Discipleship is a responsibility of the Church. It is an outlet in which the regeneration of Church leadership to the younger generation is conducted. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, discipleship and mentoring of youth leaders, especially key persons of GKII (Gereja Kemah Injil Indonesia) youth were provided by means of in-person activities. During the pandemic, digital media has been utilised for various church activities, including mentoring these key persons. Hence, this research intends to explore: (1) the method by which key persons (...) practise digital discipleship and (2) the benefits of digital media in youth discipleship to facilitate faith growth. This research is a qualitative research. Data were collected by means of interviews and observations on several key persons’ digital media accounts. The research shows that social media significantly benefits the discipleship process. It was found that digital discipleship was quite often carried out during the pandemic, especially in urban areas, with WhatsApp and Zoom meetings as its two primary means. However, it slightly declined along with the lifting of social gathering restrictions. The main themes explored in the mentoring sessions were discipleship, soteriology, spiritual life, motivational and digital media materials, and youth ministry in the digital era. The discipleship practice used was the NM-SM (Nurtured, Matured, Served, Mission) pattern.Contribution: The results of this research contribute to the development of knowledge, especially in the field of youth discipleship, and digital media-based discipleship. This research also shows that digital media has become an effective theological space during the pandemic and post-pandemic periods. (shrink)

This research aims to analyze the relationship between tourism geography and the role of Airport Representatives with transferability skills on foreign tourists' satisfaction in handling airport arrivals and departures. The methodology used is a mixed method which includes interviews, observations, and questionnaires to collect data, as well as path analysis to test the relationship between variables. The results of the analysis show that the "Geography of Tourism" variable shows an f square value of 0.609, which shows a very large or (...) very significant effect on the "Tourist Satisfaction" variable. This shows that tourism geography has a strong influence on tourist satisfaction. Airport Representative service quality has a significant effect on tourist satisfaction with an original sample value of 0.772 and a T-statistic of 35.927, and transferability skills contribute with an original sample value of 0.521 and a T-statistic of 14.661. The conclusion of this research confirms that improving communication skills and handling emergency situations by Airport Representatives can significantly increase tourist satisfaction. In addition, positive experiences at the airport have the potential to increase tourist loyalty. The implication of this research is the importance of investing in training and skills development for Airport Representatives to improve service quality in the tourism industry. (shrink)

Malang City has evolved into a prominent hub for students. Embracing this new role, it has become a sought-after destination for learners from outside Java who wish to pursue their education at local universities. The influx of international students brings a vibrant intercultural dynamic to the city, affecting both the local community and the students themselves. As these students undergo the adaptation process to integrate and thrive in their new environment, they often face challenges such as culture shock, which arises (...) from insufficient preparation and knowledge about their new surroundings. Culture shock can be minimized in the process of student adaptation by the application of intercultural communication, which can bridge the constraints of understanding in society. This research aims to examine the impact of intercultural communication on the adaptation process of Hindu students in Malang City, focusing on how it can reduce the incidence of culture shock. Employing a qualitative-interpretative approach, the research gathers data through comprehensive and interactive interviews based on the informants' personal experiences. Informants are selected using purposive sampling, and data is analyzed using the Miles and Huberman framework, which involves data collection, reduction, and interpretation. The outcomes highlight that culture shock among Hindu students in Malang City is influenced by internal factors, including personal abilities, insufficient factual information, and experiences in intercultural social interactions. While external factors include language, food, customs, and climate. The phases of culture shock development in the adaptation process include the optimistic phase, cultural phase, recovery phase, and adjustment phase. The duration for students to transition from experiencing culture shock to achieving adaptation ranges from one month to a year. Effective intercultural communication plays a crucial role in this adaptation process, helping to reduce the impact of culture shock by facilitating stages of convergence, divergence, and maintenance. (shrink)

Theory and analysis of semantics of Indonesian language.

