Düşünce tarihinin neredeyse her döneminde insanı ahlaki bir faile dönüştürebilmek amacıyla çeşitli kuramlar geliştirilmiştir. Bu kuramlarda genel olarak insanın ahlaki bir ilkeyi kendi eylemsellik alanına tatbik etmesi için gerekli olan şeyin ve erdemli davranışlarla erişilmesi hedeflenen mutluluğun ne olduğu üzerine bir düşünme faaliyeti gerçekleşir. Geliştirilen yanıtlar arasında şüphesiz çok seçkin bir yere sahip olan kuram, Kant’a aittir. Kant’a göre doğa alanında eğilim ve isteklere bağlı davranışlarla amaç olarak mutluluğa ulaşmak, insanı ahlaklı kılmaz. Bu bakımdan, insanı mutlu kılan şeyin (...) değil, onu iyi yapan, bir ahlaki faile dönüştürmenin olanağını soruşturur. En yüksek iyiyi gerçekleştirmeyi, eğilim ve isteklere bağlı bir amaç olarak belirlenen çeşitli türden mutluluklara ulaşma çabasıyla eşitleyen tüm anlayışlar karşısında Kant, en yüksek iyiyi gerçekleştirmenin ilk koşulunu ahlaklılık, ikinci koşulu olarak –birinci koşul sağlandığı takdirde- ortaya çıkacağına inandığı mutluluk olarak belirler. Ona göre yalnızca ahlak yasasıyla belirlenen erdemli davranışların sonucunda gerçekleşeceği beklenen, aklın bir ideali olarak mutluluk insanı ahlaklı kılabilir. Nitekim özerk bir biçimde kendisi için koyduğu yasayla, akıl sahibi bir varlığını kişilik sahibi bir varlığa dönüştüren insan aynı zamanda ahlaki değer taşıyan davranışlarda bulunmanın sonucunda hep bir beklentisi olan bir varlıktır. İnsanın bu beklentisine yanıt, dinden gelir. Burada Kant, geliştirdiği ahlak öğretisinin mutluluk öğretisi olarak da adlandırılabilmesinin koşulunu ortaya koyar. Buna göre sırf akıl talep ettiği için insana ödevler yükleyen yasa zemininde temellenen en yüksek iyiyi gerçekleştirme isteğiyle, aklın yasa koyuculuğu altında yaşadığımız için içimizde doğan iyiyi gerçekleştirme arzusuyla dine yönelindiğinde ancak ahlak öğretisi bir mutluluk öğretisi olabilir. Bir başka deyişle, yalnızca ahlaklılık temelinde tesis edilen bir dinsellikle mutluluk ahlaki kılınabilir. Bu yazıda mutluluğun nasıl ahlaki kılınabildiği ya da mutluluğa layık olabilmek için ne yapılması gerektiği konusu irdelenip, en yüksek iyiye yönelen insana yüklenilen ödevlerin tanrısal buyruklar olarak benimsenmesiyle mutluluktan pay alma umudunu doğuran ahlak temelli din anlayışına dikkat çekilmektedir. (shrink)

