(1998). Collectivism on the horizon: A challenge to Pettit's critique of collectivism. Australasian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 76, No. 2, pp. 165-181.

Focusing on the analysis of Athens' relations with both Greeks and non-Greeks as recorded in extant fourth-century decrees, this paper challenges the applicability of the notion of Greek/barbarian antithesis to the interpretation of formal diplomatic exchanges between Athens and the non-Greek states. A comparison of the types of decrees and honors reveals a remarkable uniformity in the forms of Athens' foreign relations irrespective of the ethnicity of honorands. The distribution of honors among individuals and groups of recipients within single decrees (...) further demonstrates that the Athenian honorific system typically elevated individuals over communities they represented, suggesting that political differences between Athens and non-Greek states did not adversely influence the methods of exchanges between them. Apart from the provisions contained in the decrees, this paper also considers their function within the city as monuments that attest to the important place of philobarbaric discourse and practice in fourth-century Athens. (shrink)

Studies of the scale of unemployment in Poland and in Europe conducted in recent years lead to the conclusion that one of the largest and growing problems of the modern labour market is the unemployment rate among young people. An unfavourable phenomenon related to the problem that is increasingly appearing in public debate is the rising unemployment of graduates. Therefore, it is important to attempt to identify the phenomena in today's job market and one of them is the formation of (...) a new type of employee on the labour market, the member of the precarious class. The analysis aims to present the origins, nature and scale of the precariat phenomenon in Poland. The problem is described from the perspective of the labour market position of a selected social group, i.e. young people entering the labour market after finishing their education. The study attempted to identify factors that affect this phenomenon and the characteristics confirming the sense of its separation on the labour market. (shrink)

Na podstawie prześledzenia genezy Dzieci nędzy (1913) i historii komponowania tekstu dokonano ciekawych ustaleń z zakresu działań twórczych najgłośniejszego autora Młodej Polski – Stanisława Przybyszewskiego. Badania ujawniły m.in. niechęć pisarza do (czy może: nieumiejętność) radykalnej modyfikacji raz dokonanych zapisów tekstowych i wzrost literackiej efektywności z dala od wielkich miast. Kolacjonowanie przekazów powieści oraz lektura dokumentów osobistych pozwoliły stwierdzić, że znaczący wpływ na ostateczny kształt Dzieci nędzy miały powikłania osobiste i przykre okoliczności życiowe, które znacząco determinowały (czy raczej: destruowały) proces pisarski (...) Przybyszewskiego, oraz ingerencja domagającego się uzupełnień wydawcy, któremu pisarz skwapliwie przyznał rację, dopisując kilka rozdziałów. Te sumiennie dokonane poprawki świadczą o tym, jak ważne były dla pisarza uwagi redakcyjne w udoskonalaniu tekstu. Najważniejsze odkrycie, do jakiego prowadzą badania tekstologiczne, dotyczy jednak autorskiej rezygnacji z zamierzonego pierwotnie poematu prozą i przetransponowania jego idei w formę powieściową. Ta decyzja – będąca rodzajem kapitulacji w zmaganiach z tworzywem – świadczyła de facto o nowatorskim myśleniu Przybyszewskiego o powieści i sprawiła, że Dzieci nędzy to niezwykle ciekawy artystycznie, nowoczesny zapis stanów psychicznych. Od strony rozwiązań konstrukcyjno-narracyjnych to niewątpliwie jedna z najciekawszych powieści Przybyszewskiego. (shrink)

W sezonie wakacyjnym 2023 roku Zakopane odnotowało znaczący wzrost udziału turystów z krajów arabskich w sektorze HoReCa. Wzmożony ruch turystyczny halal wywołał konsternację branży turystycznej, zmuszając do refleksji nad kierunkiem dalszego rozwoju tego sektora. Artykuł ma na celu ukazanie, w jaki sposób pracownicy HoReCa w centrum Zakopanego (na Krupówkach) postrzegają kontakty i współpracę z muzułmańskimi turystami. Celem jest także odpowiedź na pytania o zmiany, jakim pod wpływem turystyki halal podlega oferta turystyczna tego miasta. Tekst został oparty na materiale pozyskanym w (...) wyniku badań terenowych przeprowadzonych w Zakopanem oraz analizie prasy. Sektor usługowy na Podhalu jest elastyczny i szybko reaguje na zmiany na rynku turystycznym, dostosowując ofertę do zaistniałych potrzeb. Mimo to zderzenie z odmienną kulturą skutkuje szeregiem nieporozumień i konfliktów, które w przyszłości można wyeliminować, prowadząc edukację w tym zakresie. Małopolska i Podhale stanowią aktualnie niewykorzystany potencjał w turystyce halal, który ma szansę na dynamiczny rozwój. (shrink)

