In the mid-twentieth century, Jérome Gaïth drew attention to the possible influence of Plotinus’ Enneads VI 8 (39) on Gregory of Nyssa’s theory of Divine will. In this treatise, despite being aware of the inappropriateness of all language to describe the One, Plotinus ascribes to it the classical traits of human action: will, freedom, self-determination, though raised to an absolute degree. In the present study we will analyse the reception and transformation of this theory in Nyssen and its anthropological corollaries, (...) in which he extends the virtuality of human freedom to an ontological level. Resumen: A mediados del siglo XX, Jérome Gaïth señalaba la posible influencia de Enéadas VI 8 (39) de Plotino sobre la teoría de la voluntad divina de Gregorio de Nisa. En ese tratado, a pesar de ser consciente de la impropiedad de todo lenguaje para describir lo Uno, Plotino le atribuye los clásicos distintivos del obrar humano: voluntad, libertad, autodeterminación, aunque elevados al grado absoluto. En el presente estudio analizaremos la recepción y transformación de esta teoría en el Niseno y sus corolarios antropológicos, en los que extiende la virtualidad de la libertad humana al plano ontológico. (shrink)

After a 50-page outline of the principles of clinical reasoning, over 60 actual cases are detailed that illustrate (and are keyed to) the principles, presenting case records, analysis, and references to literature. For medical students and interns, and their instructors. Annotation copyright Book Ne.

« Les inventions et révolutions scientifiques ont toujours sinon fondé du moins suscité des inventions et révolutions métaphysiques susceptibles de leur faire écho. La physique contemporaine, depuis le début du xx e siècle, avec l’avènement des relativité restreinte et générale et de la physique quantique, jusqu’à aujourd’hui, avec l’élaboration (toujours en cours d’achèvement et de validation) d’une théorie quantique adéquate de la gravitation, est riche de telles révolutions, notamment concernant la nature du temps, concept complexe dont ces théories nous ont (...) appris à distinguer les multiples feuillets et aspects enchevêtrés. Toute théorie quantique de la gravitation (notamment la théorie quantique à boucles) semble ainsi ne pouvoir aboutir qu’en envisageant le temps comme une réalité seconde, dérivée et non plus originaire ou fondamentale. Mais à partir de quelle autre réalité plus fondamentale que lui, le temps pourrait-il être engendré? Cette réalité pourrait-elle elle-même être en quoi que ce soit non changeante? N’a-t-on pas ainsi tort de confondre le temps et la variation (ou le changement)? L’enjeu de cet article est de distinguer soigneusement ces deux concepts en montrant, d’une part, que la variation est en vérité, sous certaines conditions théoriques à énoncer, un concept plus fondamental que celui de temps, et d’autre part, que ce dernier peut être engendré à partir d’une variation – ainsi pensée comme non empirique ou pure – en lui ajoutant un certain nombre de contraintes – qui la rendent alors empirique et dotée des principales propriétés constitutives du temps. Ces contraintes ou conditions restrictives nous semblent essentiellement de trois sortes : subsistance ou invariance, continuité et succession. Nous les développons successivement en montrant comment les relativités restreinte et générale et la physique quantique tendent déjà à violer partiellement ces contraintes. Nous en concluons que la variation doit être ainsi fondamentalement pensée comme n’étant de rien en particulier quand le temps est toujours en vérité le temps de quelque chose. ». (shrink)

v. 1. A dialectical examination of the conceptions of freedom.--v. 2. A dialectical examination of the controversies about freedom.

Environmental ethics and environmental justice have followed widely disparate paths, and this disassociation has resulted in an analytical schism. On the one side, environmental ethics embraces humankind’s relations with nature; on the opposite side, environmental justice embraces human-to-human relations via the medium of nature. Hans Jonas’ work is a bridge that crosses this conceptual divide: he spotlights the narrow correlation between human identity and responsibility, and insists on their inextricable bond with nature. However, this bond is a de facto bond (...) that all human beings have with each other. (shrink)

The behaviours Flack and de Waal describe as origins of human morality lack the most essential features of the human ethical competence; namely, application of the concepts good and bad to events, the capacities for guilt and empathy for another's state, and the ability to suppress actions that would compromise the self's virtue. These serious differences between apes and humans challenge the suggestion that primate behaviour lies on a continuum with human morality.

