In this study, we examine whether, how, and when corporate social responsibility increases promotive and prohibitive voices in accordance with ethical climate theory and multi-experience model of ethical climate. Data from 382 employees at two time points are examined. Results show that CSR is positively related to promotive and prohibitive voices. Other-focused and self-focused climates mediate the relationship between CSR and the two types of voice. Moreover, humble leadership moderates the positive relationship between CSR and other-focused climate. Such leadership moderates (...) the negative relationship between CSR and self-focused climate. Humble leadership also moderates the indirect effect between CSR and the two kinds of voice through other-focused and self-focused climates. The findings of this study provide important insights into how and when CSR influences employee voice. (shrink)

A 68-year-old patient who suffered from gastric cancer diagnosed 8 months earlier presented with multiple peritoneal and hepatic metastasis, despite several rounds of chemo- and radiotherapy. After admission to hospital, his general condition quickly became severely compromised. He was nearly emaciated, despite being on partial parenteral feeding. Four years earlier, due to a cardiac arrhythmia that was refractory to medication, the patient had a cardiac pacemaker implanted, regulated to go off at frequencies of below 70 beats per minute. Given the (...) patient's terminal situation, the team started developing some doubts about the pacemaker's effects during his dying process. The patient had mentioned his intention to donate his pacemaker after his death, but had not asked for its deactivation. The specialists were not sure about the effect of the pacemaker in unnecessarily prolonging the patient's final hour. Nevertheless, they opposed deactivation, which they considered ethically uncertain. The family, who had been initially for the deactivation, decided against it. The patient's condition was progressively deteriorating, as he was falling into a state of sopor and, later, into a coma. (shrink)

Many philosophers endorse “exclusionism”, the view that no instance of relearning qualifies as a case of genuine remembering, and vice versa. Appealing to simulationist, distributed causalist, and trace minimalist theories of remembering, I develop three conditional arguments against exclusionism. First, if simulationism is right to hold that some cases of remembering involve reliance on post-event testimonial information, then remembering does not exclude relearning. Second, if distributed causalism is right to hold that memory traces are promiscuous, then remembering does not exclude (...) relearning. Finally, if trace minimalism is right to hold that vicarious experiences sometimes produce the minimal traces that ground remembering, then remembering does not exclude relearning. While advocates of these theories might incorporate additional conditions designed to accommodate exclusionism, the only reason they can appeal to in favor of doing so is intuition: neither the fundamental components of the theories nor the empirical results on which they are based provide a reason to endorse exclusionism. An investigation of exclusionism thus raises metaphilosophical questions, so far overlooked in philosophy of memory, about the appropriate role of intuition in theorizing about remembering. (shrink)

En este artículo analizamos la crítica que Richard Rorty hace de la apelación al “método experimental” por parte de John Dewey. Defendemos que la categórica desestimación que Rorty presenta del vínculo entre el pragmatismo de Dewey y su concepción de método hubiera sido o bien matizada, o bien radicalmente diferente, de haber considerado seriamente la importancia que la reflexión sobre la educación tenía para el filósofo de Vermont. Nuestra estrategia interpretativa se apoya en la recuperación que Henry Cowles hace recientemente (...) de la apelación al método experimental que Dewey lleva a cabo en How We Think —uno de sus textos educativos más importantes—, en donde se muestra las vinculaciones relevantes entre pragmatismo, evolucionismo y método. Este marco histórico-conceptual nos permitirá cuestionar la reconstrucción de Rorty en torno de este aspecto de la filosofía deweyana tomando en cuenta, fundamentalmente, sus propias reflexiones sobre educación. (shrink)