The specific objectives of the study were 1) To create a “ke-kame-tu” formula (15-60-25), 2) To create nuggets as a PMT product based on the ke-kame-tu formula, 3) To analyze the proximate content, amino acids, zinc, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium of PMT products, 4) To determine the preferred PMT product based on the acceptance test by toddlers. The making of the “ke-kame-tu” formula (15-60-25) used a randomized block design (RAK) with one treatment and three replications. The PMT product was made (...) using the ke-kame-tu formula (15-60-25) and the acceptability test used 30 toddler panelists. Analysis of protein, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium (HPLC/AAS and spectrophotometry). To determine the acceptability of the PMT product, a limit of ≥50% of toddlers stated that they liked it was used. Nuggets made using a modified recipe with the addition of 100 grams of ke-kame-tu formula. The results of the protein analysis were 16.60%, calcium 0.07 mg%, phosphorus 0.15 mg%, magnesium 0.02 mg%, zinc 1.95 mg%. If toddlers consume 100 grams of this nugget, it will be able to meet the nutritional needs, especially protein for toddlers aged 6-11 months by 110.6%, 1-3 years by 83% and 4-6 years by 66.4%. The results of the trial on toddler panelists showed that all toddlers liked the nuggets served. If we looked at carefully at the protein content of this nugget with complete essential amino acid content, it is very possible to substitute the fulfillment of toddler protein requirements. Consumption of toddler protein according to needs will achieve optimal nutritional status, in other words, the problem of stunting can be prevented and dealt with. (shrink)

This article investigates the semiotic strategies employed in Indonesian presidential campaign posters, utilizing semiotics as a powerful tool to decode symbols and signs in political communication. The study focuses on the verbal and visual aspects of the posters, aiming to uncover their intended meaning, myth, and ideologies. Through a comprehensive analysis of the visual elements, symbols, and textual cues, the research examines the semiotic strategies employed to convey messages and influence voter perceptions. Drawing on theoretical frameworks of semiotics and political (...) communication, the findings reveal how subtle visual and textual choices shape the interpretation and reception of political messages. The implications extend beyond this specific campaign, offering valuable insights for future electoral discourse and visual communication strategies. Understanding the semiotic strategies in political campaigning enhances our comprehension of the complex dynamics of political communication, facilitating a more nuanced understanding of how political messages are constructed and perceived. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the role of semiotics in political communication and provides a foundation for further research in the field. (shrink)

The paper is devoted to the problem of formal representation of prescriptive obligation, i.e., the obligation concerning the way in which an action is to be performed. Improper representation of prescriptive obligation leads to Forrester's Paradox. In the paper I first present a new version of Forrester's Paradox that generalizes the observation on which the original version is based. Then I challenge the two existing solutions to the paradox. I reject the solution of H.-N. Castañeda and analyze problems to which (...) the solution of W. Sinnott-Armstrong leads. I conclude the paper with a proposal for how to improve Sinnott-Armstrong's solution. (shrink)

This chapter leaves the ‘safe’ world of philosophical speculation and turns to the dangerous world of economic prediction. It outlines the economic reasons for believing that, in the very long term—i.e. abstracting from cyclical or other transitory fluctuations in economic activity—future generations will be incomparably richer than people today. Reasons are also given for believing that there will be no significant obstacles to future growth on account of popularly feared environmental developments, such as running out of ‘finite’ resources, or climate (...) change. (shrink)

Background: The feeding modalities used in school meal programs—such as breakfast, lunch, dinner, snacks, and take-home rations—are influenced by various factors, including supply chain constraints and technical challenges in food distribution. The methods of supply sourcing, whether through domestic or foreign food reserves via in-kind donations or purchases, play a critical role in shaping the feeding options provided. Aim: This study aims to examine the association between supply-sourcing strategies, i.e., domestic and foreign in-kind donations and national-international purchases, with the feeding (...) modalities applied in school meal programs. Methods: The Bayesian Mindsponge Framework, combining the reasoning strengths of Mindsponge Theory and inference advantages of Bayesian analysis, was employed on a dataset of government representatives who manage large-scale school meal programs across 126 countries. Results: The findings revealed that sourcing supplies through in-kind donations from neighboring or distant countries showed a highly reliable negative association with the feeding modalities of school meal programs, while those from the national bodies showed an ambiguous relationship. The purchasing methods—whether domestic or foreign—tended to exhibit positive associations with feeding modalities, though these associations were only weakly reliable. Conclusions: The findings reveal substantial rooms to improve the effectiveness of supply purchasing strategies in enhancing school meal program feeding modalities. Further research is needed to examine the impact of sourcing supplies through domestic in-kind donations on feeding outcomes. Additionally, developing strategic plans to optimize the use of in-kind donations from international organizations is strongly recommended to avoid its negative consequences and further enhance program effectiveness. (shrink)