“Sıkıcı kabul edilen ciddi iş yahut etkinliklere eğlenceli addedilen ciddiyetsiz oyun öğeleri bulaştırarak, söz konusu iş yahut etkinliklere yönelik şevki artırmaya, onlardan daha fazla verim almaya çalışmanın genel adı” olarak tarif edilebilecek olan oyunlaştırma, dâhilî oyunlaştırma, haricî oyunlaştırma, davranış değişikliği yaratmayı hedefleyen oyunlaştırma olmak üzere üçe ayırılabilir. Bunların arasında dâhilî oyunlaştırma, oyunlaştırılmış iş yerlerinde çalışanların çalışma şevk ve iş tatminini, dolayısıyla verimliliği artırmakla; haricî oyunlaştırma şirket veya kurumlar için hedef kitlenin müşteri memnuniyetini ve/veya marka sadakatini artırmakla; davranış değişikliği yaratmayı hedefleyen (...) oyunlaştırma ise özellikle eğitim ve sağlıkta kullanıcı katılımını, dolayısıyla başarıyı artırmakla övülür. Ne ki, oyunlaştırma, oyun fikriyle uyuşmadığı yahut onu tahrip ettiği; kapitalizmin beraberinde getirdiği sömürüyü artırıp yabancılaşmayı derinleştirirken sömürünün veya yabancılaşmanın bilincine varılmasını engellediği, bu bakımdan ideolojik bir aygıt olduğu; bedenin bir algoritmaya taşınmasına ve gözetime aracılık ederek kontrolü kolaylaştırdığı, kısaca biyopolitik bir araç olduğu gerekçeleriyle eleştirilir. Oyunlaştırmaya Kant etiği açısından bakmak da dikkate değer sonuçlar ortaya koyabilir. Nitekim Kant için bir eylemi ahlâkî yahut iyi yapan, ilgili davranışın olumlu sonuçlarından ziyade, iyi niyettir ve iyi niyet de yalnızca ödeve uygun olmakla kalmayan, aynı zamanda ödevden dolayı yapılanda bulunur. Oyunlaştırma ise, her ne kadar kişileri ödeve uygun eylemeye yaklaştırsa da ödev dışı bir teşvik mekanizması olarak, onları ödevden dolayı eylemekten, yani ahlâki olandan, basitçe iyiden uzaklaştırır. (shrink)

Alman İdealizminde ve bu akımdan hareket eden değerler etiği filozoflarında ahlakın insana göreli yorumu, büyük ölçüde Kant’ın, insanı niteleyen ana karakteristikler olan akıl, ben bilinci ve irade özgürlüğü temelinde ele aldığı etik görüşü üzerine kurulmuştur. Kant’ın ahlak felsefesinde özne, hem gerçekliğin öze ait yapısından hem de kendi kendine yasa koyan rasyonel irade olarak, ahlak yasasından sorumlu tutulmuştur. Bu açıdan bakıldığında Kant’la başlayan modern dönemin felsefi rasyonalizminin, insanın ahlaki oluşunu onun akıl yeteneğine ve öznelliğine dayandırdığı görülmektedir. Bu dönemde (...) ahlak için rasyonel temel arama girişimleri ön planda tutulurken ahlak adına değerlerin kaynağı (ahlaki değerler) olarak özne gösterilmiştir. Ancak hemen belirtelim ki Kant’ın idealist düşüncesine paralel olarak insan aklını temele alan ahlak anlayışı bir yeniliğe işaret etmekle birlikte kendinden sonra gelen Alman idealistlerince (Fichte, Hegel) ve değerler etiğinin kurucu filozoflarınca (Scheler, N. Hartmann) eleştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, ‘Ben’in, ahlakın temelini kurmada ne denli geçerli kılınabileceğini hem değerler etiği açısından hem de Alman İdealizmi çerçevesinde eleştirel açıdan bir değerlendirme yaparak etiğin insana göreli anlamını tartışmak olacaktır. (shrink)

Klasik felsefe metafizik evrenin mümkün olduğunu ve onun hakkında bilgi üretebileceğimizi düşünür. Ama Kant, Comte gibi modern dönem düşünürleri, metafiziği kabul etmekle birlikte, epistemolojik olarak sadece somut bilgiye erişimin mümkün olduğunu düşünmektedirler. 1920’lerde ise Viyana Okulu olarak bilinen hareket mensupları -sonraki bilinen adıyla “mantıkçı pozitivistler”- felsefenin metafizik ile uğraşısına karşı çıkmış ve onun uğraşı alanını bilimsel önermelerin mantıkî çözümlemesi ile sınırlandırmışlardır. Bu çalışmada İngiliz düşünür Ayer’in 1936 yılında kaleme almış ve felsefe dünyasında büyük bir yankı uyandırmış olduğu orijinal adı (...) Language, Truth and Logic eserini; Türkçeye Dil, Doğruluk ve Mantık başlığıyla aktarılan tercümesi üzerinden değerlendirmeye çalışacağız. Bu eser mantıkçı pozitivizm ile doğrulanabilirlik kuramının önemli bir temsilcisi olan Ayer’in doğrulanabilirlik kuramı ve analitik/sentetik, ahlaki, metafizik önermeler hakkındaki görüşlerini bütüncül bir şekilde incelemektedir. (shrink)

