of view, his call to the life of ascetism was interpreted as dualism. The opinions of Ṣāliḥ calling for social adjustment, justice and equality were perceived as a threat by the political authority and he was killed with the accusation of heresy. Although it is generally accepted that he was executed due to heresy, there is much speculative information about the subject. Of two examples are that he subjected to ethnic discrimination due to his Persian origin, and that he was a philosopher of dualism and a follower of Manichaeism. However, the reason for the murder of Ṣāliḥ was neither his theological choice nor ethnic origin. His poetry, which motivated social morality, intellectual development, freedom and social enlightenment, turned him into a threat to the political power. It would appear that his opposition to Arab nationalism and privilege in the ranks of Šuʿūbiyya, a populism movement and his demand that justice and equality should spread throughout all layers of society, caused political prosecution. In this process, the rule chose the easiest way to silence any opposing voice by implementing the accusation of heresy. The concept of heresy, especially with the Abbasids, quickly turned away from its religious concerm and changed into a political notion. As a result, academic discussions conducted at the scientific and intellectual level in Basra were moved to a practical arena by politics, and the dose of criticism and violence increased. First of all, with its scientific and bureaucratic elements, the state embarked on an intellectual and actual struggle with heretical teachings, which aims to distort the essential principles of Islam by dissimulation (taqīyya). Although this political attitude towards heresy, which aims to break down Islamic values, can somehow be considered reasonable, the area of accusation of heresy expanded in time; causing every opposing movement to be evaluated within this scope. However, when the main theme of his poems is examined, the first point, attracting attention is his call to believe in God, the truth of the hereafter, reckoning consciousness, responsibility, justice, equality, freedom, etc. In fact, referring to the Qur’ān and ḥadīth in his poems already proves that he was a Muslim. Nevertheless, his poems were sometimes interpreted and presented as an evidence of his heresy and whenever he was found stating the right, his statements were found invalid because of accusation of dissimulation. Considering all these facts, this article will make a logical consistency analysis of the information and narrations about Ṣāliḥ. It will also examine the validity of the accusations of heresy against him, based on his literary discourses, religious identity and political attitude. As a result, it will determine whether the negative (theological) attribution to him is really an accusation or truth by an analytical inference. (shrink)

Bu makale, insanın delil ve kanıt aramaksızın bir görüşe ya da gruba bağlanması anlamıyla taklidin, bilgi ve inanç ile olan bağıntısı ve insanın düşünmesine imkân tanımadan zihninde hazır bulduğu bilgi olarak ilhamın Mu’tezilî yaklaşımla tetkikine odaklanmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda makalede öncelikle, Mu’tezile’nin taklit ve ilhama yaklaşımları tespit edilecek, sonrasında bilgi ediminde insanın düşünsel çabasıyla çelişen her iki eğilimin analizi yapılacaktır. Her iki kavramın bilgi kaynakları arasında yer almamasının mantıksal gerekçeleri ortaya konularak aynı zamanda bireysel ve sosyal bir soruna da işaret edilecektir. (...) Makalenin esas hedefi ve özgünlüğü ise süregelen bir problemin eleştirisi bağlamında meseleye yaklaşması olacaktır. Bu itibarla makalede ana temayı oluşturan kavramların kısa lügavî tahlili yapıldıktan sonra tartışma konusu iki başlık altında ele alınacaktır. Makalenin planı gereği taklit ve ilhamın iman ile doğrudan bağıntısı kurulmayacak tamamıyla epistemik değeri üzerinden konu tartışılacaktır. Karşılaştırma türünde bir çalışma olmadığı için de konu Mu’tezile merkezinde değerlendirilecek, tematik bağlamın sınırları içerisinde tasvir edilmeye gayret edilecektir. Mu’tezilî bilginlere özgü klasik kaynakların yanında Zeydî-Mu’tezilî âlimlerin eserleri bununla birlikte günümüzde kaleme alınan benzeri çalışmalar makalenin bilimsel literatürünü oluşturacaktır. Genel hatlarıyla bir mezhebin yaklaşımı merkeze alındığından tasvirî bir yöntem üzerinden fikrî değerlendirmeler yapılacaktır. Sonuç olarak bilinçsiz itaatin ve özel bilgi arayışının bilgi değeri taşımadığı, doğru olan yöntemin akıl yürütme ve düşünme olduğu, gerçek itaatin bilgiye olması gerektiği vurgulanacaktır. (shrink)

Kates argues that ex ante contractualism fails to defend interference with sweatshops on moral grounds. In this commentary, I argue that Kates does not apply this approach correctly. Ex ante contractualism, indeed, successfully defends interference and thus should still be considered an appealing alternative to other moral approaches for evaluating when and how to interfere in sweatshop conditions to help workers.

