This paper introduces the special issue on Logic and Religion of the journal Logica Universalis (Springer). The issue contains the following articles: Logic and Religion, by Jean-Yves Beziau and Ricardo Silvestre; Thinking Negation in Early Hinduism and Classical Indian Philosophy, by Purushottama Bilimoria; Karma Theory, Determinism, Fatalism and Freedom of Will, by Ricardo Sousa Silvestre; From Logic in Islam to Islamic Logic, by Musa Akrami; Leibniz’s Ontological Proof of the Existence of God and the Problem of Impossible Objects, (...) by Wolfgang Lenzen; A Logical Analysis of the Anselm’s Unum Argumentum (from Proslogion), by Jean-Pierre Desclés; Monotonic and Non-monotonic Embeddings of Anselm’s Proof, by Jacob Archambault; Computer-Assisted Analysis of the Anderson–Hájek Ontological Controversy, by C. Benzmüller, L. Weber and B. Woltzenlogel Paleo. (shrink)

"Christian philosophy" is commonly regarded as an oxymoron, philosophy being thought incompatible with the assumptions and conclusions required by religious faith. According to this way of thinking, philosophy and theology must forever remain distinct. In From Theology to Theological Thinking, Jean-Yves Lacoste takes a different approach. Stepping back from contemporary philosophical concerns, Lacoste--a leading figure in the philosophy of religion--looks at the relationship between philosophy and theology from the standpoint of the history of ideas. He notes in particular (...) that theology and philosophy were not considered separate realms until the high Middle Ages, this distinction being a hallmark of the modern era that is coming to an end. Lacoste argues that the intellectual task before us now is to work in the frontier region between or beyond these domains, work he identifies as "the task of thinking." With this argument, Lacoste resets our understanding of Western Christian thought, contending that a new way of thinking that is at once philosophical and theological will be the lasting discourse of Christianity. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Reviewed by:Heidegger and Dao: Things, Nothingness, Freedom by Eric S. NelsonJean-Yves Heurtebise (bio)Heidegger and Dao: Things, Nothingness, Freedom. Eric S. Nelson. London: Bloomsbury, 2024. Pp. viii + 256. Paper $103.50, ISBN 978-1-350411-90-6.On the Way: from Heidegger to Nagarjuna via Lao-ZhuangAfter having reviewed Eric S. Nelson’s 2017 Chinese and Buddhist Philosophy in Early Twentieth-Century German Thought (for the Journal of Chinese Philosophy) and his 2020 Daoism and Environmental Philosophy (...) (for Monde Chinois Nouvelle Asie), reviewing now, for Philosophy East & West, Nelson’s 2024 Heidegger and Dao: Things, Nothingness, Freedom, which develops on the insights of his two previous opuses, is both a real pleasure and a true challenge. It’s a pleasure to read again Eric S. Nelson’s scholarly prose with its own specific conceptual style and distinctive philosophical rhythm. It’s a challenge to give a meaningful and fair overview of a conceptually complex, scholarly rich, and thought-provoking book.No one can speak better about the aim and goals of Nelson’s book than the author himself--following the wayist way of spontaneous ziranity, we will thus let the book speak for itself:Its primary thesis is that, entangled with Daoist and other intercultural sources, Heidegger’s path proceeds from the paradigmatic Occidental philosophy of available givenness and mere presence--which conceals the open spacing of things and seeks to logically exclude and dialectically subordinate negativity and the nothing--to nothingness, emptiness, and the clearing in their coming to presence and withdrawal in absence or, to accentuate its mutable verbal sense, presencing-absencing. […] Zhuangzi’s vision of free and easy wandering indicates ways of practicing philosophy as contesting and unraveling fixations. These practices allow rethinking Heidegger’s pathways and reimagining for ourselves things, nothingness, and world in the specificity of our existential condition.(p. 10)These lines can give already a good indication about what the reader will be provided with: a Heideggerian reading of Daoism nurturing and enriching a Daoist reading of Heidegger; a Daoist reinterpretation of the late Heidegger feeding and complexifying a Heideggerian Pre-Socratic reinterpretation of early Daoism; a continuous feedback loop leading to a process of mutual symbiosis and multiple conceptually creative hybridizations. Ziran and Dao are used to unlock the concealed potentialities of overdetermined Western concepts such as Nature and Ethos while the Heideggerian deconstruction of “Western metaphysics” is [End Page 1] used to de-Eurocentricize our understanding of Daoist and Buddhist thoughts about Thing and Nothingness.The book is divided in two parts: the first part deals with the concept of Thing, the second with the concept of Nothingness. Thing and Nothingness seem to be the perfect antithesis but the magic of Nelson’s reading of their tri-cultural Daoist, Buddhist and Heideggerian conceptualization is to dissipate the classical, ontological antinomy between Being and Non-Being to explore what’s both beyond and below: the natural source of life emergence, coming and returning to a Nothing that is Everything via a Thing that is never Anything (a ready-made and exchangeable object in the universal trading scheme of capitalist general equivalence) but always Something (this and that in particular, in their own specific rhythm of coming back and forth, from and to their source of un-nothingity).The first five chapters evoke the issue of the encounter of Heidegger and Daoist thinking in relation to the deconstruction of Thingness. In the first chapter, Nelson proposes a cross-cultural perspective about the Nature of the Thing linking Heidegger’s critique of the reduction of Things’ Presence to Functional Tools to the Daoist extended conception of Things in terms of Multitude (wanwu 萬物), in which objects, living beings, and spirits participate in the fabric of reality. Chapter 2 examines the connection between Heidegger’s and Daoism’s understanding of “nature” as manifesting a distinct yet similar attention to things’ autopoiesis: following the natural disclosing and unfolding of “things” entails a specific way to think and be in the world. In chapter 3, a comparison is established between Heidegger and Laozi with respect to the notion of void and emptiness: the fact that what powers the utility of a thing is what... (shrink)