Üzerinde yaşadığımız dünyada yoğun bir şiddet ve savaş olgusuyla karşılaştığımız bir gerçektir. Hatta insanlığın tarihine baktığımızda şiddet ve savaşın onun kaderinin ayrılmaz bir parçası gibi göründüğünü bile söyleyebiliriz. Peki savaş gerçekten insanlığın kaderi midir ya da savaşsız bir dünyada barış içinde yaşamak mümkün müdür? Bu mesele üzerine düşünenlerden birisi de ünlü Rus düşünür ve edebiyatçı Lev Tolstoy’dur ve biz de makalemizde Tolstoy’un söz konusu meseleye dair görüş ve düşüncelerini tartışmayı amaçlamaktayız. Yöntem olarak doküman inceleme ve metin analizinin kullanıldığı bu çalışmada, (...) Tolstoy’un konuyla ilgili temel eserleri okuma, anlama ve yorumlama faaliyetine tabi tutulmuştur. Ulaştığımız sonuç, Tolstoy’un savaş karşıtlığı ve barış ideali konusunda nev-i şahsına münhasır bir pozisyonda olduğudur. Şöyle ki, söz konusu problemi felsefelerinin merkezine yerleştiren Kant ve Russell gibi filozoflar meseleyi daha çok hukuki ve siyasi bir zeminde ele alıp çözümü de evrensel bir barış antlaşması ve küresel bir dünya devleti üzerinden kurgulamaya çalışırken, Tolstoy meseleye ahlaki ve dini bir perspektiften yaklaşmakta ve çözümü de insanların duygu, düşünce ve inançlarını bir bütün olarak çatışmacı motivasyonlardan arındırıp, barışçıl duygu ve eylemleri hayatlarının merkezine yerleştirmek suretiyle mümkün olabileceğini düşünmektedir. (shrink)

İnsan hakları, insan onurunun belirli ihlallerine tepki olarak gelişmiştir ve bu nedenle ahlaksal kaynağı olan insan onurunun belirlenimleri olarak düşünülebilir. Bu içsel ilişki, insan haklarının ahlaki içeriğini ve dahası onun ayırt edici özelliğini açıklamaktadır: İnsan hakları, eşitlikçi bir evrenselciliğin temel ahlaki değerlerinin cebri hukuk açısından etkili bir şekilde uygulanması için tasarlanmıştır. Bu makale, insan haklarının bu ahlaki-hukuki Janus yüzünü, insan onuru kavramının aracı rolü vasıtasıyla açıklama çabasıdır. Bu kavram, bir zamanlar belirli onursal işlevlere ve üyeliklere atfedilen “payelerin” tikel anlamlarının dikkate (...) değer bir şekilde genelleştirilmesinden kaynaklanmaktadır. Soyut anlamına rağmen “insan onuru”, tikelci öncül kavramlardan gelen bir statünün –bu durumda demokratik yurttaşlık statüsünün- toplumsal olarak tanınmasına bağlı olma çağrışımını hala korumaktadır. Sadece anayasal bir siyasal topluluğa üyelik eşit haklar tanıyarak her insanın eşit insani onurunu koruyabilir. (shrink)