Prior's puzzle is a puzzle about the substitution of certain putatively synonymous or coreferential expressions in sentences. Prior's puzzle is important, because a satisfactory solution to it should constitute a crucial part of an adequate semantic theory for both proposition-embedding expressions and attitudinal verbs. I argue that two recent solutions to this puzzle are unsatisfactory. They either focus on the meaning of attitudinal verbs or content nouns. I propose a solution relying on a recent analysis of that-clauses in linguistics. Our (...) solution is superior, as it not only avoids the problems faced by previous solutions, but it also brings developments in linguistics in line to solve an old puzzle in philosophy. (shrink)

Kurulduğu günden beri İslam hukukunu uygulayan Osmanlı devleti, süreç içerisinde zamanın gerektirdiği düzenlemeleri yapmaktan geri durmamıştır. Osmanlı’da İslam hukukçularının fıkıh usulünün esasları doğrultusunda şer‘î kaynaklara dayanarak ürettikleri hukuka şer‘î hukuk, devlet başkanlarının fermanlarıyla oluşup kanunnâme adıyla yürürlüğe giren hukuka da örfi hukuk adı verilmiştir. Osmanlı’da yerleşmiş bu kanunnâme geleneğine rağmen Tanzimat dönemine kadar bir hukuk dalının bütününü içine alan bir kanunlaştırma faaliyeti olmamıştır. Tanzimat’tan sonra bir taraftan şer‘î ve örfî hukuktan oluşan milli hukuk tedvin edilirken diğer taraftan bazı batılı kanunlar (...) iktibas edilmiştir. Böylece hukukta bir ikilik meydana gelmiş ve Türk hukuk tarihinde yeni bir dönem başlamıştır. Biz bu makalemizde bu dönemde hazırlanan Kânûn-ı Esâsî’yi kaynak açısından ele alıp inceleyeceğiz. Bu çalışma ile çoğunluk tarafından Türk hukukunda ilk yazılı anayasa olarak kabul edilen Kânûn-ı Esâsî’nin ne derece Milli/İslam hukuku kaynaklı olduğunu ortaya koymayı hedeflemekteyiz. Önce “Kânûn-ı Esâsî’nin Hazırlanması” başlığı altında hazırlık aşamasındaki fikri ve siyasi süreçleri, ilanı sırasındaki gelişmeleri, hukuki mahiyeti ve muhtevasının ne olduğunu ifade edeceğiz. Sonra da “Kânûn-ı Esâsî’nin Milli/İslam Hukuku Kaynaklı Oluşu Meselesi” başlığı altında hazırlık aşamasındaki tartışmaları, tasarılarda ve kabul edilen metinde ulemanın katkısının olup olmadığını ortaya koymaya çalışacağız. Sonuç olarak bu anayasada yeni bazı kural ve kurumlar ilave edilmekle birlikte Osmanlı Devleti’nin başından beri var olan siyasî ve hukukî yapısının temel esaslarıyla korunduğu görülmektedir diyebiliriz. Bu haliyle Kânûn-ı Esâsî’nin, sadece Milli/İslam hukuku kaynaklı olmayıp karma usulle hazırlandığını söyleyebiliriz. (shrink)