This special issue is related to the 6th World Congress on the Square of Opposition which took place at the Orthodox Academy of Crete in November 2018. In this introductory paper we explain the context of the event and the topics discussed.

The first volume presents a collection of papers in honor of the fiftieth birthday of Jean-Yves Béziau. These 25 papers have been written by internationally distinguished logicians, mathematicians, computer scientists, linguists and philosophers, including Arnon Avron, John Corcoran, Wilfrid Hodges, Laurence Horn, Lloyd Humbertsone, Dale Jacquette, David Makinson, Stephen Read, and Jan Woleński. It is a state-of-the-art source of cutting-edge studies in the new interdisciplinary field of universal logic. The papers touch upon a wide range of topics including (...) combination of logic, non-classical logic, square and other geometrical figures of opposition, categorical logic, set theory, foundation of logic, philosophy and history of logic (Aristotle, Avicenna, Buridan, Schröder, MacColl). This book offers new perspectives and challenges in the study of logic and will be of interest to all students and researchers interested the nature and future of logic. (shrink)

In his Brouillon Project on conic sections, Girard Desargues studies the notion of traversale, which generalizes that of diameter introduced by Apollonius. One often reads that it is equivalent to the notion of polar, a concept that emerged in the beginning of 19th century. In this article we shall study in great detail the developments around that notion in the middle part of the Brouillon project. We shall in particular show, using the notes added by Desargues after the first draft (...) was written, how here arises a new theory, that of the polarity associated to a conic section. We shall show that besides a natural correspondance between points and lines, Desargues has understood that a conic induces on every line in its plane an involution, and how he progressively handles the considerable conceptual difficulties he has to deal with when trying to explain clearly his novative ideas. (shrink)

The paper extends a result in Dutta and Ray's (1989) theory of constrained egalitarianism initiated by relying on the concept of proportionate rather than absolute equality. We apply this framework to redistributive systems in which what the individuals get depends on what they receive or pay qua members of generally overlapping groups. We solve the constrained equalization problem for this class of models. The paper ends up comparing our solution with the alternative solution based on the Shapley value, which has (...) been recommended in some distributive applications. (shrink)

We are pleased to present this special issue of the journal History and Philosophy of Logic dedicated to the square of opposition.The square of opposition is a diagram and a theory of opposition re...

We discuss the history of the revival of the theory of opposition, with its emerging paradigms of research, and the related events that are organized in this perspective, including the latest one in Leuven in 2022.