The original edition of Kant: Political Writings was first published in 1970, and has long been established as the principal English-language edition of this important body of writing. In this new, expanded edition two important texts illustrating Kant's view of history are included for the first time, his reviews of Herder's Ideas on the Philosophy of the History of Mankind and Conjectures on the Beginning of Human History, as well as the essay What is Orientation in Thinking?. In (...) addition to a general introduction assessing Kant's political thought in terms of his fundamental principles of politics, this edition also contains such useful student aids as notes on the texts, a comprehensive bibliogaphy and a new postscript, looking at some of the principal issues in Kantian scholarship that have arisen since the first edition. (shrink)

Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason is a key element of the system of philosophy which Kant introduced with his Critique of Pure Reason, and a work of major importance in the history of Western religious thought. It represents a great philosopher's attempt to spell out the form and content of a type of religion that would be grounded in moral reason and would meet the needs of ethical life. It includes sharply critical and boldly constructive discussions on (...) topics not often treated by philosophers, including such traditional theological concepts as original sin and the salvation or 'justification' of a sinner, and the idea of the proper role of a church. This new edition includes slightly revised translations, a revised introduction with expanded discussion of certain key themes in the work, and up-to-date guidance on further reading. (shrink)

This seminal text in the history of moral philosophy elaborates the basic themes of Kant ’s moral theory, gives the most complete statement of his highly original theory of freedom of the will, and develops his practical metaphysics. This new edition, prepared by an acclaimed translator and scholar of Kant ’s practical philosophy, presents the first new translation of the work to appear for many years, together with a substantial and lucid introduction.

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain (...) in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. (shrink)

Kant is the central figure of modern philosophy. He sought to rebuild philosophy from the ground up, and he succeeded in permanently changing its problems and methods. This revised edition of the Prolegomena, which is the best introduction to the theoretical side of his philosophy, presents his thought clearly by paying careful attention to his original language. Also included are selections from the Critique of Pure Reason, which fill out and explicate some of Kant's central arguments, and in (...) which Kant himself explains his special terminology. The first reviews of the Critique, to which Kant responded in the Prolegomena, are included in this revised edition. The volume is completed by a historical and philosophical introduction, explanatory notes, a chronology, and a guide to further reading. (shrink)

Kant's Moral Law: Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals ranks with Plato's Republic and Aristotle's Ethics as one of the most important works of moral philosophy ever written. In Moral Law, Kant argues that a human action is only morally good if it is done from a sense of duty, and that a duty is a formal principle based not on self-interest or from a consideration of what results might follow. From this he derived his famous and controversial (...) maxim, the categorical imperative: "Act as if the maxim of your action were to become by your will a universal law of nature." H. J. Paton's translation remains the standard in English for this work. It retains all of Kant's liveliness of mind, suppressed intellectual excitement, moral earnestness, and pleasure in words. The commentary and detailed analysis that Paton provides is an invaluable and necessary guide for the student and general reader. (shrink)

La faculte de juger, qui dans l'ordre de nos facultes de connaitre, constitue un terme intermediaire entre l'entendement et la raison, possede-t-elle aussi, consideree en elle-meme, des principes a priori; ceux-ci sont-ils constitutifs ou simplement regulateurs (n'indiquant pas ainsi de domaine propre); donne-t-elle a priori une regle au sentiment de plaisir et de peine, en tant que moyen terme entre la faculte de connaitre et la faculte de desirer (tout de meme que l'entendement prescrit a priori des lois a la (...) premiere, mais la raison a la seconde): telles sont les questions dont s'occupe la presente Critique de la faculte de juger. Derniere grande oeuvre de Kant, la troisieme critique est aussi l'aboutissement de toute une vie vouee a la philosophie. (shrink)