The article discusses Avishai Margalit’s philosophical reflection on humiliation developed in his book The Decent Society. It aims to show that while Margalit’s book focuses on the idea of a decent society as non-humiliating, and on “testing” selected institutions for humiliation, it also unfolds a complex reflection on humiliation as such. The purpose of the article is to reconstruct Margalit’s concept of humiliation and problematise selected aspects of it. I focus in particular on the relationships between humiliation and cruelty, humiliation (...) and self-respect, respect and humiliation, institutional and private humiliation, as well as the theme of the humiliating perception of the other as less human and treating them as if they were not human. The argument is developed through reference to the texts of thinkers commenting on The Decent Society, among them Martin Krygier, Frederic Schick, and Dianne Taylor; those developing similar projects, like Judith Shklar, Richard Rorty, and Ute Frevent; and those bearing witness to humiliation, especially Audre Lorde and Frantz Fanon. (shrink)

Estetyka F. Schillera jest ogólną filozoficzną teorią piękna, sztuki i kultury. Ideał człowieka - doskonale rozwinięte Jednostki ludzkiej - pochodzi z inspiracji myśli Kantowskiej, jednakże Schiller próbuje przedstawić go w odmienny sposób. Nawiązując do antycznego wzorca człowieka pięknego i dobrego zarazem (Kalos Kagathos), podejmuje Schiller polemikę z antropologicznymi konsekwencjami metafizyki myśliciela królewieckiego., U Kanta najważniejsze problemy ludzkie, poszukiwanie istoty człowieczeństwa i formuły życia najbardziej z nią zgodnego, wyrażają się w języku etyki, w pojęciach: dobrej woli, autonomii moralnej, imperatywu kategorycznego. U (...) Schillera poszukiwanie zasady jedności i pełni człowieka (harmonijnego połączenia elementu racjonalnego z tym, co zmysłowe i emocjonalne) zatrzymuje się w sferze sztuki i zostaje przełożone na język piękna. W sztuce i dzięki sztuce (wychowaniu estetycznemu) spełnia się to wszystko, co decyduje o duchowej wielkości człowieka, jego twórczej aktywności. Ze sztuki emanuje wzorzec pięknego człowieczeństwa, w niej osiągnięta zostaje wolność. Faktem pozostaje wszakże, iż po 1796 r. Schiller wyraźnie nawiązuje i powraca do postulatów etyki Kanta. Myśl o pełnym urzeczywistnieniu ideału "homo aestheticus” jest zastąpiona przez program, który wskazuje na perspektywę transcendencji. Element piękna przeobraża się w kategorię wzniosłości, patetyczności, a jednostka ludzka w tragicznej katharsis przeżywa swoją wielkość. Estetyka przeobraża się w metafizykę. Z tego punktu widzenia można ocenić estetyczny program Schillera jako formę przejściową od filozofii Kanta do poglądów jego następców - Schellinga i Hegla. (shrink)

The dynamics of changes in science inevitably, but also increasingly urgently begins to include ethical reflection. These issues include such problems as: the gap between the prestige of scientific and didactic activity, building scientific achievements solely through the prism of their carrying capacity, or the lack of influence of science on social and cultural life. The dominant role in shaping teaching standards is played by such phenomena as parameterization, indexing, coefficients or accreditation, while the normative space of scientific activity is (...) no longer subject to such obvious standardization. The educational and cultural role of the people of science devalues towards entrepreneurship and effectiveness. Based on Henryk Elzenberg’s views on the excess of the importance of science to the detriment of evaluative thinking, it can be noted that contemporary academic expertise does not seem to pursue any axiological connotations, which in the long run is a highly disturbing advantage for culture. (shrink)

