This book seeks to arrive at a better understanding of the relationships between the objective and subjective aspects of time. It discusses the existence of fluent time, a controversial concept in many areas, from philosophy to physics. Fluent time is understood as directional time with a past, a present and a future. We experience fluent time in our lives and we adopt a temporal perspective in our ways of knowing and acting. Nevertheless, the existence of fluent time has been debated (...) for both philosophical and scientific reasons, thus creating a rift between the subjective and objective aspects of time. Starting from the basic notion of points of view, or perspectives, this book explores the relationships between objective or external time, as it has been conceptualized by science, and subjective or internal time, which is involved in our lived experiences. It establishes a general framework encompassing the nature, structure and mode of existence of points of view, in which the objective and subjective aspects of time can be integrated. The book mainly addresses researchers and postgraduates in philosophy and logic. Additionally, it offers inspiration for physicists and computer scientists involved in the modeling and simulation of complex behaviors for which the representation of internal time should be considered together with the notion of objective, external time. (shrink)

New nursing researchers are faced with a smorgasbord of competing methodologies. Sometimes, they are encouraged to adopt the research paradigms beloved of their senior colleagues. This is a problem if those paradigms are no longer of contemporary methodological relevance. The aim of this paper was to provide clarity about current research paradigms. It seeks to interrogate the continuing viability of positivism as a guiding paradigm for nursing research. It does this by critically analysing the methodological literature. Five major paradigms are (...) addressed: the positivist; the interpretivist/constructivist; the transformative; the realist; and the postpositivist. Acceptance of interpretivist, transformative or realist approaches necessarily entails wholesale rejection of positivism, while acceptance of postpositivism involves its partial rejection. Postpositivism has superseded positivism as the guiding paradigm of the scientific method. The incorporation in randomized controlled trials of postpositivist assumptions indicates that even on the methodological territory that it once claimed as its own, positivism has been rendered redundant as an appropriate paradigm for contemporary nursing research. (shrink)

Frente a la esclavitud natural defendida por Aristóteles, algunos intentan salvaguardar la coherencia interna del discurso, mientras que otros la niegan. Sin pretender un juicio valorativo, se busca esclarecer la naturaleza del esclavo, de la mujer y de las relaciones entre señor, mujer y esclavo en el oikos.

The aim of this paper is to propose a research agenda for future studies of local forms of caregiving. It does this by exploring practices of care giving and receipt through the prism of childcare. Focusing on Nairobi, it investigates one critical form of care work in the city: the labour of women who work as ‘nannies’ in private homes, a form of labour that has received little systematic study or scholarly attention. Every day, women in Nairobi construct complex and (...) far-ranging care chains that ensure that the socially necessary labour of childcare takes place. The phenomenon of ‘diverted mothering’ that has been associated with the globalisation of care can also be understood as a local phenomenon. Whereas global care chains involving migrant domestic workers have been the focus of detailed investigation, hitherto the workings of more widespread and highly fragile local care chains in the cities of the third world have been neglected. We argue that it is critical to understand practices of intimate and emotional labour in the context not just of global migration but in situations of severe intersecting inequalities within the global south. (shrink)

Let G be a definably compact group in an o-minimal expansion of a real closed field. We prove that if dim(G\X) < dim G for some definable ${X \subseteq G}$ then X contains a torsion point of G. Along the way we develop a general theory for the so-called G-linear sets, and investigate definable sets which contain abstract subgroups of G.

Many in the international development community have embraced the randomized controlled field experiment, akin to a biomedical clinical trial for social interventions, as the new “gold evidential standard” in program impact evaluation. In response, critics have called upon the method’s advocates to consider the moral dimensions of randomization, leading to a debate about the method’s ethics. My research intervenes in this debate by empirically investigating how researchers manage the perception of randomization in the field. Without the possibility of a placebo, (...) researchers rhetorically and materially frame the experiment differently for the control and treatment groups. Three technologies allow for this differential framing: geographic separation, temporal delay, and public randomization ceremonies. Geographic separation is a “technology of opacity” designed to obscure unequal resource distribution by disentangling the intervention and research components of the experiment for the control group. The latter two are technologies of transparency designed to expose the element of randomization but downplay conditions that may affect participant buy in. All three technologies work to preclude collective definitions of fair resource allocation, yet they are not fully successful in preventing modes of confrontation and resistance that lie outside of the experiment’s framing. (shrink)