İslâm hukuku, gelişmiş bir hukuk teorisine sahiptir. Edille-i erbaa’nın yanında yorum ve akıl yürütmeye dayalı birçok hüküm elde etme teorisi türetilmiştir. Bunların mahiyeti ve nasıl kullanılacağı İslâm hukukçuları tarafından süreç içerisinde geliştirilmiştir. İslâm hukukçuları, hüküm elde etme yöntemlerinin gerek yanlış kullanımı gerekse bu yöntemlerin kapsamının genişletilmesiyle ortaya çıkan problemli sonuçların düzeltilmesinde bazı ilimlerden ve tekniklerinden yararlanmışlardır. Disiplinler arası bu çalışmalarla özellikle kıyas işlemine ve illete yöneltilen eleştirilerin doğru bir şekilde tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu eleştiri ve itirazların haklı bir nedene ve (...) delile dayanıp dayanmadığını ortaya koyma noktasında istifade edilen ilimlerden biri de münâzaradır. İslâm ilim geleneğinde fıkıh ve kelamla birlikte müstakil bir ilim haline gelen münâzara, mezheplerin teşekkül ettiği dönemlerde oluşmaya başlamıştır. Daha çok fıkıhta kendisine pratik alan bulan münâzara, özellikle usûl-i fıkhın önemli bir bölümü oluşturan kıyasın yorumlanmasına etki etmiş ve hatta istidlâl yöntemleri arasına olduğu varsayılmıştır. Usûl-i fıkıhta pek çok münâzara yönteminden istifade edilmiştir. Bunlardan biri de fesâdü’l-vaz‘dır. En çok kullanılan tanımıyla fesâdü’l-vaz‘, bir illete o illetin gerektirdiği şeyin zıddı olan bir hükmün bağlanması şeklinde tarif edilmektedir. Bu ise illeti bütünüyle geçersiz kılan bir durumdur. Fesâdü’l-vaz‘da, mu‘teriz istidlâlde bulunana, bu yönteme mahsus itirazları yönelterek kıyasın hatalı olduğunu ispat etmeye çalışmaktadır. Fesâdü’l-vaz‘, kıyas kurgusunun temeline yöneltilen bir itiraz türü olduğundan usûlcüler tarafından illete yöneltilen kuvvetli itiraz türlerinden biri olarak kabul edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte bu itiraz türünün hangi illete yöneltilebileceği hususu İslâm hukukçuları arasında tartışılmıştır. Hanefîler fesâdü’l-vaz‘ı sahih bir itiraz yöntemi olarak kabul ederler ancak bununla müessir illete itirazda bulunulamayacağını düşünürler. Zira Hanefîler’e göre müessir vasfın doğruluğu Kitap, sünnet ve icmâ ile ortaya konulmuştur. Bu delillerin fasit vasıf üreteceği düşünülemez. Şâfiîler’e göre ise fesâdü’l-vaz‘ ile her türlü illete ve hükme itiraz edilebilir. Hatta bazı Şâfiî hukukçuları, bu yöntemin kıyasa mahsus olmayan genel bir itiraz türü olduğunu düşünmektedirler. Mezheplerin hem kıyasın şartlarına hem de fesâdü’l-vaz’ın mahiyetine yükledikleri bu farklı yorumlardan dolayı fürû meselelerde farklı sonuçlar ortaya çıkabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada İslâm hukuk usûlünde kıyas işlemine yöneltilen bir itiraz türü olarak fesâdü’l-vaz‘ incelenmiş ve mukayeseli fürû örnekler tespit edilerek fesâdü’l-vaz‘ın mahiyeti ortaya çıkarılmaya çalışılmıştır. Böylelikle, İslâm’da hukuk mantığında önemli bir yere sahip olan ve kıyas adı altında toplanması mümkün olan hukukî akıl yürütme yöntemlerinin çeşitliliğinin tespit ve tahlil edilmesi hedeflenmiştir. (shrink)

In this study, we try to introduce the intellectual and literary personality of Temmâm Hassân and his place and importance in the modern Arabic literature, his works and translations, who was among the eminent personages of XX. century and an investigator, critic, translator and linguist. He was a prolific scholar, supplying a new countenance to the modern Arabic language in his nearly centennial life period.

Bu çalışmada, Heidegger’de teknik ontolojinin kuruluşunun incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Heidegger, “Varlık nedir?” sorusunun cevabını özellikle teknik kavramı üzerinden tartışır. Ona göre Aristoteles’ten zamanına kadar teknik kavramının gerçek anlamı unutulmuştur. Bunun üzerine Heidegger, felsefesinin ikinci döneminde teknik meselesine odaklanır. Onda teknik, insanın bilimler sayesinde elde edilen verilerden hareketle çeşitli araç ve gereçler üretmesi değildir, aksine Varlığın gizini-açmasıdır, varolanı görünüşe çıkarmasıdır. Antik tekniğin aksine modern teknik Varlığın gizini-açamamakta ya Varlığın üstünü örtmekte ya da insan ile Varlık arasını perdelemektedir. Heidegger, gizini-açmayı hakikat diye ifade (...) eder. Onda tekniğin; yerine koyma, ikamet etme, düzenleme, depolama, çerçeveleme ve dönemeç olmak üzere altı karakteri vardır. Heidegger’de Varlığın açığa-çıkma tarzı çerçevelemedir. Ama aynı zamanda çerçeveleme, insan eliyle Varlığa saldıran, ona meydan okuyan bir yapıya ve söyleme sahiptir. Çerçevelemenin neden olduğu olumsuz durum ise ancak düşünme sayesinde aniden gerçekleşen dönüş ile ortadan kaldırılabilir. Çünkü Varlık ile insan birbirine aittir. Böylece Heidegger’de teknik, Varlığın gizini-açmasının bir tarzıdır, teknik ontoloji ise Varlığın özünün teknik kavramından hareketle aydınlığa çıkarıldığı özel bir felsefedir. (shrink)