Celem artykułu jest interdyscyplinarne ukazanie związku architektury z teologią. Do badań wykorzystano źródła rękopiśmienne (karty inwentarzowe zabytków architektury i budownictwa ze zbiorów Wojewódzkiego Urzędu Ochrony Zabytków w Białymstoku), materiały drukowane, literaturę przedmiotu oraz źródła internetowe. Dokonano również inwentaryzacji fotograficznej obiektów sakralnych oraz przeprowadzono rozmowy z duchownymi. Celem badań była weryfikacja hipotezy mówiącej o istotnym wpływie teologii na kształtowanie architektury cerkwi. Symbolika w architekturze kościołów prawosławnych obejmuje wiele aspektów, w tym także kolorystykę fasad. W województwie podlaskim znajduje się największa liczba cerkwi (...) w Polsce. Tereny te cechują się z architekturą drewnianą ze względu na łatwą dostępność surowców. Cechą charakterystyczną drewnianych cerkwi na tym terenie jest różnorodność kolorystyczna ich fasad. Kolory mają bogatą symbolikę teologiczną, która często kojarzona jest z kultem świętych. Jest to szczególnie widoczne w ikonach. Badaniami objęto siedem zielonych kościołów na terenie województwa podlaskiego, w miejscowościach Anusin, Koźliki, Narew, Pasynki, Trześcianka i Tyniewicze Duże. Spośród badanych obiektów jeden jest obecnie zielony, a pozostałe były w tym kolorze w przeszłości. Świątynie opisano pod kątem datowania, kształtu planu budowli i kolorystyki elewacji. Badania wykazały związek pomiędzy zielonym kolorem elewacji a jej symboliką teologiczną. Architekt idealnej świątyni na wzór budowli uwzględnionych w opracowaniu powinien łączyć sztukę projektowania estetycznego z zasadami teologii. W takich obiektach konieczna jest synergia architektury i teologii, która decyduje o ich pięknie. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to provide a model that allows the representation and analysis of circularity in ethotic structures, i.e. in communication structures related to the speaker’s character and in particular, his credibility. The paper studies three types of cycles: in self-referential sentences, embedded testimony and ethotic begging the question. It is shown that standard models allow the reconstruction of the circularities only if those circular utterances are interpreted as ethotic arguments. Their alternative, assertive interpretation requires enriching the (...) existing models with a purely ethotic component related to the credibility of the performer of any (not necessarily argumentative) speech act. (shrink)

We show that the variety of equivalential algebras with regularization gives the algebraic semantics for the -fragment of intuitionistic propositional logic. We also prove that this fragment is hereditarily structurally complete.

There has been a long, surprisingly persistent tradition in labeling Santayana either as a unique and old fashioned figure of early twentieth century American philosophy, devoted to reviving metaphysics in a scholastic guise, or as a somewhat latent, closet pragmatist. This commonly held view was often additionally sealed in a dismissive way with the unpopular label of a quietist. In either case, the status of philosophical outcast was given to Santayana, echoing Charles William Eliot’s doubts as to the possible “usefulness” (...) of this “withdrawn man” for Harvard’s philosophy department. Recent scholarship, in its effort to rid Santayana’s name from the taint of this opinion, has proposed a number of interpretations.. (shrink)

The research concerned the determinants of social competencies, which are significant indicators of the quality of interpersonal relations. The aim of the study was to verify the connection between social competencies and temperamental traits. The respondent group included 220 university students of different faculties aged 19-24. Social competencies were measured with the use of a Social Competencies Questionnaire by Anna Matczak, while temperamental traits were measured with The Formal Characteristics of Behaviour-Temperament Inventory, by Bogdan Zawadzki and Jan Strelau. The research (...) proved that activity, emotional reactivity and sensory sensitivity are significant predictors of social competencies. The predictive value of these traits differs depending on the kind of measured competency. (shrink)