Le comte Joseph de Maistre fut un ennemi radical des Lumières.

Que la musique soit faite pour etre ecoutee semble une evidence, et pourtant... C'est pour guider les melomanes et les aider a passer d'une audition passive a une ecoute active que Jean-Yves Bras partage ici son experience d'ecouteur. Apres avoir defini ce qu'est la musique, il s'interroge ensuite sur la nature de l'ecoute: que faut-il entendre par ecouter? Sur quoi porter notre attention? Comment ecouter? Les conditions materielles dans lesquelles nous consommons la musique, notre comportement au concert ou (...) a l'ecoute d'un disque, ont egalement une incidence importante sur la qualite de notre ecoute. Puis il analyse ces liens si mysterieux et si essentiels tisses entre compositeurs, interpretes et nous-memes, auditeurs. Enfin, il trace a grands traits l'histoire de nos oreilles de l'Antiquite a nos jours, pour conclure sur les differentes categories d'auditeurs actuels. Parallelement, l'auteur a cree un site Internet, www.artdecouter.fr, qui apporte un complement d'information agremente d'exemples sonores. Ce chemin d'initiation se parcourt sous forme de dialogue: une jeune personne souhaitant s'instruire, Mademoiselle Croche, nous permet par ses questions d'entendre s'ouvrir pour nous le langage de la musique. Jean-Yves Bras a ete directeur de la Documentation musicale de Radio France et a participe a de nombreuses emissions. Responsable artistique du Festival Chopin a Paris, il est l'auteur des Courants musicaux du XXe siecle et d'un ouvrage sur le chef d'orchestre Carlo Maria Giulini. (shrink)

These lectures on logic, more specifically proof theory, are basically intended for postgraduate students and researchers in logic. The question at stake is the nature of mathematical knowledge and the difference between a question and an answer, i.e., the implicit and the explicit. The problem is delicate mathematically and philosophically as well: the relation between a question and its answer is a sort of equality where one side is ``more equal than the other'': one thus discovers essentialist blind spots. Starting (...) with Godel's paradox --so to speak, the incompleteness of answers with respect to questions--the book proceeds with paradigms inherited from Gentzen's cut-elimination. Various settings are studied: sequent calculus, natural deduction, lambda calculi, category-theoretic composition, up to geometry of interaction, all devoted to explicitation, which eventually amounts to inverting an operator in a von Neumann algebra. Mathematical language is usually described as referring to a preexisting reality. Logical operations can be given an alternative procedural meaning: typically, the operators involved in GoI are invertible, not because they are constructed according to the book, but because logical rules are those ensuring invertibility. Similarly, the durability of truth should not be taken for granted: one should distinguish between imperfect and perfect modes. The procedural explanation of the infinite thus identifies it with the unfinished, i.e., the perennial. But is perenniality perennial? This questioning yields a possible logical explanation for algorithmic complexity. This highly original course on logic by one of the world's leading proof theorists challenges mathematicians, computer scientists, physicists, and philosophers to rethink their views and concepts on the nature of mathematical knowledge in an exceptionally profound way. (shrink)

This text is an outgrowth of notes prepared by J. Y. Girard for a course at the University of Paris VII. It deals with the mathematical background of the application to computer science of aspects of logic (namely the correspondence between proposition & types). Combined with the conceptual perspectives of Girard's ideas, this sheds light on both the traditional logic material & its prospective applications to computer science. The book covers a very active & exciting research area, & it will (...) be essential reading for all those working in logic & computer science. (shrink)

Entre philosophie et théologie, pouvons-nous croire à l'existence d'une limite? C'est ce que ce livre tente de nier. Dieu n'apparaît pas ou n'" apparaît " pas comme apparaît ou " apparaît " un cube, une œuvre d'art, un nombre ou un autre homme. Dieu diffère - jusqu'au point d'être le non-autre. La différence toutefois n'introduit nulle césure dans le champ de la connaissance. Elle nous rend simplement, ce qui n'est pas peu, attentifs à la pluralité des modes d'apparaître. Et s'enquérir (...) de la phénoménalité de Dieu, à ce compte, revient à s'enquérir de toute phénoménalité. Celle de l'objet présumé philosophique et seulement philosophique aussi bien que celle de l'objet présumé théologique et seulement théologique. J.-Y, L. (shrink)

t.l. Introduction à une anthropologie philosophique.

