This article investigates the characteristics of the phenomenon of fear in work relationships in contemporary society. In this sense, the first part describes the dynamics of current life, emphasizing the role of organizations, their bad reputation, and characterizing their operational center as a society of performance. The second part describes the phenomenon of fear, starting from some representative origins of the term, Martin Heidegger’s phenomenological perspective, and recent studies within the field of organizations. Finally, a survey conducted in the first (...) semester of 2023 with 160 workers from different sectors about their perception of fear in the organization is presented. The findings are interpreted in light of the studied perspectives connected with the ethical responsibility of institutions and the pursuit of comprehensive well-being in work relationships. (shrink)

La problemática que guiará gran parte de la discusión será la peculiar relación entre la obra y el autor, dando lugar a analizar qué tan adecuado sería involucrar en un análisis de carácter filosófico elementos que de entrada no harían parte de la “obra” de un pensador, por ejemplo, cartas, discursos, comentarios. Al mismo tiempo vale la pena considerar el hacer referencia a acciones de carácter político o privado; de ser así ¿qué daría a este tipo de referencia un carácter (...) filosófico? Inquietudes como estas son las que tiene que enfrontar cualquier lector que quiera acercarse filosóficamente al pensamiento de Heidegger, y a su figura. (shrink)

Previous research has demonstrated the influence of emotions during linguistic processing, indicating the interactivity of both processes in the brain. However, little is known regarding such interplay in a second language (L2). This study addressed this question by examining the reading effects of syntactic violations while processing L2 emotional and neutral statements. Forty-six Spanish-English bilinguals with various levels of L2 proficiency and emotional resonance (i.e. capability for emotional experience in L2) were presented with a self-paced sentence reading task. Sentences contained (...) positive (16), neutral (16) and negative (16) verbs, half of them presented in agreement and half in disagreement with the preceding pronoun. Analysis of verb reading times using linear mixed effects modelling revealed a significant interaction between syntactic violation, verb valence and emotional resonance, suggesting that stronger emotional L2 experience results in a higher saliency of negative verbs, reducing the impact of syntactic violations. (shrink)

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in some populations being confined to their homes as part of infection control measures. This situation can be hard to cope with due to separation from loved ones, prohibition of regular activities, fear of infection, loss of freedom, and so on. These negative impacts cause considerable psychological stress, and all the more so when the situation continues for an extended period, as was the case in Spain. The present study was aimed at investigating the effects (...) of COVID-19 quarantine on the emotional functioning of confined Spanish individuals after 8 weeks of lockdown by means of a cross-sectional study. The possible associations between changes in emotional functioning and demographic variables, health habits, social support, and resilience were also analyzed.MethodsA total of 906 Spanish adults completed an online survey to gather information about their prevailing mood and affects, using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, and other variables related to their habits and protective factors.FindingsAs expected, the data indicated an increase in negative affects and a decrease in positive affects after 8 weeks under lockdown, as well as a general decline in overall mood. The largest increases in negative affects were observed in young adults and women. We did not find any differences between people who were or were not diagnosed with COVID-19. Adhering to a routine, maintaining the same weight, and moderate physical exercise were associated with fewer negative affects, which indicates they are important protective factors, as are perceived social support and resilience.ConclusionIn order to mitigate the psychological impact of confinement, it is important to develop psychoeducational measures that encourage subjects to adhere to health habits and promote social support and resilience as protective factors. A special preventive focus should be placed on the most vulnerable population groups, namely women and young adults. For a public health lockdown to succeed, its negative consequences must be minimized insofar as possible through adequate knowledge of the risk factors and protective factors, and by means of prevention-oriented organization. (shrink)

Reseña del libro: Amparo de Jesús Zárate Cuello y Orietta Ivonne Beltrán Casas. Del diagnóstico preimplantatorio al niño medicamento en Colombia: una mirada en torno a la eugenesia positiva. Legislación comparada con el ordenamiento jurídico español. Bogotá: Editorial Neogranadina, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18359/9789585103122.

In this paper, an attempt is made to solve various problems posed to current theories of verisimilitude: the problem of linguistic variance; the problem of which are the best scientific methods for getting the most verisimilar theories; and the question of the ontological commitment in scientific theories. As a result of my solution to these problems, and with the help of other considerations of epistemological character, I conclude that the notion of 'Tarskian truth' is dispensable in a rational interpretation of (...) the scientific enterprise. As a logical result, however, falsificationism will be vindicated. (shrink)

This ar ti cle is part of the anal y sis of the his tory of ideas in Latin Amer ica, which is a field of thought that con trib utes to re cov er ing con tri bu tions from di verse fields of knowl edge, and which has been fo cused on by in tel lec tu als who con sider our iden tity to be a theme..