Published in 1785, the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals is one of the most powerful texts in the history of ethical thought. In this book, Immanuel Kant formulates and justifies a supreme principle of morality that issues universal and unconditional moral commands. These commands receive their normative force from the fact that rational agents autonomously impose the moral law upon themselves. As such, they are laws of freedom. This volume contains the first facing-page German-English edition of Kant's (...) Groundwork. It presents an authentic edition of the German text and a carefully revised version of Mary Gregor's acclaimed English translation, as well as editorial notes and a full bilingual index. It will be the edition of choice for any student or scholar who is not content with reading this central contribution to modern moral philosophy through the veil of English translation. (shrink)

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be (...) preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. (shrink)

This edition contains the Critique of Aesthetic Judgement and Critique of Teleological Judgement. The introductions and notes that accompanied the translations in the original two volumes have now been dropped in order to make the translations available in a single volume.

Die hier edierten Gesprächstexte vermitteln über biographische Erkenntnisse hinaus Einsichten in einzelne Bereiche von Kants philosophischem Denken und beleuchten u.a. seine politischen und religiösen Anschauungen. Licht fällt hierbei auch auf die Biographie und Weltauffassung der Gesprächspartner, u.a. Fichte, Hamann, Herder, Hippel, Karamsin, Mendelssohn und Schnorr von Carolsfeld. Reichhaltige Erläuterungen des Herausgebers zu den einzelnen Texten, biographische Informationen und mehrfache Register erschließen den Band für den wissenschaftlichen Gebrauch.

With an Introduction by renowned Kant scholar Allen W. Wood, this is the only available one-volume edition of the essential works of the Enlightenment's greatest philosopher and one of the most influential thinkers of modern times. Containing carefully selected excerpts from his most frequently taught essays and book-length publications, including Critique of Pure Reason, Critique of Judgment, and Eternal Peace , the Basic Writings of Kant is an indispensable collection. This revised edition was edited by Carl J. Friedrich.

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be (...) preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. (shrink)

In this classic text, Kant sets out to articulate and defend the Categorical Imperative - the fundamental principle that underlies moral reasoning - and to lay the foundation for a comprehensive account of justice and human virtues. This new edition and translation of Kant's work is designed especially for students. An extensive and comprehensive introduction explains the central concepts of Groundwork and looks at Kant's main lines of argument. Detailed notes aim to clarify Kant's thoughts and (...) to correct some common misunderstandings of his doctrines. (shrink)

Kant's Foundation of Ethics, translated by Leo Rauch, includes "What is Enlightenment?" and Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals. These unabridged works, in contemporary English with oral interpretation, articulate the fundamental principles of Kant's ethical world view. Taken together, these works challenge all free people to think about the requirements for self-determination, both in our individual lives and in our public and private institutions.

Noticia del texto El escrito cuya traducción el lector tiene entre sus manos nunca llegó a publicarse en vida de Kant, sino años más tarde por obra de Dilthey (1889). Fue redactado en el contexto de una polémica intelectual que, por ese entonces, agitaba la vida académica alemana. En efecto, luego de la publicación de la Crítica de la razón pura en 1781, las reacciones –tanto positivas como negativas– no se hicieron esperar. Entre las negativas se cuenta la de (...) Johann August Eberhard (1739-1809), férreo defensor de Leibniz y Wolff, quien edificó una trinchera en contra del kantismo desde la Universidad de Halle. Para estos fines, fundó la Philosophisches Magazin (1788-1792), órgano destinado a difundir las ideas en contra del filósofo crítico. En 1790, Kant respondió a estos ataques publican do el escrito Über eine Entdeckung nach der alle neue Kritik der reinen Vernuft durch eine ältere entbehrlich gemacht werden soll ( Ak. VIII ) 1 y dio la disputa por terminada. En lo que respecta al texto que hemos traducido, ocurre que, en la cuarta sección del tomo segundo de la Philosopisches Magazin (1790), se publicaron tres artículos del matemático alemán Kästner (1719-1800): “¿Qué significa “posible” en la geometría euclideana?” ( cf. 391-402), “Sobre el concepto matemático del espacio” ( cf. 403-419) y “Sobre los axiomas geométricos” ( cf. 420-430). Estos artículos tenían el objetivo de demostrar la superioridad de la postura de Eberhard. Sin embargo, en un osado movimiento, Kant redacta (también en 1790) una recen sión argumentando que, por el contrario, las afirmaciones de Kästner le dan la razón a él y no a Eberhard. (shrink)