Faisant suite à celles réalisées en Crète occidentale (BCH 113 [1989], p. 551-580), l'Éphorie des Antiquités d'Hérakleion et l'École française d'Athènes ont mené en collaboration en 1989 des recherches sur les ateliers de fabrication d'amphores de Crète centrale, dont l'activité s'échelonne entre l'époque hellénistique et l'époque impériale. On a ainsi localisé de nouveaux ateliers et réexaminé des ateliers déjà connus à Hérakleion, Chersonisos, Tsoutsouros (Inatos), Kératokambos et Dermatos. L'étude typologique permet d'affirmer que différents types d'amphores pouvaient être fabriqués dans le (...) même atelier. On a identifié trois nouveaux types, qui ont coexisté en Crète centrale avec tous les autres types déjà connus. L'étude concerne également d'autres productions des mêmes ateliers (vases, tuiles, etc.) et aborde quelques aspects techniques (supports de vases, ratés de cuisson, parois vitrifiées de fours). (shrink)

(4) Jean apprécie ce livre-là. (‘Jean appreciates ce book-there’) (5) Jean apprécie ce livre-ci. (‘Jean appreciates ce book-here’) in a way that recalls in part non-standard English: (6) John is reading that there book. (7) John is reading this here book. with (6) akin to (4) and with (7) akin to (5). The difference in word order, whereby English has there/here prenominal in (6)/(7) and French has - là/-ci postnominal in (4)/(5), was analyzed by Bernstein (1997) (...) in terms of a movement operation that in French moves the noun to the left of -là/-ci, starting from an English-like order, in a way that recalls the difference between French and English adjective position, as in Cinque (2005; to appear). English allows that and this to occur without any visible noun present, as in. (shrink)

L’élargissement de l’Union à l’Ukraine se pose en des termes particuliers. Il est devenu le fondement politique d’une solidarité européenne et d’un soutien inconditionnel face à l’agression de Poutine. Bien que le pays se conforme à « l’acquis communautaire » en termes d’État de droit, le principe de l’élargissement se heurte à de nombreuses difficultés et oppositions des États membres : faible soutien militaire et insuffisance des industries de défense, concurrence des produits agricoles ukrainiens en cas d’intégration dans un grand (...) marché libre exempté de droits de douane. On est face à un paradoxe qu’il faudra dépasser. L’élargissement est à la fois indispensable, inévitable pour la sécurité de tout le continent, et complexe du point de vue économique. (shrink)

It is tempting to consider Girard Desagues’ mathematical work, more precisely his Brouillon project on conics, as a work of mathematics applied to perspective. We would like to show in this text that it is probably more pertinent to consider that Desargues does mathematics as a practitionner of the art of perspective. We shall analyse a few extracts of Desargues’ work with this point of view in mind so as to shed light on his innovative ideas that could be hard (...) to understand in his sometimes obscure style. We shall show how this way of doing geometry can be also be found in the works Philippe de la Hire and Jacques-Francois le Poîvre, leading them to consider a transformation of the plane into itself as an explicited mathematical object. (shrink)

Jean-Jacques Rousseau est l'auteur de l'entrée "économie politique" dans l'Encyclopédie en 1755. A ce titre, il aurait pu être l'un des fondateurs de cette discipline. Pourtant, la définition qu'il en donne est à l'encontre de la pensée libérale des physiocrates, puis des classiques, et constitue une véritable "anti-économique". En hypertrophiant le rôle de l'Etat et en niant l'intérêt personnel, Rousseau est au contraire l'un des pères du socialsme. En niant la liberté humaine, il nie aussi l'existence de choix éthiques.