En “Computing Machinery and Intelligence”, de 1950, Turing acaba afirmando la posibilidad de procedimientos automáticos computacionales que sustituyan al pensamiento humano. Son reconocidas las críticas de Searle a este artículo, que se han retomado y ampliado a propósito de la actual discusión sobre el alcance y los límites de la inteligencia artificial. Especialmente relevantes al respecto resultan los últimos trabajos de Žižek y Larson, así como la defensa de las propuestas de Turing que ha realizado Daniel Dennett, especialmente en su (...) obra final. De toda esta discusión quiero valerme para esclarecer cuál es exactamente la posición de Turing a partir de 1950. La conclusión a la que llego es que Turing no defiende que los procedimientos automáticos computacionales, tal y como él mismo los define, sustituyen al pensamiento humano, sino que es posible que lo puedan sustituir, y que se trata de una cuestión que solo se puede resolver empíricamente. (shrink)

Entre los textos en los que Tomás de Aquino sostiene que existen muchas ideas en la mente divina, hay uno que no ha recibido hasta ahora demasiada atención por parte de los investigadores y permanece casi inexplorado: el Quodlibet, IV, q. 1. Este escrito, al tiempo que sostiene la unidad de Dios en cuanto ejemplar de todas las cosas, reconoce la presencia de múltiples ideas en su intelecto. Además, por la fecha en que fue redactado, contiene la posición defi nitiva (...) de santo Tomás sobre la pluralidad de ideas divinas. Estas características lo convierten en una pieza ineludible a la hora de abordar dicha temática. Nuestro trabajo ofrece un comentario del cuodlibeto que busca sobre todo examinar sus principios teóricos, abrir las nervaduras internas de la argumentación y mostrar el alcance de sus afi rmaciones. (shrink)

The literature on mathematical explanation contains numerous examples of explanatory, and not so explanatory proofs. In this paper we report results of an empirical study aimed at investigating mathematicians’ notion of explanatoriness, and its relationship to accounts of mathematical explanation. Using a Comparative Judgement approach, we asked 38 mathematicians to assess the explanatory value of several proofs of the same proposition. We found an extremely high level of agreement among mathematicians, and some inconsistencies between their assessments and claims in the (...) literature regarding the explanatoriness of certain types of proofs. (shrink)

This article aims to present a Free Dialogic Logic [FDL] as a general framework for hypothesis generation in the practice of modelling in science. Our proposal is based on the idea that the inferential function that models fulfil during the modelling process (surrogate reasoning) should be carried out without ontological commitments. The starting point to achieve our objective is that the scientific consideration of models without a target is a symptom that, on the one hand, the Applicability of Logic should (...) be considered among the conditions of adequacy that should take into account all modeling process and, on the other, that the inferential apparatus at the base of the surrogate reasoning process must be rid of realistic assumptions that lead to erroneous conclusions. In this sense, we propose as an alternative an ontologically neutral inferential system in the perspective of dialogical pragmatism. (shrink)

IntroductionThe 2019–2020 pandemic COVID-19 has become a global health crisis. While many recent studies on COVID-19 pandemic have focused on disease epidemiology and psychological status of patients, few have explored the multi-facet influential factors or combined perspectives from both the patients and healthcare workers. The purposes of this study were to: analyze the influencing factors of psychological distress of COVID-19 patients; and describe the experience of healthcare workers relieving psychological distress.Materials and MethodsThis study uses a mixed-method cross-sectional design, including a (...) quantitative study and a qualitative study, targeting two populations: COVID-19 patient and health workers, respectively. In the quantitative part, we recruited a convenience sample of patients with COVID-19 from five hospitals in Wuhan, Hubei Province from 10 to 15 April, 2020. Besides, we collected data by using participants’ socio-demographic information sheet, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-10, the Herth Hope Index, the Distress Thermometer, the Revised Chinese Version of Mishel Uncertainty in Illness Scale, and the Chinese Version of Wake Forest Physician Trust Scale. In the qualitative part, the participants were healthcare workers involved in medical aid missions in Hubei Province, China. Meanwhile, we used sampling with convenient and purposive, data collection with a semi-structured online video interview, and text transcription with Colaizzi’s phenomenological method.ResultsThe results reveal that 25.7% of patients reported higher level of psychological distress. After controlling the sociodemographic variables, only severity of COVID-19 and uncertainty in illness shown significant effect on psychological distress in the regression model. The experience of healthcare workers emerged five themes: Particularly needed psychological care, Manifestation of negative emotion, Manifestation of proactive adaptation, Strategies relieving psychological distress, and gains of healthcare workers after delivering effective psychological care.ConclusionThe 25.7% of patients with COVID-19 still suffered from psychological distress, which should receive timely attention from healthcare workers. And the severity of the disease and disease uncertainty have a significant impact on distress. It is critical to train the healthcare workers on detecting the different manifestation of psychological distress, offering timely disease related information, and applying communication strategies. (shrink)