We consider IOpen, the subsystem of PA (Peano Arithmetic) with the induction scheme restricted to quantifier-free formulas. We prove that each model of IOpen can be embedded in a model where the equation x 2 1 + x 2 2 + x 2 3 + x 2 4 = a has a solution. The main lemma states that there is no polynomial f(x,y) with coefficients in a (nonstandard) DOR M such that $|f(x,y)| for every (x,y) ∈ C, where C is (...) the curve defined on the real closure of M by C: x 2 + y 2 = a and $a > 0$ is a nonstandard element of M. (shrink)

This paper aims at showing that Hobbes's theory of language, which allows men to communicate among themselves like no other animal species, is an importante factor in the integration of modern states. Both his nominalism and the fact that he considers language previous to reason play a role in the formation of social groups. This leads him, as Johnston points out, to make political order depend upon linguistic order. In consequence, Hobbes aims at building a political philosophy by introducing a (...) suitable vocabulary and setting basic propositions from which to deduce valid conclusions, proceding more geometrico . He also points out the importance of language for men to emerge from the state of nature and to draw a compact for peace and security. He also stresses the relation between language and power. Biblical references are included to reinforce the role of language in society, It is also shown that occasionally language may be a disgregating factor. Examples are put rather to show the integrating force of language. (shrink)

La ética ambiental se enfoca en la responsabilidad humana hacia el entorno, especialmente debido al abuso de los recursos naturales en la actualidad. Esta relación ha causado impactos graves en el medio ambiente y en la vida humana, señalando la necesidad de un cambio genuino y práctico para que la humanidad asuma su responsabilidad en la preservación del entorno. Al considerar los puntos de vista teológicofilosóficos presentados por el papa Francisco y la propuesta ética de Hans Jonas para la era (...) tecnológica, se busca en este estudio fusionar ambas ideas para lograr que fomenten la biodiversidad. Esto implica reconocer el papel del ser humano como administrador responsable, promoviendo una ética que oriente hacia el futuro, manteniendo el respeto por la posición del ser humano como guardián del ecosistema y su diversidad biológica. (shrink)

The purpose of this paper which centers on the anthropology and ethics of St. Thomas Aquinas is to articúlate «conscience and choice» from the realistic viewpoint, thus ordering the concepts of law, synderesis, conscience, deliberation and choice.

In Nicomachean Ethics IV Aristotle exposes the characteristics of the moral virtue of the μεγαλοψυχία and offers a detailed description of the conditions of the magnanimous. St. Thomas in his commentary on Ethics follows the Aristotelian text apparently without disagreeing with the Greek author, and completes this exposition with other texts found in the Summa Theologica. The aim of this paper is to highlight the differences, if there are any, between the Aristotelian conception of the μεγαλοψυχία and that of Saint (...) Thomas, considering also whether the virtue of humility that appears in the Thomist texts can be equated to the vice of the pusillanimity of which Aristotle speaks. (shrink)

En los debates recientes sobre la fórmula de la humanidad del imperativo categórico se intenta comprender los insumos conceptuales de dicha fórmula a partir de obras kantianas que no son propiamente la Fundamentación de la metafísica de las costumbres. Este proceder se ampara en la falsa suposición de que en la GMS no hay un significado claro o concreto de lo que encarnarían términos como humanidad (Mensch) o fin en sí mismo (Zweck an sich selbst). En virtud de lo anterior, (...) en este artículo buscaré analizar acuciosa y detalladamente qué es lo que tiene que decir Kant concretamente en GMS AA IV 42719-42833, puesto que ahí sí hay una argumentación que se construye progresivamente desde la noción de fin hasta la equivalencia de la naturaleza racional como fin en sí mismo, lo cual considero que es central para una comprensión adecuada de la fórmula de la humanidad presentada posteriormente. (shrink)

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo revelar el contexto de surgimiento y los componen- tes teóricos - metodológicos de un programa de formación doctoral sobre patrimo- nio cultural con enfoque interdisciplinar, elaborado en el marco de un Programade Cooperación Internacional. En lo metodológico, se propició el desarrollo de una metodología cualitativa sin desestimar lo cuantitativo. Los impactos del programa revelan un nivel superior de calidad de los procesos formativos en la Universidad de Oriente, el perfeccionamiento de competencias académicas y científicas al (...) servicio de la sociedad, así como su contribución a las dimensiones curriculares y extracurri- culares del pregrado. (shrink)