Nowadays, some of the things that are ḥarāmto be consumed, such as lard, its derivatives and alcohol are used as additives or additional nutrients in products, namely food and cosmetics that people use widely in daily life. The provision of these products, which are accepted as najis(impure), stands in front of us as one of the actual fiqh problems. In order to produce an accurate solution in this regard, the reaction condition and the level of dissolution in the product must (...) be determined. In this article, the level of mutanajjis (contamination) of the products that najisthings transforms through istihlāk(physical change) and the provision (hukm) of benefits from such things are examined. The research covers the discussions in the classical period regarding the provision of things, which included najāsah(impurity) and underwent physical change as well as the evaluations of contemporary Islamic jurists. The aim of this study is to contribute to the researches, which will be carried out to determine the provision of products containing ḥarāmelements. As the production is carried out on an industrial scale, such studies are important today in terms of the establishment of “ḥalāl” sensitivity and meeting the needs of people who have this sensitivity to learn the provision of such products.SummaryNowadays, in various sectors, especially food, feed, cosmetics, health and clothing industries, for the purposes of reducing the cost of the product, extending the shelf life, making the product more attractive in terms of color, consistency and aroma, many substances are added to the main material. The fact that some of the substances added are ḥarām(forbidden) such as blood, lard, pest, and ethyl alcohol require the subject to be considered in terms of fiqh. It is important to clarify two issues in order to reach a healthy result in the studies aiming to determine the provision (ḥukm) of the products that are mixed with najis(impure) substance. One of them is the determination of the level of istihlāk(physical change) in the mutanajjis(contamination) things. The second is the determination of the basic principles to be used in determining the provision of the things which najāsahhas undergone the physical change in. In this study conducted within the scope of this purpose and method, the hadīthsrelated to two different issues that are directly related to the subject have been evaluated as the basic textual basis. These are narrations about the cleanliness and pollution status of the contaminated water, and about the availability of fats and oils, which the dead mouse is seen in. It is stated in the narrations about the condition of the water that najāsah involved in, the water will not be najisunless its smell, taste or color changes because of the falling najāsahin it. According to this hadith, which shows the change of description as a measure, the fuqahāʾ(jurists) came to a consensus on the fact that water, which one of its characteristics changed because of najāsahwould be considered mutanajjis. When thishadithis evaluated together with the narrations that indicate the small amount of water is contaminated because of najāsah, in fact, it is seen that while the water is considered to be clean-najis, the situation of the water being affected from najāsahis taken as the basis and aimed to protect human health against the dirty water. At the time when there were not any one of today's microbiological analysis laboratories, the way to understand the pollution status of water was to see if the smell, color and taste of the water changed while taking the amount of the water into account. Since the rate of foreign matter in the water, the level of pollution and the health status of the water can be determined correctly in the laboratory today, operating the modern techniques as well as the measure of qualification change will be appropriate for the purpose of the hadīthsmentioned.In the narrations about the state of the fat, which the dead mouse is found in, it is seen that different operations are requested depending on the fat being solid or liquid. If the fat is liquid, different instructions have been made such as its being poured or used in lighting. Mālikīs, Shāfiʿīs, and Ḥanbalīfaqīhs (jurists) of the first period have ruled that liquids such as vinegar, milk and honey are mutanajjis, whether they are in little quantity or not, and whether their descriptions are changed or not, claiming that the amount of oil and the degree of impact on the dirt is not declared in the hadīths. The Ḥanafīs adopted the provision in the narrations mentioned pointing to a small amount of liquid oil and considered the measure of description change for a large amount of liquid valid. Ẓāhirīs, Ibn Taymiyyah and some of the faqīhsargued that the liquids which one cannot feel the color, taste or smell of the najāsahin are clean, regardless of the amount.These three approaches are open to criticism because the first is limited only to the literal meaning in the narrations and neglects the aims, and the second ignored the non-water fluids’ ability to hide the descriptions of the substance added to them, and the third evaluates the mustahlak substance (that has undergone a physical change) as if it had been istiḥālah(chemically changed). When the narrations related to the subject are examined, it is understood that while the usage of the liquid fat which the dead mouse was seen in as the food was prohibited, in fact, it was based on the foresight that all of the fat is affected by the mouse. It appears to have been ruled out that only the part polluted is the part affected by thenajāsahfor the fact that after the removal of the mouse and the environment from the solid oil exposed to the same contamination, the rest is allowed to be eaten. According to this, it is possible to say that the measure of mutanajjisin the things that affected by najāsahis in the degree of spreading of najāsah.Nowadays it is possible to determine the presence of najisthings in the main material, which is used as additive or addition, by the level of effect of these substances in the product, as well as by the assays. If the najissubstances used for purposes such as brightness, taste, consistency and extending shelf life, perform the expected functions, it means that they protect their presence in the product effectively. In fact, it should be acknowledged that these substances continue to exist effectively in the product, if they perform the targeted function without any chemical change, even the ratio in the product is low or the color, taste and odor are eliminated during the mixture.The faqīhswhile differed in opinion about the mutanajjisof things that the najāsahhad undergone physical changes in, they, in concert, considered the substances, which were not cleaned or could not be cleansed from which that they accept as mutanajjisby their own measurements, khabīs(disgusting), and have accepted the people’s eating of them as ḥarām. Likewise, they did not allow such things to be used in any way touching the body, clothing and containers. They have evaluated the narrations, which requires the spilth the fat that the dead mouse was seen in, as the main basis in this issue. On the other hand, about the use of the mutanajjisthings outside the human consumption area and in such a way that the clothes and body would not be contaminated; the majority of thefaqīhs preferred the mubāḥ provision. They have put forth the narrations as the basis that recommends the usage of the liquid oil in which the mouse was fallen in lighting. These approaches of the fuqahāʾabout the effect of the istihlākon the provision of making use of the things that affected by najāsahare of worth as the basic principles on the subject. It is possible to say that it is not permissible to consume food products containing lard or pork gelatin, and the chicken that has been torn apart while being left in hot water in order to pluck its feathers, and the egg which becomes mutanajjisfor it is boiled up with thenajāsahon, and the using of cosmetic products containing lard when today’s industrial products are evaluated in accordance with these principles. If taken the general opinion that defends that the ethyl alcohol is najis as the basis, the carbonated soft drinks, which are added to alcohol, can also be evaluated in this context. (shrink)