Knowledge of diverse sexual motivations can have profound implications for our comprehension of the causes, correlations, and consequences of sexual behavior. This study had two objectives: on the one hand, to determine the different motives why young Spanish university students have sex and their relationship with different sociodemographic and psychosexual variables and sexual behavior; on the other hand, to review and improve the psychometric properties of the Sexual Motivations Scale and validate it in Spanish. Participants were 805 university students of (...) both sexes, aged between 18 and 26 years, who completed a battery of online questionnaires. Significant associations were found between young people's sexual motives, especially the motives of coping, peer pressure, and enhancement, the sociodemographic variables, sexual behavior, and psychosexual variables. Also, a new structure of the Sexual Motivations Scale was proposed, with the elimination of the factor of Self-Affirmation. The discussion highlights the relevance of the results obtained due to their implications in the promotion of sexual health, in addition to achieving the first instrument validated in Spanish for the evaluation of sexual motivations. (shrink)

Como aporte a un diálogo fructífero, se estudian algunos “pecados” de los ateos positivistas y liberales o socialistas, que identifican la creencia religiosa con la derecha política. Tales “pecados” son fruto de una manifiesta ignorancia sobre la cuestión religiosa. Se muestra la superioridad del ateísmo de F. Nietzsche, quien comprendió que la religión tiene su fundamento en la moral.

Se hace una revisión crítica de la hipótesis de Manuel Ocaña Jiménez según la cual parte de los signos lapidarios de la Mezquita Aljama de Córdoba identifican a trabajadores de religión cristiana. Se concluye que tal hipótesis es insostenible.

Le but de cet article est d’étudier l’enseignement des mathématiques au Collège d’Artillerie espagnol de 1764 à 1842, et de repérer les influences étrangères sur elle. Après quelques hésitations, un programme standard est adopté commençant par l’arithmétique et finissant par le calcul différentiel et intégral et la mécanique. L’unique changement important fut en 1819 quand la mécanique devint une matière indépendante. Pendant les premières décennies, avec Giannini comme premier professeur, l’emprise italienne était importante, néanmoins il existait une influence française et (...) anglaise. Avec le temps l’inspiration française augmenta. Les manuels employés pendant la plupart du temps étaient ceux de Giannini ou Odriozola, professeurs du Collège; mais ils ont utilisé aussi des livres de mathématiciens français comme Lacroix, Legendre ou Monge. The present article studies the impact of foreign influence on mathematics education at the Spanish Royal College of Artillery from 1764 to 1842. After some vacillation, the academy’s standard teaching program included from arithmetic to calculus and mechanics. The most noteworthy change occurred in 1819 when mechanics would be considered as an independent subject. During the first decades during which time Giannini was first professor, the academy’s approach to teaching mathematics was mostly influenced by methods being used in Italy and, to a certain degree, in England and France. French influence increased considerably with time. While most of the textbooks used at the academy were authored by two of its professors, Giannini and Odriozola, the curriculum would be expanded to include works by French mathematicians such as Lacroix, Monge and Legendre. (shrink)