Na početku članka autor se bavi najnovijim radovima Petera Sloterdijka i Ulricha Becka, koji pokušavaju ocrtati kozmopolitsku kulturu i civilizaciju mira i tolerancije, pa i sudjelovanja, koja bi bila primjerena sadašnjoj situaciji. Autor upozorava na određene poteškoće, ograničenja ili manjkavosti njihovih pogleda i prijedloga i okreće se, u traženju odgovora o značaju i vrijednosti vjere za moderan svijet, radu Renéa Girarda. Njegov značaj ilustrira na primjeru problema faktičkog ostvarivanja ljudskih prava. Članak završava zagovorom solidarnog personalizma i obradom značaja vjere i (...) religije u njegovom ostvarivanju s jedne strane, ali i, u njegovom svjetlu, doprinosom odgovoru na pitanje o pravoj vjeri i religiji .At the beginning of the article the author considers recent works of Peter Sloterdijk and Ulrich Beck who want to outline the cosmopolitan culture and civilization of peace and tolerance, and also of cooperation which would be suitable for the present situation. The author points to certain problems, limitations and deficiency of their views and suggestions. He turns, in his searching for the answer about the meaning and value of faith for the modern world, to the work of René Girard, and illustrates his importance through the consideration of the problem of the factual implementation of human rights. The article ends with the defense of solidary personalism and with the consideration of the meaning of faith and religion for its realization on the one hand, and with a contribution to the answer about the proper faith and religion at present times on the other. (shrink)

Concerning the differences between Ernst Cassirer and Martin Heidegger with reference to Descartes one must point out their different ideological-historical and phenomenological approach on the one hand and on the other hand their diverging understanding of history, science and subjectivity. Cassirer and Heidegger agree that Cartesian thought is fundamental to both the contemporary understanding of the self in which man features as an autonomous subject and the contemporary understanding of reality in which being is analysed with the help of modern (...) science. Nevertheless, differences are manifest in the diverging representation of the new image of man and the world. While Heidegger in the revolt of man as subject seeks to get at the root of the existing dominant power relations and the implicit scientific discourse that ultimately excludes from that scope all that cannot be mathematically verified, Cassirer emphasises the nurturing of individuality and autonomy of the human mind. In man‘s successive self-liberation he sees the fundamental principle of anthropological ideal. From Descartes onward, and in particular from the Age of Enlightenment, man has been considered as an end in himself; he may maturely decide on his action, but he must also assume responsibility for it. According to Cassirer, these epistemological and ethical principles constitute the real foundation of our culture. According to him, modern-day progress does not necessarily flow into dominating subjectivism, since responsibility for the wrongful developments of the 20th century does not lie with the inherited models of man and reality, but rather with the disregard of the modern principles such as individuality, freedom and rationality.Anhand der unterschiedlichen Bezugnahmen Ernst Cassirers und Martin Heideggers auf Descartes sollen einerseits die Differenzen zwischen einem ideengeschichtlichen und einem phänomenologischen Zugang und andererseits ein divergierendes Verständnis von Geschichte, Wissenschaft und Subjektivität aufgezeigt werden. Cassirer und Heidegger stimmen darin überein, dass das cartesianische Denken sowohl für unser heutiges Selbstverständnis, in dem der Mensch als autonomes Subjekt fungiert, als auch für die gegenwärtige Wirklichkeitsauffassung, in der das Seiende mittels der modernen Naturwissenschaften analysiert wird, grundlegend wirkte. Die Unterschiede manifestieren sich jedoch in den voneinander abweichenden Auslegungen dieses neuen Menschenund Weltbildes. Während Heidegger im Aufstand des Menschen als Subjekt die Wurzel für die bestehenden Herrschaftsverhältnisse und den darin implizierten Wissenschaftsdiskurs, der letztlich alles mathematisch nicht Verifizierbare aus diesem Bereich ausschließt, festzumachen sucht, legt Cassirer den Akzent auf die Ausbildung der Individualität und Autonomie menschlicher Vernunft. In der sukzessiven Selbstbefreiung des Subjekts erblickt er das Grundprinzip der anthropologischen Ideale. Seit Descartes und insbesondere seit der Aufklärung gilt der Mensch als Selbstzweck, der mündig über sein Tun bestimmen kann, aber für dieses auch Verantwortung übernehmen muss. Diese epistemologischen und ethischen Grundsätze bilden für Cassirer das eigentliche Fundament unserer Kultur. Für ihn mündet der moderne Fortschritt nicht zwangsläufig in einen herrschaftlichen Subjektivismus, denn für die Fehlentwicklungen im 20. Jahrhundert sind nicht die überkommenen Modelle von Mensch und Wirklichkeit zur Verantwortung zu ziehen, sondern die Missachtung moderner Grundsätze wie Individualität, Freiheit und Rationalität.Temeljem različitih pozivanja Ernsta Cassirera i Martina Heideggera na Descartesa treba ukazati s jedne strane na razlike između idejno-povijesnog i fenomenološkog pristupa a s druge na divergentno razumijevanje povijesti, znanosti i subjektiviteta. Cassirer i Heidegger suglasni su da je kartezijansko mišljenje temeljno za naše današnje samorazumijevanje, u kojemu čovjek fungira kao autonomni subjekt, jednako kao i sadašnje shvaćanje stvarnosti, u kojem se biće analizira pomoću modernih prirodnih znanosti. Ipak, razlike se manifestiraju u izlaganjima te nove slike čovjeka i svijeta, koja odstupaju jedna od drugih. Dok Heidegger u uspostavljanju čovjeka kao subjekta pokušava ustvrditi korijen postojećih odnosa moći i implicitni znanstveni diskurs, koji naposljetku iz tog područja isključuje sve što se ne može matematički verificirati, Cassirer polaže akcent na izobrazbu individualnosti i autonomije ljudskoga uma. U sukcesivnom samooslobođenju čovjeka uočava on temeljni princip antropološkog ideala. Od Descartesa, a poglavito od prosvjetiteljstva, čovjeka se smatra samosvrhom; on može zrelo određivati svoje djelovanje, no mora na sebe preuzeti i odgovornost za njega. Ta epistemološka i etička načela tvore za Cassirera pravi fundament naše kulture. Za njega se moderni napredak ne ulijeva neizbježno u vladajući subjektivizam, budući da za pogrešan razvoj u 20. st. nisu odgovorni naslijeđeni modeli čovjeka i stvarnosti, nego prezir modernih načela poput individualnosti, slobode i racionalnosti. (shrink)