The article concerns the life paths and the complex situations of autism in Île-de-France (France). It is based on a participative research with professionals and beneficiaries of the Complex Situations of Autism Device (SCATED). The method is organized in 3 phases: 1°- analysis of the context of autism in Île-de-France through the exploitation of the national survey called “ES 2014”; 2°- co-construction between the research team and the professionals of the device of an updated database specific to the device, based (...) on the 2 100 complex autism situations monitored from 2010 to 2018, and the exploitation by the researchers of 452 situations extracted from this database; 3°- analysis of 11 diversified situations (32 interviews). The research offers a critical reading of behavioral disorders and analyzes the seven dimensions that participate in a process of reinforcing vulnerabilities in complex situations of autism. It makes a certain number of recommendations which are taken up by the Île-de-France Regional Agency as part of its strategic health plan. (shrink)

In this paper we discuss the notion of “possible worlds” contrasting a philosophical idea due to Malebranche with a mathematical concept of modern logic due to Kripke from which many pseudo-philosophical discussions have arisen.

We define and examine a notion of logical friendliness, which is a broadening of the familiar notion of classical consequence. The concept is tudied first in its simplest form, and then in a syntax-independent version, which we call sympathy. We also draw attention to the surprising number of familiar notions and operations with which it makes contact, providing a new light in which they may be seen.

Résumé Le but de cet article est de montrer que la manière dont à été posée la question de la scolarisation du créole trahit une sorte d’aveuglement sur ce que peut signifier le fait de parler créole - quelque chose comme l’oubli d’une de ses dimensions. Je dis qu’en réfléchissant à ce que pourrait être une institution (comme l’école ou autre chose) tirée de la vie créole étudiée dans sa manière de dire les choses, on pourrait porter remède à cet (...) oubli. (shrink)

Le terme de catallaxie a été forgé par F. Hayek pour exprimer l’ordre spontané du marché. Hayek a créé ce terme à partir du mot catallactique, ressorti peu avant de l’oubli par L. Mises, mot venu du verbe grec signifiant « échanger », pour éviter les ambigüités du mot « économie ». Ce papier a pour objet de rechercher la généalogie du terme « catallactique », depuis Richard Whately, qui a été le premier auteur, en 1831, à vouloir rebaptiser « (...) l’économie politique » en « catallactique ». Ce terme était connu et utilisé tout au long du XIX° siècle et on le trouve encore au début du XX° siècle dans divers manuels. L’utilisation de ce terme par Mises, puis Hayek, est donc la reprise d’une tradition remontant à Richard Whately. C’est l’occasion aussi de se pencher sur la vie de Richard Whately, professeur d’économie politique à Oxford jusqu’en 1831, puis archevêque anglican de Dublin. Il a notamment joué un grand rôle dans l’enseignement de cette discipline, en créant 4 000 cours d’économie politique. Un personnage intéressant, un peu trop ignoré aujourd’hui, qui a joué un rôle non négligeable dans la pensée économique. (shrink)

Jean-Yves Béziau Abstract In this paper I relate the story about the new rising of the square of opposition: how I got in touch with it and started to develop new ideas and to organize world congresses on the topic with subsequent publications.

This special issue of Logica Universalis (Springer) deals with the relations between logic and religion, broadly conceived. It contains the following articles: Logic and Religion, by Jean-Yves Beziau and Ricardo Silvestre; Thinking Negation in Early Hinduism and Classical Indian Philosophy, by Purushottama Bilimoria; Karma Theory, Determinism, Fatalism and Freedom of Will, by Ricardo Sousa Silvestre; From Logic in Islam to Islamic Logic, by Musa Akrami; Leibniz’s Ontological Proof of the Existence of God and the Problem of Impossible Objects, (...) by Wolfgang Lenzen; A Logical Analysis of the Anselm’s Unum Argumentum (from Proslogion), by Jean-Pierre Desclés; Monotonic and Non-monotonic Embeddings of Anselm’s Proof, by Jacob Archambault; Computer-Assisted Analysis of the Anderson–Hájek Ontological Controversy, by C. Benzmüller, L. Weber and B. Woltzenlogel Paleo. (shrink)