This article analyzes the evolution of state capacity in Peru during the recent commodity boom. Peru’s economic growth happened in a context in which inclusive democratic institutions were at play for the longest period ever registered in the country and at a time when political elites decided to invest considerable resources in developing state capacity. This case illustrates how boom-led economic growth can lead to the institutional strengthening of a weak state. However, state capacity continues to be low in Peru. (...) The causal mechanism that yields such continuity differs from those entertained in classic path-dependent explanations of state capacity in Latin America. The article identifies a novel mechanism that helped reproduce the Peruvian path intertemporally. This relational mechanism suggests that state capacity remains low because of the relatively enhanced capacities of state challengers to locally fend off and contest an otherwise much stronger state apparatus. The article argues, on that basis, the need to employ a relational analysis that gauges net state strength with respect to the power acquired by relevant non-state actors who might challenge state authority across different local arenas. Classic conceptualizations of state capacity are indeed relational, but conventional applications are predominantly unilateral and, thus, misleading. Unilateral notions of state capacity are those that focus on either state efforts and investments to assert state capacity or, alternatively, on the presence of challenges that curtail the levels of actually observed state capacity. (shrink)

En las dos últimas décadas un sector de la doctrina colombiana y española ha acudido al término laicidad positiva para definir y explicar el modelo de Estado constitucional y democrático de derecho en cuanto al tratamiento de la religión. A partir de la teoría política, en este artículo se presenta una crítica a dicha postura, enmarcándola según los presupuestos de los que parten los autores que le adhieren el adjetivo positivo a la laicidad como reacción frente a la modernidad ilustrada. (...) De este modo, al reivindicar la existencia de un conjunto de valores preestatales basados en el cristianismo y que no pueden someterse al consenso, esa reacción se resiste a que la Iglesia abandone su tradicional papel configurador sobre la sociedad, lo cual desvirtúa el concepto y la función de la laicidad. Se concluye que la laicidad positiva, en lugar de ser un concepto alternativo o paralelo, es antagónico, lo que deja entrever una nueva forma de confesionalismo o una teología política. (shrink)

L’épuisement du biographique ? Le titre de cet ouvrage interpelle. Certes, travailler sur des sources biographiques, produire des biographies et penser à partir du biographique pose un certain nombre de questions, théoriques, épistémologiques comme méthodologiques. Faut-il cependant conclure à son épuisement, à une nouvelle éclipse, à la répétition de son histoire mouvementée, faite de soupçons récurrents et de revalorisations répétées ? Cet ouvrage part d’un constat : « le siècle passé sembl..

A partir de nuestra interpretación de la obra de Simone Weil proponemos dos líneas de lectura para entender su concepción de la identidad individual: primero, mostramos que para la filósofa el hombre construye, a través de su trabajo, la imagen de sí mismo que él busca ser. Mostraremos que esta búsqueda está habitada por un problema fundamental: la repetición de un mecanismo ligado al deseo de expansión del yo, en el que apenas se alcanza el instante de contacto con la (...) imagen proyectada, esta se ve remodelada y vuelta a lanzar al horizonte inalcanzable del deseo. Así, veremos en segundo lugar que en oposición a ese camino de construcción de la identidad que emana de la labor, aparece en la última época weiliana una búsqueda de destrucción del impulso de identificación, que implica una disciplina consciente de control de la expansión del yo y del deseo de poder que le es inherente. From our interpretation of Simone Weil's works, we propose two lecture lines to understand her conception of individual identity: first, we show that, according to Weil, man builds, through his work, the image of himself that he attempts to be. We will show that, behind this search, there is a structural problem: the repetition of an mechanism related to the self's desire of expansion, where, as soon as the instant of contact with the projected image is reached, this image is remodeled and launched forward until the unreachable horizon of desire. And secondly, we will see that in opposition to this path of identity's construction which arises from work, in the last weilian period it appears a search of destruction of the identification momentum, that implies a conscious discipline of control of the self's expansion and the desire of power which is related. (shrink)

Esta comunicación tiene por objeto delimitar el ámbito de los trascendentales. Primero, presentando los que son, según este orden: esse, verum, bonum, pulchrum. Segundo, señalando los que no son: ahquid, res, causam, sustantia, natura, essentia. Por último, aclarando algunas dificultades respecto a: ens, unum, relatio.