The paper examines the Corona crisis from an ethical-philosophical point of view for the purpose of providing orientation, referring in particular to Aristotle and Kant. Granted, they are not virologists, they are not members of any ethics council, they do not make profits from payments by institutions close to the pharmaceutical industry, and any state institution does not pay them either. Neither of them is suspected of telling anyone what one wants to hear. However, they both provide views that can (...) help us better understand the situation today and work out solutions for the future. By referring to them, philosophy can also fulfil its task of analysing contemporary issues on fundamental questions of humanity and our communal life. First, I will ask: (1) where do we stand? I will shed light on seven aspects without claiming to be exhaustive. This is followed by (2) the question of how we got into the current situation. Finally, (3) the question of what lessons we should learn will be discussed in seven steps. (shrink)

Fihteova teorija drzave, koja cini integralni deo njegove prakticke filozofije, izgradjena je na kljucnim postavkama njegove metafizike. Stoga, osvetljavanje ovog problema u Fihteovoj poznoj filozofiji treba da podseti s jedne strane na jedan reprezentativan metafizicki projekat drzave velike spekulativne snage, a s druge strane na jedan nacin misljenja o drzavi koji se danas smatra anahronim, nenaucnim, prevazidjenim, te stoga vrednim da bude pominjan kao "negativan primer". Iako pomenute kvalifikacije ne treba sasvim odbaciti ili ih pak, unapred dovesti u pitanje, ipak (...) vracanje Fihteovoj poznoj metafizici drzave ne moze ni u nasem vremenu biti filozofski neproduktivno. Ono danas moze biti od sustinske pomoci svakome ko jos nije pregazen pohodom scjentisticke politologije, svakome ciji je saznajni interes jos uvek dovoljno otvoren za izrazito filozofsko razmatranje drzave, svakome ko zeli da filozofski obogati ili izostri pogled na drzavu. Iako je Fihteova teorija drzave jedinstvena i koherentna, ona je, narocito u svojoj poslednjoj fazi dozivela znacajan preobrazaj. Taj preobrazaj je bio toliko vidljiv da se drzava i u terminoloskom smislu pomera u pozadinu. U Fihteovoj poznoj filozofiji kljucna rec nije vise drzava, vec "carstvo slobode". O drzavi se sada govori, takoreci, intencionalno, svagda s pogledom na to carstvo, na mogucnost i izglede njegovog uspostavljanja. Bez obzira sto je ovaj terminoloski i saznajni primat carstva slobode potisnuo drzavu u drugi plan, on joj, ipak, nije porekao svaki znacaj. Naprotiv. Na putu ka carstvu slobode drzava za Fihtea predstavlja vaznu tacku razvoja preko koje se mora proci. Bas u toj njenoj prolaznosti lezi njena nezaobilaznost. (shrink)

Etičko obrazovanje, kao vrsta filozofskog obrazovanja, danas postaje sve aktualnije. Nastava filozofije nije samo razvoj duha nego i put ka samosvijesti i svijesti o ljudskoj dužnosti. Etičke spoznaje i osjećaji osnova su za ljudski, moralni i intelektualni razvoj ličnosti. Mlada ličnost se u susretu s etičkom problematikom i sadržajima uklapa u realnost svijeta kao ljudsko djelo. Kroz etiku ona uspijeva spoznati da je ličnost kontinuitet, ali i progres; da je ličnost dio svoje male zajednice, ali i sastavnica cjeline svijeta. Etičko (...) obrazovanje zanima se za to kako čovjek postaje etička ličnost, jedinka koja slobodno sudi, gradi i razvija moral; što je sadržaj moralne izgradnje ličnosti te koji su stadiji kroz koje ličnost prolazi na tom složenom putu samoizgradnje, od nesvjesnog bića ka biću koje svjesno gradi dobar svijet, ispravne etičke vrijednosti i moralne principe. Dakle, zadatak nije samo stvaranje moralne ličnosti kao jedinke koja »provodi« moral nego je zadatak stvoriti i etički subjekt, tj. ličnost koja slobodno i odgovorno razmišlja i sudi, koja gradi i razvija moral te nove moralne norme. Iz tog je razloga nužno uvođenje kolegija etičkoga obrazovanja u nastavu na sve tri obrazovne razine. Nowadays, the ethics education, as a type of philosophical education, is becoming increasingly important. Philosophical education concerns itself with the development of spirit, and with both the development of self-awareness and the awareness of our duties. Ethical insights and feelings are basis for human moral and intellectual growth. Young person becomes a part of the reality of the world through her encounter with ethical issues and contents. Ethics helps in gaining knowledge on the continuity of the concept of person, as well as awareness of its progressive nature. Ethics also aids in realization that person is a part of a particular community but that s/he also participates in human community in general. Ethics education is interested in questions like: how a man becomes an ethical personality, an individual with the freedom of thinking, judging, and acting morally; what is the content of the moral development and what are the stages of that complex process of self-growth from the unreflected being towards the being who consciously deals with ethics values and moral principles. The aim of ethics education is not only the creation of a moral person who merely acts on moral principles, but who is also an ethical subject, i.e. who thinks and acts freely and responsibly, builds and develops moral and creates new moral norms. Thus it is necessary to introduce ethics education in the curricula on all levels of education. (shrink)