This case study introduces the QIT Madagascar Minerals (QMM) SA mining project at Fort-Dauphin, Madagascar, as a development project that has produced issues concerning justice. Although QMM appears to be a model company with a project that is seen as a success story, its consequent displacement of populations has been problematic in many respects, as have been the social effects that arise due to migration to the area by others who are attracted by the project. We suggest that the root (...) of many of these problems is that the people to be displaced have played an insignificant role in forming the project itself: consultation has instead been centred on corporate, government and environmental NGO concerns and interests. Compensation for losses has been inadequate. As non-mining land has been set aside as an offset for the purpose of conservation, traditional livelihoods have been curtailed. A narrow and Western conception of natural conservation that forbids access by the people has ensued for lands that hav.. (shrink)

Volume 15, Issue 2, August 2019, Page 85-88.

La littérature économique s’intéresse aux enjeux du développement soutenable, mais elle aborde rarement le pilier social, car elle se concentre sur l’imbrication entre les piliers économique et environnemental. Quand il est pris en compte, le pilier social l’est comme interface qui facilite la jointure entre les deux autres. Les analyses économiques soulignent unanimement l’importance d’effectuer cette jonction, qu’il s’agisse d’évoquer les conditions de vie des populations ou l’acceptation sociale des transformations vers une transition écologique. Pourtant, les études consacrées au développement (...) soutenable ne considèrent guère le social autrement que comme une simple interface. Le social doit trouver sa juste place dans les politiques économiques de développement soutenable. Pour cela, il importe de reconceptualiser ce pilier en le faisant entrer en résonance avec les thèmes à l’origine du développement soutenable. De nouvelles justifications se présentent alors pour des politiques publiques pensées jusque là en dehors du développement soutenable. Classification JEL : Q01, Q56, Z13. (shrink)

Le commerce équitable nous invite à un réexamen des relations entre care et théories de la justice. Le commerce équitable se présente comme inscrit dans le care. Parallèlement, il réhabilite une justice aristotélicienne dite particulière. Ce faisant, il montre que éthique du care et théorie de la justice convergent, à condition que la justice ne se résume pas – comme trop souvent – à une justice dite générale. La justice particulière permet donc d’envisager autrement et de façon plus pertinente l’articulation (...) entre justice et care. Classification JEL : B11, B40, D63. (shrink)

Human hyperculture appears to have been produced by the amplification of the kind of normal culture shared by cetaceans and other animals and presumably by our ancestors. Is there any possibility that cetaceans could be subject to these amplifying processes, which may include: sexual selection; within-group moral behavior; culling of low- cultural-capacity individuals through predation or self-predation; and reciprocal positive feedback between culture and the capacity for culture.

The article is an attempt to situate the zapatist struggle in relation to its Mexican and Latin American models, and to chart its trajectory since January 1 1994. The emphasis is on the conceptions of power proper to the zapatists, both from a theoretical perspective (their refusal to « take power ») and from a practical perspective (the precedent of the autonomy of the Councils of good government). In conclusion, the article addresses the question of the uncertainties surrounding the present (...) phase of the struggle, a phase which began with the Sixth Declaration of Selva Lacandona (2005). It also examines the possible meaning of a new intercontinental meeting for humanity and against neoliberalism, for which the declaration calls. (shrink)

Answering a question of Cifú Lopes, we give a syntactic characterization of those continuous sentences that are preserved under reduced products of metric structures. In fact, we settle this question in the wider context of general structures as introduced by the second author.

