Częstochowa, której początki sięgają XI wieku, jest miastem położonym w województwie śląskim. Prawa miejskie otrzymała w 1356 roku. To największe centrum kultu religijnego w Polsce, do którego w 2022 roku przybyło z całego świata 2,5 mln pielgrzymów, a ich celem była Jasna Góra. Częstochowa jest miastem akademickim, rozwijającym się ośrodkiem kultury i sztuki. Artykuł poświęcony jest zarówno historycznym, jak i współczesnym obiektom Częstochowy, których najważniejszą wartością jest ich wymiar symboliczny. Autorka zaprezentowała obiekty religijne, architektoniczne, artystyczne, które są upamiętnieniem ważnych postaci (...) dla historii miasta związanych z literaturą, teatrem, malarstwem, rzeźbą oraz działalnością społecznikowską na rzecz mieszkańców. Przedmiotem badań jest analiza pod kątem przeobrażeń współczesnych znaczeń i symboli, którym poddana została przestrzeń krajobrazowa jednej z najsłynniejszych arterii miejskich, jaką jest Aleja Najświętszej Maryi Panny. Tematyka badań dotyczy analizy przykładów obiektów artystycznych zlokalizowanych na obszarze głównej arterii miasta oraz sąsiadującego z nią Starego Rynku położonego w dzielnicy zwanej Starym Miastem, którymi przemieszczają się nie tyko mieszkańcy i turyści, ale także rzesze pielgrzymów krajowych i zagranicznych zmierzających do dominującego w krajobrazie miejskim Sanktuarium Jasnogórskiego. W tej przestrzeni miejskiej znalazła swoje miejsce także sztuka, którą uznano za dobre tło i scenę dla działań artystycznych w postaci m.in. rzeźb, pomników i murali upamiętniających twórczość artystów, tworząc w ten sposób przestrzeń do rozmyślań, emocji i wspomnień. Artykuł kończą rozważania, czy we współczesnych czasach można połączyć dążenie do tworzenia nowoczesnej przestrzeni publicznej z zachowaniem ciągłości historycznej i niezaprzeczalnych miejskich wartości. (shrink)

The obligation to make women’s rights to health services a reality rests with the state authorities. However, in Poland, women wishing to carry out a legal termination of pregnancy are often confronted with institutional abuse on the part of health care providers who deny women the possibility of carrying out the procedure because gynaecologists invoke the institution of the conscience clause. The aim of this article is to show the mutual normative complexity of the research problem, i.e. the possibility for (...) a doctor to invoke the conscience clause in the case of a patient’s right to an abortion. The paper verifies the research hypothesis that in the field of the conscientious objection clause, systemic solutions are necessary, but not only consisting in specifying the legal provisions but also in enforcing the respect of the law by its addressees. The hypothesis is to be verified using the dogmatic method. (shrink)

There is room for everyone in the Catholic Church, but there is no consent for same-sex marriage in that Church as marriage only between a baptized man and a woman is a sacrament. Same-sex marriage is inconsistent with the Holy Scripture where marriage is based on God’s natural law. This official Scripture’s interpretation results in lack of possibility to reconciliate the official teaching of the Church with the recognition of same-sex marriage. The world is moving forward and so are the (...) opinions of Christians and their growing support for same-sex marriage. Such marriage is recognized in thirty states worldwide, including states with dominant Catholic religion. Regardless the official teaching, the Catholic Church’s position is not uniform. The paper discusses the official interpretation of the Scripture concerning homosexuals, analyses the position of the Catholic Church toward same-sex marriage and indicates differences in Christians’ attitudes with respect to same-sex couples in Western and Eastern Europe. (shrink)

The article aims to analyse the philosophical content of selected aspects of the literary theory of Friedrich Schlegel - one of the initiators and main founders of the Jena Romantic school. Schlegel is primarily known as a brilliant literary critic who popularised the notion of Romantic poetry. Romantic poetry, however, is not only a fundamental concept of the new school of literary studies, but also an important element of Schlegel’s philosophy of man, describing the model of modern humanity. In this (...) paper, I assume that Schlegel's literary theory is a mirror that generates a reflection of Romantic man. In this perspective, all the main features of Romantic literature – self-consciousness, reflexivity, freedom, individuality, the striving for the infinite or organicism – in fact turn out to be attributes of its creator. (shrink)