The present book discusses all aspects of paraconsistent logic, including the latest findings, and its various systems. It includes papers by leading international researchers, which address the subject in many different ways: development of abstract paraconsistent systems and new theorems about them; studies of the connections between these systems and other non-classical logics, such as non-monotonic, many-valued, relevant, paracomplete and fuzzy logics; philosophical interpretations of these constructions; and applications to other sciences, in particular quantum physics and mathematics. Reasoning with contradictions (...) is the challenge of paraconsistent logic. The book will be of interest to graduate students and researchers working in mathematical logic, computer science, philosophical logic, linguistics and physics. (shrink)

We discuss a theory presented in a posthumous paper by Alfred Tarski entitled “What are logical notions?”. Although the theory of these logical notions is something outside of the main stream of logic, not presented in logic textbooks, it is a very interesting theory and can easily be understood by anybody, especially studying the simplest case of the four basic logical notions. This is what we are doing here, as well as introducing a challenging fifth logical notion. We first recall (...) the context and origin of what are here called Tarski-Lindenbaum logical notions. In the second part, we present these notions in the simple case of a binary relation. In the third part, we examine in which sense these are considered as logical notions contrasting them with an example of a nonlogical relation. In the fourth part, we discuss the formulations of the four logical notions in natural language and in first-order logic without equality, emphasizing the fact that two of the four logical notions cannot be expressed in this formal language. In the fifth part, we discuss the relations between these notions using the theory of the square of opposition. In the sixth part, we introduce the notion of variety corresponding to all non-logical notions and we argue that it can be considered as a logical notion because it is invariant, always referring to the same class of structures. In the seventh part, we present an enigma: is variety formalizable in first-order logic without equality? There follow recollections concerning Jan Woleński. This paper is dedicated to his 80th birthday. We end with the bibliography, giving some precise references for those wanting to know more about the topic. (shrink)

This paper aims to shed new light on Hegel’s rather problematic statements about Asian thinking and Chinese philosophy by disclosing the Orientalist antecedents found in Kant’s anthropological works. First, the notion of Orientalism will be defined with reference to Orientalism and “Orientalism Reconsidered” by Edward Said. Second, an exploration of Kant’s anthropological research will show that this constituted the turning point in the Western Orientalist perception of China which had a strong influence on Hegel Finally, it will be claimed that (...) Hegel’s Orientalist perception of China rests on a definition of culture as the expression of the “spirit of a people” that has recently been revised by contemporary post-colonial anthropologists. (shrink)

A partir d'un « stock d'axiomes de toute théologie », J.-Y. Lacoste inscrit à son cahier des charges plusieurs tâches. La première consiste à montrer que « ses » vérités ne sont pas celles de tout le monde. La seconde est celle d'une « précision conceptuelle » inscrite dans la distinction de l'expérience et du langage par et dans lequel elle se dit. Enfin, comme troisième tâche, il entend accomplir une « mise en perspective » ou « mise en critique (...) », celle des instruments conceptuels utilisés. De ce fait, devraient apparaître les grandes lignes d'un protocole d'accord entre instances , capable d'aider à éviter des ornières assez habituelles, que ce soit celle de la sacralisation du Vorzeit , ou celle du flirt perpétuel avec la nouveauté chérie comme telle. Ces tâches étant évidemment solidaires, il n'est pas question pour J.-Y. Lacoste de les séparer dans son projet.Beginning with a « stock of axioms from all theology », J-Y Lacoste has a number of items on his list. The first is to show that « these » basic truths are not held by everyone. The second is that of a « conceptual precision » written in the distinction of experience and language by and in which it speaks . Finally, as a third task, he wants to accomplish a « putting in perspective » or « placing in review » of the conceptual tools used. From this there should appear the main lines of an agreement of protocol between matters capable of helping to avoid the fairly habitual ruts, whether it be that of the sacralization of the Vorzeit or that of the unending flirting with the darling novelity as such. Since these tasks are clearly tied together, there is no question for-J -Y Lacoste of separating them in his project. (shrink)

Neste artigo examinamos a concepção filosófica do suicídio em Schopenhauer. Mostramos que a razão fundamental pela qual Schopenhauer rejeita o suicídio está intimamente ligada ao fundamento da sua metafísica. Explicamos suas diferenças face às rejeições tradicionais do suicídio, visto que Schopenhauer considera o suicídio um erro mas não um crime, e quais são os casos nos quais o suicídio pode ser aceito.