In previous research, studies on motivated correction in the evaluation of branded products are rare. This experimental study with 246 participants examined how the motivation to correct the impact of brand knowledge influences the product evaluation of actual strong and weak brands in low and high involvement situations. As predicted, asymmetry between the strong and weak brands was observed. After the induction of the motivation to correction, the smaller brand effect occurred only in the cases of low involvement and the (...) weak brand. The effect of motivated correction was smaller than the effect of high involvement; therefore, the overall results suggest that conscious explicit motivation to correction evokes correction only in cases of weak brands under certain circumstances. However, this impact is not as strong as the influence of high motivation or a strong brand, even though explicit instructions are given to avoid the negative influence of the brand. (shrink)

Wolfgang Merkel’s concept of rooted democracy in the context of contemporary populism and the crisis of democracy: The article presents the concept of “rooted democracy” by Wolf‐ gang Merkel, which was presented in the context of the democratic crisis. The German poli‐ tical scientist indicates what democracy is — specifying the proper functioning of the regula‐ tions of the democratic system. Speaking of the weakness or strength of democracy, we must have a well‐described set of system principles that determine the (...) degree of strength of democracy or its erosion. The above set of principles of the democratic system is thoroughly discussed in the article. In particular, the functional model of civil society is analysed. The text also explores how the crisis of democracy is understood and Merkel’s view of the impact of global capitalism on democratic institutions, which contributes to the transformation of democracy into an oligarchy. The topics discussed in the article also concern alternative, non‐ ‐liberal forms of democracy and populism. The question is whether Merkel’s concept is useful in explaining populism and its political consequences. (shrink)

v. 1. Meanings and representations -- v. 2. Discourse strategies.

The penetration process of structures traditionally assigned to civil law into administrative law, especially administrative law aiming environmental protection, has been more noticeable through recent years. This process resulted in deepening the absence of a clear separation of private law norms from public law norms. It led to the existence of so-called quasi civil solutions, which can be found for example in the Act on prevention from damages in environment and its repair. Their specificity consists in the fact that they (...) cannot be regarded as civil law structures due to the differences between them and the civil law structures. This legal status sets new challenges for legal theorists as well as practition- ers. They concentrate on interpretation of administrative law provisions which were penetrated by civil law structures, taking into account differences between interpretation of administrative and civil law provisions. We should not reject specific character of the civil law provisions’ interpretation and interpret these provisions only by taking into account specificity of administrative law inter- pretation. Civil law institutions are characterized by a larger field for action, which is left for parties or performers, in comparison to the institutions of ad- ministrative law. This specificity of civil law structures should be considered as its advantage that should not be removed in the activities of public authorities. (shrink)

Some people live to work, others work to live, while still others prefer to live lives of leisure. Since the Puritans, American culture and literature have been dominated by individuals who have valued hard work. However, shortly after its founding, America managed to produce the leisurely Rip Van Winkle, who, over time, has been followed by kindred spirits such as, for instance, Walt Whitman, Henry David Thoreau, Twain’s Huck Finn, Melville’s Bartleby, Jack Kerouac, Diane di Prima, the Hippies, and Christopher (...) McCandless. With the rise of the Indie Film movement of the 1990s, so came the rise of the slacker film. Films such as Slacker, Singles, Wayne’s World, Reality Bites, Clerks, Kicking and Screaming, Mallrats, Chasing Amy, The Big Lebowski, and Office Space filled theatres over the decade with characters who take an unorthodox view of work and stress the importance of leisure in life. This essay discusses two slacker films, Richard Linklater’s Slacker and Kevin Smith’s Clerks, which defined the slacker phenomenon in the 1990s and constituted two important landmarks in American independent film. While many of us may find the slacker pathetic and annoying, this essay argues that there is much value to be found in this healthy counterculture. By offering their perspectives on issues such as the Puritan work ethic, work-incited self-importance, leisure versus idleness and human relationships, Linklater and Smith join the preceding generations of slackers, providing a much needed balance to the American obsession with work and success. (shrink)