Clanak je proistekao iz studije koja je izvedena u okviru Grupe za materijalisticka istrazivanja, i za cilj ima kritiku neokolonijalne ideoloske matrice koja stoji iza slavnog i kontroverznog govora koji je Nikola Sarkozi odrzao u Dakaru 2007. Stavovi bivseg predsednika Republike Francuske odmah su povezani sa kolonijalnim stereotipima pozvao na ponovno ispitivanje ove stranice istorije. Taj poziv nije toliko upucen francuskoj desnici koliko francuskim i zapadnim elitama uopste. Iako priznaje da je veliki deo africkih politicara ucestvovao u stvaranju haosa na (...) svom kontinentu, u njegovom rasparcavanju i u ratovima koji ga unistavaju, on zeli da se Sarkozijevom govoru suprotstavi recima trojice najznacajnijih predstavnika panafrikanizma: Kvamea Nkrumaha, Patrisa Lumumbe i Tomasa Sankara. Ova tri politicara cvrsto su se suprotstavili neokolonijalnim ekonomskim interesima koji stoje na putu istinske africke nezavisnosti. Povrh toga, treba istaci da su zaboravljanje i potiskivanje patnji koje je donela kolonizacija, a sto je na delu u zapadnim zemljama, znak da je vecina njihovih stanovnistava prihvata stanje stvari u Africi kao nesto sto je na neki nacin prirodno. To precutno prihvatanje predstavlja osnovni uslov svakodnevne reprodukcije pacifikatorskog diskursa nadmocnog zapada. Africke nevolje, otud, svoj uzrok nemaju toliko u stavu africkog coveka, koliko u sistemu ekonomske i ideoloske dominacije koji osiguravaju medjunarodne ustanove poput Ujedinjenih nacija, Svetske banke ili MMF-a. (shrink)

Aesthetics is a crucial ecosystem service provided by biodiversity, which is believed to help improve humans’ quality of life and is linked to environmental consciousness and pro-environmental behaviors. However, how aesthetic experience induced by plants/animals influences the belief in the occurrence and significance of biodiversity loss among urban residents remains understudied. Thus, the current study aimed to examine how the diversity of pets and in-house plants affect urban residents’ belief in biodiversity loss in different scenarios of aesthetic experiences (positive and (...) negative aesthetic experiences at home due to plants/animals). Using the Bayesian Mindsponge Framework (BMF) analytics on a dataset of 535 Vietnamese urban residents, we found that the people’s aesthetic feeling about their house induced by plants/animals is positively associated with their belief in the occurrence and significance of biodiversity loss. The diversity of plants and pets is also positively associated with the level of biodiversity loss belief, but the effect is conditional on the aesthetic experience of the urban residents. Specifically, the positive association between species diversity and the belief only appears when urban residents feel that their houses’ aesthetics are negatively affected by plants/animals. Moreover, the association between pet diversity and biodiversity loss belief is less significant and reliable than that of plant diversity. These findings suggest that raising the houses’ aesthetics through in-house planting or pet ownership can potentially enhance biodiversity loss belief and subsequently build an eco-surplus culture among urban residents. (shrink)

Der Text erforscht den Ursprung und die Geschichte der "Fundamentierung" des Kriegs und seiner "?bertragung" in Frieden auf dem Weg der Gewalt. In einer Analyse des bekannten Syntagmas "Gleiches mit Gleichem vergelten" in einigen Schl?sseltexten, die versuchen, den Frieden zu "institutionalisieren", sucht der Autor nach einer anderen Relation zur Gewalt. Die Interpretation von Jehuda Halevis Gedicht Feindesliebe in der?bersetzung von Franz Rosenzweig ist der wichtigste Orientierungspunkt auf dem Weg zu einem neuen und anderen Frieden.. Tekst istrazuje poreklo i istorije "utemeljenja" (...) i "prevodjenja" rata u mir putem nasilja. Analizom poznate sintagme "vratiti milo za drago" unutar nekoliko kljucnih tekstova koji pokusavaju da "institucionalizuju" mir, autor pokusava da pronadje mogucnost jednog drugacijeg odnosa prema nasilju. Interpretacija pesme Jehude Halevija "Ljubav prema neprijatelju" u prevodu Franza Rosenzweiga treba da bude osnovni orijentir na putu ka novom i drugacijem miru. (shrink)

Food security is one of the major concerns in the Philippines. Although livestock and poultry production accounts for a significant proportion of the country’s agricultural output, smallholder households are still vulnerable to food insecurity. The current study aims to examine how livestock production and selling difficulties affect smallholder households’ food-insecure conditions. For this objective, Bayesian Mindsponge Framework (BMF) analytics was employed on a dataset of the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Data in Emergencies Monitoring (DIEM) system. We found that production and (...) selling difficulties significantly adversely affect food insecurity in the Philippines. However, their effects vary according to the severity of food insecurity. In particular, production and selling difficulties affect the households’ likelihood of eating less healthy and nutritious food equally. However, the production difficulties have more negligible impacts on the possibility of skipping meals and even ambiguous impacts on the likelihood of not eating for a whole day compared to the effects of selling difficulties. Moreover, we also found that the market plays a crucial role in facilitating not only livestock trading but also livestock production (e.g., purchase of feed and medicines). Based on these findings, we suggest that the livestock market needs to be expanded and regulated to maintain the balancing prices between livestock products and products and services used for livestock production, and facilitate the product-exchanging mechanism. (shrink)