In the new era, it is almost impossible to imagine a modern person without the information and communication technologies that fill his life. These technologies permeate all areas of activity, and education is no exception. Despite the huge number of research papers distributed on Twitter integrated into the fields of Education, there is a deficiency and lack of content analysis research papers. Thus, the search was conducted on the three major databases such as Web of Science, Scopus and the EBSCO (...) with the keywords selected as “Twitter in Education”, the study thus was based on content analysis. All studies published on Web of Science, Scopus and the EBSCO were statistically analyzed according to the frequencies and percentages. The distribution of the studies was analyzed regarding the publication years, document type, subject areas, organizations, authors, languages, countries/territories, and the research methods. The findings of this study reveal the importance of Twitter in Education, especially in medicine, social sciences and computer sciences. The findings of this study also highlighted the considerable growth of popularity over the years. (shrink)

Technology advancement provide more effective and efficient ways for the people to perform individual and or collective roles and execution of responsibilities, and this has also resulted to tenacious upsurge in peoples' dependence on technology. As the right for people with disabilities increases, the need to cater for their educational right like every other learner brought about the quest to provide for AT that can best serve those special students. Application of AT can help students with one or more deficiencies, (...) aid information collection process and increase learning motivation. The aim of this study is to conduct content analysis of studies on AT in education and the research sample consist of research publications on AT in education published on Scopus between 2018-2022. Content analysis was conducted on the research publications related to the research and the data gotten were evaluated through descriptive statistical methods with the intention that research findings will add to the body of literature and create more quest for research interest on AT in education. The findings indicated that, more studies were conducted in the year 2021 compared to others, qualitative research method was applied more in those studies, followed by quantitative and mixed methods, the larger percentage of the studies under review were conducted under special education, and the greater part of co-authorship were local collaboration. (shrink)