The recognition of the close relation between the concept of action and the concept of responsibility goes at least as far back as Aristotle. His account of voluntary action could be seen as being the source of two general strategies for understanding the concept of action.1 One such approach is to determine when something is not an action first by studying a variety of interfering conditions. (e) The agent’s ϕing was a mere happening (non-action) iff external forces caused him to (...) ϕ. But Aristotle described those cases as ones where the principle of action is not in the agent,2 generating what might be thought of as a corresponding picture of what it means for a performance to be an action. (shrink)

Willingness to take risk is one of the most important aspects of personal financial decisions, especially those regarding investments. Recent studies show that one’s perception of time, specifically the individual level of Present Hedonistic and Future Time Perspectives (TPs), influence risky financial choices. This was demonstrated for both, Time Perspective treated as an individual trait and for experimentally induced Time Perspectives. However, on occasion, people might find themselves under the joint influence of both, chronic and situational Time Perspectives and little (...) is known about interactions between them. The paper focuses on the interplay between chronic and induced levels of Future and Present Hedonistic TPs in explaining people’s propensity to take investment risks. An experimental study using a Polish national random-quota sample was conducted. The results showed that situationally induced Future TP lowered the preferred level of portfolio riskiness while situationally induced Present Hedonistic TPs resulted in exactly the opposite effect, and that the higher level of chronic Present Hedonistic TP was linked to higher investment risk preferences. The role of the chronic Present Hedonistic TP was moderated by the situationally induced Future (approaching significance) and Present Hedonistic TPs. The induction of these TPs resulted in reduction of the propensity to take investment risks. The study adds to the literature on psychological factors influencing the propensity to take financial risk. The results are also important for researchers who experimentally manipulate variables that might be also considered as chronic traits. They indicate that whether the manipulation is congruent with one’s natural tendencies may have a differential impact on subsequent measures. (shrink)

Dans toutes les dimensions de la communication verbale, le virtuel s'efface devant l'actuel, mais le sens "absent" ne cesse d'escorter le sens « present ». Il le sous-tend, l'informe et, quelquefois, pointe le bout de son nez. En s'inscrivant dans la perspective de la sémantique microstructurale, ce livre se propose de revisiter le virtuel linguistique pour saisir ses rapports avec le domaine de l'actuel, en envisageant la virtualité dans l'optique interprétative qui mobilise tout un éventail de mécanismes sémantico-discursifs de la (...) production du sens en contexte. (shrink)

The aim of the paper is to explore the interrelation between persuasion tactics and properties of speech acts. We investigate two types of arguments ad: ad hominem and ad baculum. We show that with both of these tactics, the structures that play a key role are not inferential, but rather ethotic, i.e., related to the speaker’s character and trust. We use the concepts of illocutionary force and constitutive conditions related to the character or status of the speaker in order to (...) explain the dynamics of these two techniques. In keeping with the research focus of the Polish School of Argumentation, we examine how the pragmatic and rhetorical aspects of the force of ad hominem and ad baculum arguments exploit trust in the speaker’s status to influence the audience’s cognition. (shrink)

We study the variety of equivalential algebras with zero and its subquasivariety that gives the equivalent algebraic semantics for the ‐fragment of intuitionistic propositional logic. We prove that this fragment is hereditarily structurally complete. Moreover, we effectively construct the finitely generated free equivalential algebras with zero.

Building on our diverse research traditions in the study of reasoning, language and communication, the Polish School of Argumentation integrates various disciplines and institutions across Poland in which scholars are dedicated to understanding the phenomenon of the force of argument. Our primary goal is to craft a methodological programme and establish organisational infrastructure: this is the first key step in facilitating and fostering our research movement, which joins people with a common research focus, complementary skills and an enthusiasm to work (...) together. This statement—the Manifesto—lays the foundations for the research programme of the Polish School of Argumentation. (shrink)

Pragmatics and dialectics are two disciplines which have been amongst the first and most important partners for argument studies in the exploration of the complex realm of communication. Treating argumentation as a construct consisting of premises and conclusion allows for investigating some interesting properties of the phenomenon of reasoning, but does not capture a variety of aspects related to the usage of natural language and dialogical context in which real-life argumentation is typically embedded. This special issue explores some of the (...) fascinating research questions which emerge when we move beyond logic into the territory of the pragmatics and dialectics of argument. (shrink)