Kant's extant Latin works fall into two groups. First, there are the four academic dissertations which Kant presented to the University and which led him slowly up the rungs of the academic ladder to his full professorship in 1770. They are: Meditations on Fire (his Ph.D. dissertation), the New Exposition of the First Principles of Metaphysical knowledge (his dissertation for appointment as Privatdozent), Physical Monadology (a dissertation submitted in support of Kant's first application for a professorship, which (...) was unsuccessful), and The Form and Principles of the Sensible and the Intelligible World (the Inaugural Dissertation of 1770). These works are of absolutely central importance for understanding Kant's mature philosophy, which begins with the Critique of Pure Reason. The second group consists of two shorter papers: a rectoral address on philosophy and mental health, and a disputation on rhetorical and aesthetic questions presented at a promotion of a former student to a professorship.These are interesting evidence of the breadth of Kant's interests, and are important for the understanding of his treatment of related subjects in the larger German works available in English translation. (shrink)

Many contemporaries criticized him for smashing the Age of Reason. Goethe, however, remarked that reading a page of Immanuel Kant was like entering a bright and well-lighted room: The great eighteenth-century philosopher illuminated everything he ever pondered. The twelve essays in this volume reveal Kant's towering importance as an ethical and social thinker as well as his enduring influence on the shape of philosophy. Included are excerpts from Dreams of a Visionary, Prolegomena to Every Future Metaphysics, Metaphysical Foundations (...) of Morals, Critique of Judgement , and Eternal Peace . As Professor Friedrich writes in his introduction to this volume: "The problem of freedom, the freedom of the human personality to unfold and fulfill its higher destiny, is the central issue of all of Kant's philosophizing.". (shrink)

Immanuel Kant probably counts as one of the most important European philosophers. In advance of his 300th birthday in 2024, in the context of the Kant Decade (since 2014), many activities have shed new light on several aspects of his work, but the importance of Kant's basis, Konigsberg, both town and Albertus university, has been widely neglected. This was the reason why the Historische Kommission fur ost- und westpreussische Landesforschung, the Ostpreussisches Landesmuseum, the Institut fur Kultur und (...) Geschichte der Deutschen in Nordosteuropa and the Civic Museum in Luneburg organized an interdisciplinary conference in Luneburg in 2021 which is documented in the present volume. The articles discuss the importance of Kant for the theory of humaneness, his early years, the developments at the university of Konigsberg in the second half of the 18th century, as well as the later reception of Kant. (shrink)

Immanuel Kant's Werke Sorgfaltig Revidirte Gesammtausgabe in Zehn Banden by Immanuel Kant. This book is a reproduction of the original book published in 1839 and may have some imperfections such as marks or hand-written notes.".

Kant's Foundation of Ethics, translated by Leo Rauch, includes "What is Enlightenment?" and Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals. These unabridged works, in contemporary English with oral interpretation, articulate the fundamental principles of Kant's ethical world view. Taken together, these works challenge all free people to think about the requirements for self-determination, both in our individual lives and in our public and private institutions.

Addresses Kant's crucial belief that we must clearly distinguish and fully honor the separate demands of science and morality in our souls.