In 1798, Friedrich Schlegel published a review of _Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship_, extolling Johann Wolfgang Goethe's book as a masterpiece. At the same time, he commenced work on _Lucinde_, which caused a moral scandal and was criticized widely. Here, I retrace several threads of Schlegel's novel that testify to the fact that his assessment of Goethe's work may not have been so unequivocally favorable as it might seem at first sight. When looking at _Wilhelm Meister_ through _Lucinde_'s eyes, we can see (...) that Schlegel challenges the Goethean philosophy of man, and his novel remains the only consistent record of this criticism. (shrink)

In the wake of the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, I found myself struggling with debilitating professional burnout as a physician assistant (PA) in emergency medicine. Despite initial fears and uncertainties, I chose to volunteer at a refugee center in Wroclaw, Poland, where I provided medical care to Ukrainian war victims. This experience proved to be a transformative journey, reigniting my passion for patient-centered care and addressing my burnout. Establishing a profound connection between medical care and humanity reminded (...) me of the reasons I entered the medical profession. Practicing medicine in a refugee center, free from the constraints of the healthcare business model, allowed me to reconnect with the core values of my profession. This experience underscored the therapeutic potential of volunteering as a means to combat professional burnout and fostered a renewed commitment to patient care upon my return home. In an era where clinician burnout is increasingly prevalent, this narrative explores the importance of rekindling one’s passion for medicine by returning to its fundamental purpose: compassionate, patient-centered care. (shrink)

Genetic and lifestyle factors contribute to cognitive ageing. However, the extent to which the public attribute changes in thinking skills to either genetic or lifestyle factors is largely unknown. This may be important if it impacts engagement in activities deemed beneficial to thinking skills. This study, therefore, explored people’s beliefs about determinants of cognitive ageing and whether those beliefs were associated with engagement in potentially beneficial behaviours. Data were collected through a United Kingdom-wide survey of people aged 40 and over. (...) Participants completed questions about their beliefs regarding cognitive ageing, and specifically the extent to which they believed lifestyle or genetic factors influence those changes, and their engagement in specific behaviours that may be cognitively beneficial. Responses from 3,130 individuals were analysed using chi-square tests of independence, principal component analysis and ANCOVAs to investigate whether their attribution of genetic or lifestyle determinants were associated with their beliefs about cognitive ageing and their participation in brain health-related behaviours. Most respondents believed genes and lifestyle contribute equally to age-related changes in cognitive skills. Respondents who believed genetic factors were more influential were less likely to expect cognitive skills might be improved or maintained with age, less sure what behaviours might be associated with brain health, and less likely to engage in behaviours comprising mental challenge/novelty supported as beneficial for brain health. From this United Kingdom-wide survey about beliefs regarding potential determinants of cognitive ageing, some of our respondents’ views were not aligned with the findings from ageing research. It is important for the public to know how to keep their brains healthy. Our results indicate a need for clearer messaging highlighting the role of lifestyle factors for brain health. (shrink)

Epoka oświecenia, w której kwestia wychowania nabiera szczególnego znaczenia ze względu na swoją rolę w procesie wyprowadzenia jednostki ze świata mitu i zabobonu ku wyzwalającemu blaskowi rozumu, sama za sprawą miotających nią sprzeczności okazuje się mitem. Jej dwoiste tendencje, wiodące do wyłonienia problemu osobowości jako podstawowego przedmiotu myśli nowoczesnej, konstatuje już Rousseau, który na wizji człowieka natury chce oprzeć swój ideał wychowania, widząc w nim drogę do ich zażegnania. Tego samego zadania podejmuje się także sto lat później Nietzsche, zmierzając do (...) przetransponowania na grunt kulturowy idei nadczłowieka, w której ostatecznie ma się odsłonić charakter ludzkiej natury. U obu myślicieli istotną rolę w kontekście wychowania pełni mit, który choć w sposób jawny przyjmuje funkcję zasady heurystycznej, odsłania także w ukrytym wymiarze inne swoje oblicze. Zarówno Rousseau, jak i Nietzsche na gruncie postawionej diagnozy kryzysu nowoczesności, rozumianej z perspektywy skutków oddziaływania sprzecznych tendencji oświecenia, dochodzą do tego samego wniosku: uruchomionych dążeń alienacyjnych nie sposób już przezwyciężyć. W świetle zagadnień zogniskowanych wokół egzystencjalnego i kulturowego sensu wychowania mityczny - czyli tu fałszywy - charakter obu koncepcji odzwierciedla się w zakwestionowaniu możliwości urzeczywistnienia powołanej wizji natury ludzkiej na gruncie kulturowym, a tym samym radykalizacji konkluzji, że oświeceniowe tendencje nowoczesności nieodwołalnie już wprowadziły przepaść pomiędzy człowiekiem i jego światem. (shrink)