Food issues are generally regarded as agricultural and rural issues. The urban food system is less visible than such other systems as transportation, housing, employment, or even the environment. The reasons for its low visibility include the historic process by which issues and policies came to be defined as urban; the spread of processing, refrigeration, and transportation technology together with cheap, abundant energy that rendered invisible the loss of farmland around older cities; and the continuing institutional separation of urban and (...) rural policy. Despite its low visibility, the urban food system nonetheless contributes significantly to community health and welfare; to metropolitan economies; connects to other urban systems such as housing, transportation, land use, and economic development; and impacts the urban environment. We examine existing or potential city institutions that could offer a more comprehensive look at the urban food system. These include the city department of food, the food policy council, and the city-planning department. (shrink)

There are different ways to consider the movement of the part-time theater and audiovisual workers, or intermittents. A classic, distanced way, sees a professional group protecting its rights and ideologies in the face of an unemployment reform presented as a campaign against cheats. Or a more inward and forward-looking way, showing the movement’s productivity, what it is symptomatic of, how it foreshadows a deeper political transformation. Intermittence is a particular seismic zone between two tectonic plates of our values: culture and (...) labor. Questions of employment practices, subjective relations to time, discontinuity of activity and creative process, more than exchanges of opinions about high culture, are what have allowed the movement to persist, construct and propose.The many additional human and circumstantial ingredients have finally brought forth, at least in our minds, the idea of a particular emergence of law and of common things. Still fragile and relative, this emergent juncture leads us to a fresh questioning of the public debate via another process of work, elaboration and creativity around the lived substance of things, and not only of their symbolic representations. A process which is the intermittent’s daily condition, one which could unexpectedly lead to a transformation of politics, via the obligation to approach all these common things differently. These common things whose very process of emergence seems to be transforming. (shrink)

Ecological crisis is being widely discussed in society today and therefore, the subject of religious naturalism has emerged as a major topic in religion. The Routledge Handbook of Religious Naturalism is an outstanding reference source to the key topics, problems, and debates in this exciting subject and is the first collection of its kind. Comprising thirty-four chapters by a team of international contributors, the Handbook is divided into seven parts: ¿ Varieties of religious naturalism and its relations to other outlooks (...) ¿ Some earlier religious naturalists ¿ Pantheism, materialism, and the value-ladenness of nature ¿ Ecology, humans, and politics in naturalistic perspective ¿ Religious naturalism and traditional religions ¿ Putting religious naturalism into practice ¿ Critical discussions of religious naturalism. Within these sections central issues, debates, and problems are examined, including: defining religious naturalism; religious underpinnings of ecology; natural piety; the religious-aesthetic; ecstatic naturalism as deep pantheism; spiritual ecology; African-American religious naturalism; Christian religious naturalism; Dao and water; Confucianism; environmental action; and practices in religious naturalism. The Routledge Handbook of Religious Naturalism is essential reading for students and researchers in religious studies, theology, and philosophy. The Handbook will also be useful for those in related fields, such as environmental ethics and ecology. (shrink)

« Entre Deleuze et Guattari, Clastres et Eduardo Viveiros de Castro, il sera question dans cet article de l’échange fécond entre philosophie et anthropologie. En 1972, Pierre Clastres trouve chez Deleuze et Guattari la théorie du marquage qui sera déterminante dans l’élaboration de sa thèse de la société-contre-l’État. Huit ans plus tard, ces derniers développent une théorisation du nomadisme dans Mille plateaux où tient une place importante la thèse de l’anthropologue. Eduardo Viveiros de Castro, fin lecteur de Mille plateaux, y (...) puise pour sa part des outils conceptuels, notamment le concept de devenir, lui permettant de dépasser le clivage entre nature et culture en anthropologie et développer une interprétation du perspectivisme et du cannibalisme amazonien. Il relit en retour Clastres pour décentrer la thèse de la société-contre-l’État de son “sociocentrisme” et l’ouvrir à une cosmopolitique “par-delà nature et culture” qui se dessine clairement à l’horizon de Mille Plateaux. ». (shrink)