This volume collects Kant's most important ethical and anthropological writings from the 1760s, before he developed his critical philosophy. The materials presented here range from the Observations, one of Kant's most elegantly written and immediately popular texts, to the accompanying Remarks which Kant wrote in his personal copy of the Observations and which are translated here in their entirety for the first time. This edition also includes little-known essays as well as personal notes and fragments that reveal (...) the emergence of Kant's complex philosophical ideas. Those familiar with Kant's later works will discover a Kant interested in the 'beauty' as well as the 'dignity' of humanity, in human diversity as well as the universality of morals, and in practical concerns rather than abstract philosophizing. Readers will be able to see Kant's development from the Observations through the Remarks towards the moral philosophy that eventually made him famous. (shrink)

This Element argues that Kant was a consistent proponent of the claim that the moral law is the causal law of a free will, and that the supposed ability of free will to choose indifferently between options is an empty concept.

The original edition of Kant: Political Writings was first published in 1970, and has long been established as the principal English-language edition of this important body of writing. In this new, expanded edition, two important texts illustrating Kants's view of history are included for the first time: his reviews of Herder's Ideas on the Philosophy of The History of Mankind and Conjectures on the Beginning of Human History; as well as the essay What is Orientation in Thinking. In addition (...) to a general introduction assessing Kant's political thought in terms of his fundamental principles of politics, this edition also contains such useful student aids as notes on the texts, a comprehensive bibliography, and a new postscript, looking at some of the principal issues in Kantian scholarship that have arisen since first publication. (shrink)

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain (...) in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. (shrink)

Comment introduire a la philosophie? Ou comment donner au debutant a la fois une idee d'ensemble et une sorte de carte de la philosophie? Cette question fit l'objet d'un cours que Kant professa une dizaine de fois pendant les annees dites silencieuses qui precederent la parution de la Critique de la raison pure. Le cours s'intitulait Lecons sur l'encyclopedie philosophique et devait constituer, explicitement, un Abrege de philosophie a l'usage des etudiants. Kant y enseignait a philosopher par son (...) exemple meme: Un professeur de philosophie ne doit pas simplement expliquer un auteur, mais instruire en meme temps de la methode selon laquelle on doit philosopher. La philosophie a pour objets toutes les connaissances humaines des choses, quelles qu'elles soient. La philosophie traite precisement des regles de l'usage correct de l'entendement et de la raison. Elle est en meme temps le plus haut tribunal de la raison. (shrink)

Et je remercie mon Createur! de m'avoir fait vivre en ces journees! ou vous, noble Monsieur, eclairez en cette fin du XVIIIe siecle le monde comme une vive et brillante lumiere... Pas de bonne action, pas de bonne parole qui se perde; la recompense ne peut manquer de venir! On peut le dire au public pour l'attirer et l'inciter a faire pareil! le sage agit par devoir! celui qui est plus sage encore agit par respect pour le devoir! il se (...) prosterne profondement devant la saintete du devoir! il croit en Dieu! il en pressent la majeste! Ainsi disait la lettre... Lettre de Johann Plucker a Kant, le 5 janvier 1796. (shrink)

This expanded edition of James Ellington's preeminent translations of _Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals and Metaphysical Principles of Virtue_ includes his new translation of Kant's essay On a Supposed Right to Lie Because of Philanthropic Concerns, in which Kant replies to one of the standard objections to his moral theory, as presented in the main text of _Grounding_, that it requires us to tell the truth even in the face of harmful consequences.

Copublished in the U.K. by Routledge. These lively essays, transcribed by Kant's students during his lectures on ethics at Konigsberg in the years 1775-1780, are celebrated not only for their insight into Kant's polished and often witty lecture style but also as a key to understanding the development of his moral thought. As Lewis White Beck points out in the Foreword to this edition, those who know Kant only from his rigorous and abstract intellectual critiques may be (...) surprised by the accessibility of these essays, which put flesh on the bones of the critical ethics, while revealing Kant as a practical moralist, greatly concerned with the nuances of human conduct and the social effects of his moral teaching. The sharply focused discussions and definitions strengthen an interpretation of Kant's more mature speculative works and remain the riches document we have for understanding the history of the preeminent ethical theory of modern times. (shrink)