We may succed in the fulfilment of our desires but still fail to properly own our practical life, perhaps because we acted as addicts, driven by desires that are alien to our will, or as “wantons,” satisfying the desires that we simply happen to have (Frankfurt, 1988 ). May we equally fail to own the outcomes of our epistemic life? If so, how may we attain epistemic ownership over it? This paper explores the structural parallellism between practical and epistemic rationality, (...) building on Williamson’s ( 2002 ) suggestion that we should commence with successful performances as the foundation for both domains, be it action or knowledge. By highlighting the limitations of higher-order regulative approaches in epistemology, exemplified by Sosa ( 2007, 2011, 2015, 2021 ), the paper introduces a form of teleological epistemic constitutivism inspired by Velleman ( 2000, 2009 ). The proposal is that epistemic ownership is not attained in the mere pursuit of truth or knowledge, but requires furthermore a struggle to understand what we know. (shrink)

The problem of the reduction of chemistry to physics has been traditionally addressed in terms of classical structural chemistry and standard quantum mechanics. In this work, we will study the problem from the perspective of the Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules, proposed by Richard Bader in the nineties. The purpose of this article is to unveil the role of QTAIM in the inter-theoretical relations between chemistry and physics. We argue that, although the QTAIM solves two relevant obstacles to reduction (...) by providing a rigorous definition of chemical bond and of atoms in a molecule, it appeals to concepts that are unacceptable in the quantum–mechanical context. Therefore, the QTAIM fails to provide the desired reduction. On the other hand, we will show that the QTAIM is more similar to Bohmian mechanics and that the basic elements of both theories are closely related. (shrink)

The scientist's decision of accepting a given proposition is assumed to be dependent on two factors: the scientist's 'private' information about the value of that statement and the proportion of colleagues who also accept it. This interdependence is modelled in an economic fashion, and it is shown that it may lead to multiple equilibria. The main conclusions are that the evolution of scientific knowledge can be path, dependent, that scientific revolutions can be due to very small changes in the empirical (...) evidence, and that not all possible equilibria are necessarily efficient, neither in the economic nor in the epistemic sense. These inefficiencies, however, can be eliminated if scientists can form coalitions. (shrink)

In the context of solving large distributed constraint optimization problems, belief-propagation and incomplete inference algorithms are candidates of choice. However, in general, when the problem structure is very cyclic, these solution methods suffer from bad performance, due to non-convergence and many exchanged messages. As to improve performances of the MaxSum inference algorithm when solving cyclic constraint optimization problems, we propose here to take inspiration from the belief-propagation-guided decimation used to solve sparse random graphs. We propose the novel DeciMaxSum method, which (...) is parameterized in terms of policies to decide when to trigger decimation, which variables to decimate and which values to assign to decimated variables. Based on an empirical evaluation on a classical constraint optimization benchmarks, some of these combinations of policies, using periodic decimation, cycle detection-based decimation, parallel and non parallel decimation, random or deterministic variable selection and deterministic or random sampling for value selection, outperform state-of-the-art competitors in many settings. (shrink)

Le rapport à l’altérité en général et à autrui en particulier condense un noyau de possibilités multiples qui, selon l’hypothèse esquissée, s’exprime et s’interprète dans le mode de penser et de vivre le Désir d’avenir. Oscillant entre hétérophagie et hétérophilie, ce type fondamental d’érotisme temporel s’incarne dans des configurations phénoménologiques dont la typologie idéale fait covarier une décision métaphysique (repérable au sein du spectre qui va de l’idéalisme constructiviste au réalisme affectif) avec une attitude éthique (située entre le scepticisme individualiste (...) et l’hétérodicée absolue). L’analyse des contrastes qui définissent les positions onto-éthiques de Sartre, Merleau-Ponty et Levinas devient une méthode heuristique pour mettre en évidence la topologie de l’incommensurable et de l’optatif. -/- The relation to alterity in general and to others in particular encapsulates a logical space of multiple possibilities which, according to the author’s hypothesis, may be expressed and interpreted in the manner of thinking and living the Desire of future. Oscillating between heterophagia and heterophilia, this fundamental type of temporal eroticism embodies various phenomenological configurations whose ideal typology reveals a deep correlation between a metaphysical decision (oriented towards either constructivist idealism or affective realism) with an ethical attitude (ranging from individualistic scepticism to absolute heterodicy). The analysis of mutual contrasts defining Sartre’s, Merleau-Ponty’s and Levinas’ onto-ethic stances is adopted as a methodological device in order to elucidate a broad topology of incommensurabilia and desiderata. (shrink)

