Brain activity in the action observation network is lateralized during action execution, with greater activation in the contralateral hemisphere to the side of the body used to perform the task. However, it is unknown whether the AON is also lateralized when watching another person perform an action. In this study, we use fNIRS to measure brain activity over the left and right cortex while participants completed actions with their left and right hands and watched an actor complete action with their (...) left and right hands. We show that while activation is lateralized when the participants themselves are moving, brain lateralization is not affected by the side of the body when the participant is observing another person’s action. In addition, we demonstrate that individual differences in hand preference and dexterity between the right and left hands are related to brain lateralization patterns. (shrink)

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy is a neuroimaging technique that has undergone tremendous growth over the last decade due to methodological advantages over other measures of brain activation. The action-observation network, a system of brain structures proposed to have “mirroring” abilities, has been studied in humans through neural measures such as fMRI and electroencephalogram ; however, limitations of these methods are problematic for AON paradigms. For this reason, fNIRS is proposed as a solution to investigating the AON in humans. The present review (...) article briefly summarizes previous neural findings in the AON and examines the state of AON research using fNIRS in adults. A total of 14 fNIRS articles are discussed, paying particular attention to methodological choices and considerations while summarizing the general findings to aid in developing better protocols to study the AON through fNIRS. Additionally, future directions of this work are discussed, specifically in relation to researching AON development and potential multimodal imaging applications. (shrink)

Academic corruption (AC) is a threat to the world community that disturbs the mission of the university and negatively affects the quality of higher education (HE).This study aimed to design a model to reduce academic corruption (RAC) in HE. The qualitative research method is due to the grounded theory, which was implemented in the population of faculty members based on purposive random sampling with a sample of n = 22 until theoretical saturation. The research tool was a semi-structured interview. The (...) analysis method was based on open, axial and selective coding. The results showed that the causal variables of AC were identified in five main categories of Weak laws, and regulations, weak meritocracy, reduction in the quality of education, weak values and ethics and weakness in improvement and empowerment. The contextual factors were discovered across five categories: motivational weakness, time constraints and pressure, utilitarianism and one-sidedness, poor societal welfare, and weak attitude. The confounding variables of AC were identified in four categories of economic weakness, not focusing on society, cultural and political weakness, centralization and decision-making institutions, and strategies to RAC were proposed in eight transparency and accountability, equality and justice, quality of education and research, relationship between university and society, structural and organizational, spirituality and ethics, laws and regulations, psychological categories. Then, five consequential categories of organizational health, organizational excellence, social capital, strengthening participation, and excellence of cultural values were presented to RAC. (shrink)

The present study aimed to reflect on the predictive role of socio-demographic characteristics (SDCs), moral sensitivity (MS) and moral distress (MD) in nurses’ ageism toward older adults. A total of 145 nurses were recruited to complete the main research instruments, i.e. a Sociodemographic Information Form, the Tool for Evaluating Ageism in Nursing Care of Older People, the Moral Sensitivity Questionnaire and the Moral Distress Scale. The results of the study confirmed that gender and MS could predict nurses’ ageism toward older (...) adults. However, MD was not correlated with ageism. The results of the study could therefore contribute to the development of some strategies to improve nurses’ gerontological nursing knowledge and skills through continuing education. (shrink)

Philosophia, hayret ve merak duyguları üzerinden itici gücünü kazanan bir tür “pathos”u şart koşar. Ancak o, etkilenimin yanı sıra bu hâle eşlik eden etkin bir düşünme imkânıyla yani “logos”la tamamlanır. İç içe geçerek birbirini bütünleyen iki durum, “aporia” denilen problem bağlamında en belirgin görünümüne kavuşur. Felsefe tarihinde “aporia”, etkin bir biçimde Platon düşüncesinde kullanılır. Bilme faaliyeti içinde büyüyen bir kriz gibi duran “aporia”, diyaloglarda, genellikle bilmediğini bilmeme ve bilmediğini fark etmeye yönelme gibi iki tipik durumun ortaya çıkmasına vesile olur. Bununla (...) birlikte “aporia”, diyaloglarda bambaşka bir anlamda daha tezahür eder. Bu ikinci ve ilkinin de zemini olan “aporia”, Sokrates’in “Bildiğim tek şey hiçbir şey bilmediğimdir” iddiasıyla temsil edilir. Çalışmamızda, Platon’un diyaloglarının paradigmatik unsurları üzerinden “aporia”nın ne tür bir “pathos-logos” rabıtası ekseninde işlendiğini çeşitli katmanları bakımından analiz ediyoruz. Amacımız, diğerlerine temel olan ve beşerî bilgeliğe götüren çıkmazın philosophianın sınırını nasıl çizdiğini göstermektir. (shrink)