The article attempts to trace the evolution of the concept of civil society. Drawing from the work of political philosophers from the classical period, the period of renaissance, scientific revolution, the period of Enlightenment in the 18th century, and ideologies from the Marxist and Gramscian discourses, the article demonstrates the shifts in the meaning and implications of the concept, its relations to public spaces, accountability, governance, normative ideals of state and the relationship between the state and its citizens. The article (...) concludes its historical progression with the New Social Movements, wherein the civil society became synonymous with strategic action to construct 'an alternative social and world order’, a site for problem solving. Other contenders who put forth a renewed interest in the resurgence of civil society were the New Left, who assigned civil society a role to defend people’s democratic will in the face of state power, and the neoliberals who considered civil society as a site for subversion from authoritarian regimes. The article finally concludes with a call for urgent attention towards reclaiming the authority of the civil society in education scenario. (shrink)

The Local Computation Framework has been used to improve the efficiency of computation in various uncertainty formalisms. This paper shows how the framework can be used for the computation of logical deduction in two different ways; the first way involves embedding model structures in the framework; the second, and more direct, way involves embedding sets of formulae. This work can be applied to many of the logics developed for different kinds of reasoning, including predicate calculus, modal logics, possibilistic logics, probabilistic (...) logics and non-monotonic logics. (shrink)

Dans ce monde qui semble soumis à une accélération constante, où l'on ne cesse de louer la marche ou la course, nous souhaitons et craignons à la fois que tout ralentisse ou même que tout s'arrête. L'ambivalence de ce désir reste à étudier, comme ce que signifie aujourd'hui le fait de ne pas bouger. La privation de mouvement est une peine ; le droit pénal, les disciplines scolaires ou militaires immobilisent ; les accidents et les maladies paralysent ; l'accélération technique (...) se paye en inertie dans les embouteillages ou les bureaux. Les éloges de la mobilité comme la critique de l'accélération sont passés à côté de ces situations où l'immobilité s'impose, non sans violence. Il faut redonner son sens à l'immobilisation. Car cette peine est aussi une étape, une station, impliquant le corps et la pensée. Tenir, debout, assis, dans la position du lotus ou même couché, c'est exercer sur soi une contrainte signifiante. Les "mouvements" d'occupation des places nous le rappellent, l'art également. Savoir faire halte, c'est savoir résister. Jérôme Lèbre est professeur de philosophie en classes préparatoires. Membre du Collège international de philosophie, il est notamment l'auteur de : Vitesses (2011) ; Derrida - La justice sans condition (2013) ; Les Caractères impossibles (2014) ; et, avec Jean-Luc Nancy, de Signaux sensibles (2017). (shrink)

Au départ, un constat : la question de la «moralité» des rêves a été délaissée par la philosophie, tandis qu�elle a largement inspiré la littérature. Afin d�explorer la question, on recourt à Aristote, premier théoricien naturaliste du rêve et analyste de la psychologie morale. Bien qu�opposé à une «lecture éthique» du rêve (il privilégie les facteurs somatiques), Aristote fournit une échelle extrêmement fine de «demi-actions» (spontanées, désirées, regrettées, etc.) de la veille. La traque d�une hypothétique «action onirique» sera l�occasion d�un (...) parcours tout au long de cette échelle éthique, et d�une étude plus générale du «diagnostic moral» dans la perspective d�Aristote. (shrink)

Progress in understanding the relation between brain profiles and emotions is being slowed by the belief in a collection of basic emotional states, with the names: fear, anger, joy, disgust, and sadness, that do not specify the species or age of the experiencing agent, the origin of the state, or the evidence used to infer it. This article evaluates critically the premise that decontextualized emotional words refer to natural kinds. It also suggests that investigators set aside the currently popular words (...) and search for relations, in humans and animals, between patterns of measures to varied incentives presented in distinctive contexts. (shrink)