A modified visual search task demonstrates that humans are very good at resuming a search after it has been momentarily interrupted. This is shown by exceptionally rapid response time to a display that reappears after a brief interruption, even when an entirely different visual display is seen during the interruption and two different visual searches are performed simultaneously. This rapid resumption depends on the stability of the visual scene and is not due to display or response anticipations. These results are (...) consistent with the existence of an iterative hypothesis-testing mechanism that compares information stored in short-term memory (the perceptual hypothesis) with information about the display (the sensory pattern). In this view, rapid resumption occurs because a hypothesis based on a previous glance of the scene can be tested very rapidly in a subsequent glance, given that the initial hypothesis-generation step has already been performed. (shrink)

A análise dos mecanismos de controle do capitalismo é algo extremamente importante para a tradição marxista. Diversos autores preocuparam-se em entender como o capitalismo cria um modo de vida onde as pessoas introjetam certos valores que servem para a manutenção do sistema vigente. O próprio Marx, n’O capital, dissertou sobre o fenômeno do fetichismo. Tal fenômeno seria responsável por criar uma forma de existência onde as relações humanas estariam “enfeitiçadas” e as pessoas assumiriam pra si valores que perpetuariam o capitalismo. (...) Herbert Marcuse também dedicou muito de sua obra para compreender essa introjeção de valores. Para ele, esse processo teria alcançado níveis extremos ao ponto dessa ideologia criada se apresentar como pensamento consensual e único, criando uma única dimensão. O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar a influência da teoria do fetichismo para a construção do conceito de unidimensionalidade. (shrink)

Este artículo revisa críticamente los modelos de gestión de la diferencia ala luz de algunas novedades que afectan a los conceptos de cultura, identidady diversidad cultural. De un lado, se sugieren razones para dejar de identificardiversidad étnica con diversidad cultural o cultura con tradiciones, lengua yreligión; de otro, la ambigua categoría de cultura sigue presentando una dualidadantagónica de sentidos (como tradición y como valor formativo) queredunda en su falta de operatividad. Se propone una reflexión sobre el sentidode los términos acorde (...) con un pluralismo y un cosmopolitismo crítico donde lacomprensión de algunas instituciones jurídicas y políticas forma parte de unmarco universalizable de racionalidad en un sentido cultural. (shrink)

Broadly characterized, the philosophy of action encompasses a host of problems about the nature and scope of human action and agency, including, but not limited to, intention and intentional action, the ontology of action, reason-explanations of action, motivation and practical reason, free will and moral responsibility, mental agency, social action, controlling attitudes, akrasia and enkrasia, and many other issues. Philosophy of Action: 5 Questions is a collection of short interviews based on 5 questions presented to some of the most influential (...) and prominent scholars in this philosophical field. We hear their views on philosophy of action, its aim, scope, use, the future, and how their work fits in these respects. (shrink)

I develop a connection between racial identity and Heidegger’s early phenomenological perspective from Being and Time. This effort offsets the critique that Heidegger is too abstract in his use of Dasein to have any practical application to racial identity. I examine how the underlying issue of racial identity is rooted in the composition of an “existentiell,” where one grows up in a variety of ways to be, compelling one to choose and neglect them. I then examine Mariana Ortega’s critique of (...) Heidegger’s idea and how she describes it as a limiting concept that is too abstract to deal with everyday issues of race. By recovering the concept of Dasein from the “abstraction critique” via re-imagining an existentiell, I show how everyday discourses about racial identity are part of the phenomenological world Dasein grows up in, necessitating analyses about how to be in the world through racial, ethnic, and cultural dimensions. (shrink)