Although research has examined the role leaders may play in shaping job re-design behaviors among their subordinates, little is known about the way managers craft their jobs as compared to other employees. In two crosssectional studies we tested whether organizational rank affects the frequency of job crafting, and to what extent this relationship is mediated via perceived autonomy. Study 1 demonstrated that managers craft their jobs more frequently than non-managers by increasing structural job resources and seeking challenges at work. We (...) also showed that autonomy explains the relationship between organizational rank and the frequency of increasing structural and social job demands, as well as seeking challenges. However, managers did not craft their jobs by decreasing job demands more often than regular employees. In Study 2 we replicated this pattern of results, subsequently demonstrating that managers with shorter tenure use their autonomy to craft their jobs via decreasing job demands. We discuss the contributions and potential implications of these results. (shrink)

The ruling of the Polish Constitutional Tribunal of October 22, 2020 introduced a near-complete ban on abortion in Poland, as it removed from the law the embryopathological condition that allowed abortion when the fetus had an incurable, severe disease. The ruling raises a number of questions regarding the recognition of international protection of human rights, the equal protection status of human rights, and the principle of trust in the state. The Tribunal’s ruling resulted in massive public protests in Poland, the (...) adoption of condemnatory resolutions by the European Parliament, and the submission of a new bill by members of the parliament from the opposition groups. The purpose of the paper is to show the questionable ruling issued by the Constitutional Tribunal from the perspective of protection of human rights and the attempts of opposition MPs to change the legal order. The Tribunal’s ruling violates women’s human rights and is therefore a form of discrimination against women. Attempts by opposition MPs to “civilize” the right to abortion have proved unsuccessful. The jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights may establish a breakthrough, as the Tribunal has received a complaint concerning the prevention of abortion on embryopathological grounds in connection with the ruling of the Constitutional Court of October 22, 2020. (shrink)

In a typical experiment on the misinformation effect, subjects first watch some event, afterwards read a description of it which in the experimental group includes some incorrect details, and answer questions relating to the original event. Typically, subjects in the misled experimental group report more false details than those from the control group. The main purpose of the presented study was to compare two methods of reducing the misinformation effect, namely - warning against misinformation and reinforced self-affirmation. The reinforced self-affirmation (...) consists of two elements: the participants recall their greatest achievements of life, and are being given a positive feedback about their performance in a memory task. The obtained results showed that the reinforced self-affirmation was more effective than warning, although the latter also caused a significant reduction of the vulnerability to misinformation. (shrink)

Warning against warnings: Alerted subjects may perform worse. Misinformation, involvement and warning as determinants of witness testimony The article presents experiments exploring the memory misinformation effect. Subjects heard a recording and afterwards read a description of it, which included, in the misled group, some details inconsistent with the recording; finally thay answered questions about the recording. The aim of the research was to replicate the tainted truth effect, consisting in poor memory functioning of non-misled warned subjects and to check whether (...) a subject's involvement in the issue moderates this effect. Highly involved subjects were more resistant to the misinformation effect than those lowly involved. In the case of highly involved participants, warning was effective in reducing the misinformation effect, but it also caused more errors in the case of non-misled subjects. Thus, warning witnesses about nonexising discrepancies between what they saw/heard and what they were told, might lead to less accurate testimony. (shrink)

Three experiments investigated the mechanisms, correlates, and methods of immunization against interrogative suggestibility (IS). IS involves reliance in memory reports on suggestions contained in misleading questions (Yield) and the tendency to change answers under negative feedback about the quality of previous testimony (Shift). All three studies found that the milder version of the tool used in the studies (GSS) resulted in lower Yield and Shift. In analyses considering the memory states of the participants, IS was found to be highest when (...) participants mistakenly attributed the information contained in the suggestive questions to the original material. However, significant percentages of the participants succumbed to suggestions and changed answers even when they were aware of the discrepancy between the original material and the information contained in the questions. The warning against suggestions was found to lower Yield and Shift, and this was especially true when participants were aware of discrepancies between original material and suggestions. Enhancing self-esteem and inducing mindfulness did not reduce IS. The correlations between IS, including IS in individual mindfulness states, with the Big Five personality traits, anxiety, susceptibility to influence, and self-esteem were inconsistent. (shrink)