U ovom prilogu promišljanju se konzekvencije različitih shvaćanja ideje jednakosti na području teorijâ demokracije i posebice političke prakse. Tek se diferenciranjem ključnih pojmova mogu nadmašiti one lažne alternative koje proizlaze iz nerazjašnjena korištenja odnosnih pojmova i ideja, te onemogućiti njihovu preobrazbu u prazne riječi. Odatle je moguće i postavljanje pitanja o trećem putu koji bi bio u stanju ukloniti lažnu alternativu između totalitarna egalitarizma i razorna neoliberalizma.In diesem Beitrag werden die Konsequenzen differenzierter Auffassungen der Idee des Gleichheits auf den (...) Bereiche der Demokratietheorien und besonders der politischer Praxis nachgedacht. Nur durch die Differenzierung der Schlüsselbegriffe könnte man diejenige falsche Alternativen aufheben, die aus dem unaufgeklärten Gebrauch bezüglicher Begriffe und Ideen folgen, und ihre Umgestaltung in die gehaltlose Wörter vermeiden. Dadurch wird möglich auch die Frage um die Möglichkeit eines dritten Wegs stellen, der in der Lage wäre, die falsche Alternative zwischen totalitaristischen Egalitarismus und zerstörenden Neoliberalismus überzuwinden. (shrink)