El fin de este trabajo es analizar desde un punto de vista histórico y sistemático la paradoja adscrita a Córax de Siracusa y a Tisias. Primero se exponen las diferentes versiones de la misma. Segundo se describe el argumento de la probabilidad y la argumentación recíproca. Seguidamente se estudian las refutaciones desarrolladas por Platón y Aristóteles. El primero acentúa la distinción entre verdad y probabilidad. El segundo analiza los diferentes significados de probabilidad. Posteriormente se reconstruirá la estructura autorreferencial en la (...) que se asienta la paradoja de Córax. Finalmente se evalúa sistemáticamente el argumento de la probabilidad inversa. En este trabajo argumentaré que el recurso seguido por Córax tiene como fin invalidar el procedimiento mediante la introducción de la estructura de la probabilidad inversa. (shrink)

Se discute el proyecto de la "naturalización de la filosofía de la ciencia", a través de las teorías de Ronald Giere y Philip Kitcher. Ambas tienen en común la atención preferente que prestan a los procesos de decisión de los científicos individuales y la defensa de una concepción realista y racionalista de la ciencia. La comparación se lleva a cabo desde una triple perspectiva: su consideración como teorías darwinianas del desarrollo científico, su referencia a los modelos de la psicología cognitiva, (...) y su posible coherencia con la "tesis de la simetría" defendida por los sociólogos de la escuela de Edimburgo. (shrink)

Of the six sections composing «The Methodology of Posive Economics», the first one («The Relation between Positive and Normative Economics») is apparently the less discussed in the F53 literature, probably as a result of being the shortest one and the less relevant for the realism issue, all at once. In view of Milton Friedman’s subsequent career as a political preacher, it seems difficult not to wonder whether this first section ruled it the way the other five directed Friedman’s scientific performance. (...) After all, the role of prediction in defining positive economics was already advanced therein: when an economist predicts, her results are «independent of any particular ethical position or normative judgments». This is also why positive economics is a politically relevant discipline: as long as the differences about economic policy –among disinterested citizens– derive only from different predictions about the economic consequences of taking action, these differences could be eliminated by the progress of positive economics. Our plan in this paper is to present, in the first place, the role of political motivations in the development of Friedman’s methodological stance. As we will discuss in §2, Friedman was involved in the policy-making process right from the beginning of his professional career, and could experience at first hand the relevance of economic predictions in generating a consensus not only among politicians or the public opinion, but among the profession itself. Conversely, Friedman could also appreciate how difficult was to reach a consensus on a particular policy when the economists disagreed on its practical consequences. In this respect, as we will see, «The Methodology» attempted at guaranteeing the political efficiency of economic research. However, the sociological turn in science studies suggests to question on what basis can we deem a prediction neutral. Is it simply that economists produce these positive predictions disinterestedly, even while deeply engaged in political debates? In §3, we analyse how Friedman himself produced predictions immediately before «The Methodology» was drafted, and how this procedure lies at the core of his Marshallian approach, which he contrasted to the Walrasian strategy on the grounds of its higher political relevance.. (shrink)

En este artículo expongo las tres etapas del pensamiento de Vicent Martínez Guzmán: 1) la fenomenología lingüística, primero en estrecha conexión con Fernando Montero y John L. Austin, y luego transformada por la pragmática trascendental y la teoría de la acción comunicativa ; 2) la teoría filosófica de Europa, basada en Kant, Husserl, Ortega y Gasset y la Ética comunicativa o discursiva; y 3) la filosofía de la paz, que se convierte en una filosofía para hacer las paces, superando la (...) violencia, la guerra y las injusticia: una investigación interdisciplinar basada en la intersubjetividad con sentido ético y político.In this paper I set forth the three stages of Vicent Martínez Guzmán’s thought: 1) the Linguistic Phenomenology, first closely connected with Fernando Montero and John L. Austin, but later transformed by the Transcendental Pragmatics and the Theory of Communicative Action ; 2) the philosophical theory of Europe, based on Kant, Husserl, Ortega y Gasset and the communicative or discursive ethics; and 3) Philosophy of Peace that becomes in philosophy for making peace, overcoming violence, war and injustice: an interdisciplinary research based on intersubjectivity with ethical and political sense. (shrink)