Novovjekovni ideal demokracije temelji se na apstraktnog kategoriji humaniteta, koja svoje uporište nalazi u univerzalnim vrijednostima i jednakosti ljudi kao nositelja tih vrijednosti. Prepoznatljivo obilježje takve apstraktne osobe je vezana uz racionalnost. Međutim, razumijevanje demokracije u modernosti, koje izjednačava pojedince apstrahirajući od svakog funkcionalnog/ povijesnog obilježja, predalo je svoju ulogu diskursima »razlike« i »identiteta«, što je postalo očitim naročito nakon atmosfere neizvjesnosti u 80-im godinama prošloga stoljeća. Stoga je glavna os suvremenih rasprava u političkoj filozofiji određena bipolarnošću partikularnosti i univerzalnosti. (...) S jedne strane osi nalazi se pojam univerzalnosti koji naglašava bivanje kao bivanje bestjelesnim i potpuno konceptualnim, no s druge strane se nalaze partikularizmi koji revitaliziraju ontologiju biti, koja njih same čini robovima partikularnog. U ovom radu nastojim otkriti vezu između univerzalnosti i partikularnosti na putu kritike ontologije biti. Problem s kojim se suočavam nije onaj odabira između univerzalnog i partikularnog, već je onaj prikazivanja neuništive međusobne veze između univerzalnog i partikularnog.The democracy ideal of the Modern Age is grounded on an abstract humanity category, which is based on universal values and on the equity of people who are bearer of these values. The distinctive characteristic of such an abstract person is related to rationality. However, the modernity’s understanding of democracy, which equalizes individuals through abstracting them from all of their functional/historical characteristics, left its role to the discourses of “differences” and “identity” and became obvious especially after the 1980s’ atmosphere of uncertainty. Therefore the main axis of the contemporary political philosophy debates is determined by a bipolarity of particularity and universality. On one side of the axis there is a concept of universality which emphasizes the being as being bodiless and totally conceptual, however on the other side there are particularisms that revitalize the ontology of essence which renders themselves a slave of the particular. In this study I aim to unfold the relationship between universality and particularity on the path of the critique of ontology of essence. The problem I handle here is not one of choosing between universal and particular, rather it is one of depicting the indestructible mutual connection between universal and particular.L’idéal démocratique de l’époque moderne est ancré sur une catégorie abstraite d’humanité qui trouve son fondement dans les valeurs universelles et dans l’égalité des hommes qui portent ces valeurs. Le caractère distinctif d’une telle personne abstraite est lié à la rationalité. Cependant, la compréhension moderne de la démocratie, qui égalise les individus en les extrayant de toute caractéristique fonctionnelle/historique, a laissé place aux discours de « différences » et d’ « identité », ce qui est devenu évident notamment après l’ambiance d’incertitude dans les années 80. Ainsi, l’axe principal des débats de philosophie politique contemporains est déterminé par la bipolarité de la particularité et de l’universalité. D’un côté de l’axe se trouve un concept d’universalité qui met l’accent sur l’être comme étant immatériel et complètement conceptuel, mais de l’autre côté se trouvent des particularismes qui revitalisent l’ontologie de l’essence qui les assujettit au particulier. Dans cette étude, je vise à découvrir le lien entre universalité et particularité sur la trace de la critique de l’ontologie de