Este trabajo analiza la tensión entre libertad y seguridad a partir de la crítica del uso del imaginario colectivo como forma de legitimar socialmente recortes de garantías y de libertades. Se clarifica qué noción de imaginario resulta pertinente para este uso, y se muestra cómo en lugar de un imaginario social, estamos ante un conjunto de imágenes funcionales al propio discurso del orden. La fuerza de las imágenes (“tolerancia cero”, fronteras, derecho penal del enemigo, visión cinematográfica del delincuente) permite la (...) aceptación colectiva de medidas restrictivas de derechos y de garantías en ámbitos como la política de inmigración o la reforma del código penal. Estas imágenes son analizadas a partir del paralelismo que mantienen con las metáforas del discurso económico (“mano invisible”, self made man). Frente a ese imaginario, alentado por intereses económicos y políticos basado en razones pragmáticas y difundido por los medios de comunicación de masas, se propone el uso de la imaginación política así como la construcción jurídica de binomios de valores más imaginativos. (shrink)

En el marco del Paradigma Emergente de la Complejidad, la educación cobra un nuevo significado. Emerge la necesidad de postular nuevas visiones acerca del fenómeno educativo que trasciendan la concepción disciplinar. Ir a la búsqueda de una práctica educativa más sensible, exhaustiva, cuyo eje sea enseñar a investigar, integradora de las ciencias sociales con las humanísticas, fomentadora de un conocimiento autónomo, formadora de ciudadanos provistos de los instrumentos que les permitan interaccionar con el entorno de una manera creativa como constructores (...) de saberes. Reflexionar sobre la educación como camino y como arte, repensar la educación desde y para la Complejidad, se transforman en tareas urgentes para los educadores del Siglo XXI. (shrink)

This article aims to study the origin, nature and development of eschatology and apocalyptic in the post-exilic Judaism over the centuries III and II BC. Its theoretical reference is based on two scientific analyzes about the two phenomena: the historical-critical analysis of Friedrich Dingermann and the analysis from the history of religions made by Johann Maier. As a method of approach is used the deductive method, whereby it is possible, from the main present theories, analyze each one within their own (...) ethos. Besides this one, it used as the procedure method the comparative method, through the intertwining of the studied theories that allows a glimpse at the evolution that the two phenomena experienced in the religious history of Ancient Israel and Judaism. (shrink)

This paper consists of two parts. In the first part, I shall expound the kantian concept of paradox and its three different senses, the anthropological, the rhetorical and the metaphysical. In the second part, I shall examine the presence of these senses of paradox in Kant’s texts about Enlightenment. The paradox of immaturity consists of the fact that we are responsible, as human beings, and non-responsible, as subjects of a State, of the exit from it. Another formulation of the same (...) paradox, but in dynamical and metaphysical terms, is that of heautocracy, the paradox of self-constraint, which implies that the subject is at the same time active and passive. Finally, the opposition between public and private use of reason also seems paradoxical, since private use seems to be a prejudiced use while public use seems to be free and reasonable as such. (shrink)

Empezamos a conocer las bases moleculares de los mecanismos por los que determinadas influencias cerebrales pueden suplir las carencias de otras, y de cómo la ejercitación o el aprovechamiento de sistemas neurales funcionantes puede incidir sobre el funcionamiento de otros sistemas limitados del cerebro, y extraer de ellos funciones que se creían perdidas o ausentes. Ante un cerebro disminuido debemos preguntarnos, por encima de cualquier otra consideración, cuáles son sus «capacidades para» y no sus «limitaciones en». En términos evolutivos, los (...) estados emocionales humanos adquieren tareas de gran calado ya que llegan a suscitar actividades cognitivas y actitudes mentales que, de otro modo, quedarían ignotas. Esto cobra particular trascendencia en situaciones en que la capacidad cognitiva se encuentra alterada, ya que las aferencias emocionales y motivacionales llegan a suplir las carencias de estímulos de otro carácter. (shrink)

La Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible promueve una sociedad inclusiva. Por eso debemos iniciar este proceso de convivencia intercultural desde la etapa de Educación Infantil. A través del eje central del cuento infantil y utilizando la música como recurso didáctico motivador, sustentaremos la acción docente en tres ejes de categorías: comunicación, imagen y sonido. Metodológicamente, se propone desde una perspectiva cualitativa y cuantitativa, a través del método etnográfico. El contexto se circunscribe a un centro educativo con un alumnado vulnerable. (...) Los resultados han permitido superar prejuicios y estereotipos y construir espacios de inclusión escolar. (shrink)

En este escrito se trata de mostrar una concepción de la educación como un proceso desarrollado colectivamente a partir de la realización de las “vocaciones vitales” y de la capacidad de “darse cuenta”, en todos los contextos de la vida.