l’essence. Le problème dont je traite ici n’est pas celui de choisir entre l’universel et le particulier, mais plutôt de décrire la relation réciproque indestructible entre l’universel et le particulier.Das neuzeitliche Ideal der Demokratie gründet auf der abstrakten Kategorie der Humanität, die auf universalen Werten bzw. der Gleichrangigkeit der Menschen als diesbezügliche Werteträger aufbaut. Das Unterscheidungsmerkmal einer solchen abstrakten Person steht im Konnex mit der Rationalität. Das modernitätsbezogene Demokratieverständnis hingegen, welches die Individuen mittels deren Abstrahierung von sämtlichen funktionellen/geschichtlichen Charakteristika gleichstellt, übergab dessen Rolle den Diskursen der „Gegensätze“ bzw. der „Identität“ und wurde insbesondere augenfällig im Anschluss an die Atmosphäre der Ungewissheit der 1980er-Jahre. Dementsprechend wird die Hauptachse der zeitgenössischen Debatten in der politischen Philosophie durch Zweipoligkeit der Partikularität und Universalität determiniert. Auf der einen Seite der Achse ist der Universalitätsbegriff positioniert, der das Sein als körperlos und durchweg konzeptuell akzentuiert, während auf der gegenüberliegenden Seite Partikularismen ruhen, welche die Ontologie des Wesens neu beleben, die alsdann sie selbst zu Sklaven des Partikularen macht. In dieser Arbeit ziele ich darauf ab, das Verhältnis zwischen Universalität und Partikularität abzuhandeln, und zwar auf dem Wege der Kritik der Ontologie des Wesens. Das Problem, das ich hiermit behandle, figuriert nicht als jenes der Wahl zwischen Universalem und Partikularem, sondern vielmehr als jenes der Veranschaulichung des unverwüstlichen gegenseitigen Zusammenspiels zwischen Universalem und Partikularem. (shrink)

My aim is to prove that Hermann Cohen was not only a philosopher of dialogue but has played an exceedingly important role in the history of that current of thought. His books Ethics of Pure Will (1904) and Religion of Reason out of the Sources of Judaism (1919) offer a detailed analysis of the relationships between I and Thou, I and It, I and We. In the first book these relationships are considered from the ethical-legal point of view and in (...) the second from the viewpoint of religious anthropology. However, Cohen considers the problem of inter-personal relationships not in isolation, but as an important component of his entire philosophical system. Deduction of the concept of personality in Ethics of Pure Will is based on Cohen’s logic of the origin expounded in the first part of his system in The Logic of Pure Cognition. Cohen explains that the origin of the self-consciousness of I as a personality is not the external world, but another person, i.e. Thou. In turn, the partnership relationships between I and Thou create the community We which forms the basis of the law-governed state. The process of artistic creation in the framework of inter-personal relationship is explored in Aesthetics of Pure Feeling. Finally, Religion of Reason out of the Sources of Judaism formulates the conception of religion as the most complete realisation of inter-personal relationship. Thus, dialogism became an important dimension of Cohen’s entire philosophical system, a fact noted by Martin Buber. Franz Rosenzweig, in unfolding dialogical thinking, expressly appeals to all the elements of Cohen’s system. There are signs of his influence on Bakhtin’s doctrine. Thus, examining Cohen’s doctrine as part of the philosophy of dialogue gives insights into this entire trend as a coherent whole. (shrink)

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