In this article, I will examine the category ‘subject to be dealt with’, which was established by the 1913 Mental Deficiency Act. Designed to demonstrate the legislation's respect for individual liberty, the boundaries of the category established the grounds on which authorities had the responsibility to act upon those deemed to be ‘mentally defective’. In essence, ‘subject to be dealt with’ became the supposedly rational, measured qualifying category through which the condemnation of ‘defect’ could be operationalized. In both its actual (...) implementation and the realm of possibilities it entailed, the category of ‘subject to be dealt with’ facilitated a range of discourses and practices. It powerfully linked disability and the imperatives of segregation and confinement, a logic that was reinforced even by those critiquing the Mental Deficiency Act, at both its inception and its demise. As a category ‘subject to be dealt with’ at once intensively targeted carceral power on disability, while also working to more deeply ideologically enmesh cognitive and class deviance, naturalizing the broader carceral or institutional archipelago – of asylums, workhouses, special schools, prisons, and so on – to which disabled, poor, and racialized people have been subject. (shrink)

Teaching English to young learners is a priority in our globalised society, especially within the growing context of bilingual schools. Thus, it is necessary to find a strategy that allows young learners to grasp the knowledge of the foreign language at a structural level. Nonetheless, children’s cognitive development does not allow for grammatical explanations, it is thus that a tried and tested sequence of activities is provided for primary and pre-primary schoolteachers to be able to incorporate in their teaching, which (...) will develop phonological awareness of the English language at a structural level, thanks to games, manipulation and movement. (shrink)

In contrast with the development of big theories in the context of social sciences, there is nowadays an increasing interest in the construction of simulation models for complex phenomena. Those simulation models suggest a certain image of social sciences as a kind of, let us say, "patchwork". In that image, an increase in understanding about the phenomena modeled is obtained through a certain sort of aggregation. There is not an application of sound, established theories to all the phenomena of a (...) certain kind, but an aggregation of the structures supposed, and of the results obtained, when particular systems are modeled. The recent case of the "El Farol Bar" problem, and the models built in order to face this problem, are a good example of this. We will analyze that case, trying to make clear what would be implied by the image above mentioned. Special attention will be paid to the need to take seriously the notion of a bounded rationality, linked to the special circumstances generating each decision problem, and to the existence of an irreducible pluralism of models. (shrink)

This paper examines the role that population vulnerabilities play in insurance coverage for a representative sample of Latinos and Asians in the United States. Using data from the National Latino and Asian American Study (NLAAS), these analyses compare coverage differences among and within ethnic subgroups, across states and regions, among types of occupations, and among those with or without English language proficiency. Extensive differences exist in coverage between Latinos and Asians, with Latinos more likely to be uninsured. Potential explanations include (...) the type of occupations available to Latinos and Asians, reforms in immigration laws, length of time in the United States, and regional differences in safety-net coverage. Policy implications are discussed. (shrink)

Ce livre présente cinq entretiens avec des philosophes pionniers dans le champ de la bioéthique francophone, Anne Fagot-Largeault et Jean-Yves Goff i (France), Gilbert Hottois et Jean-Noël Missa (Belgique) et Marie-Hélène Parizeau (Québec), cinq personnalités de renom, connues pour leur trajectoire exceptionnelle. Les entretiens menés avec ces auteurs au sujet de leurs oeuvres, de leurs expériences dans des comités de bioéthique et des différents débats soulevés ces dernières années nous permettent de connaître leur travail, mais aussi de faire une incursion (...) dans le développement fulgurant de la bio-médecine et des biotechnologies des cinquante dernières années. Les conséquences de ces applications, les problèmes éthiques générés, les jugements favorables et défavorables à l'égard des changements sociaux qui se sont produits et le bouleversement d'idées qui s'en est suivi, sont autant d'aspects abordés dans ces entretiens. L'utilisation du langage courant exige un effort de synthèse important; aussi ces entretiens sous la forme d'une conversation, offrent-ils au lecteur une large vision panoramique, rigoureuse et concise de l'évolution de la bioéthique francophone. (shrink)

Philosophers bear a special responsibility in searching a horizon of meaning that properly articulates the scientific knowledge and the moral commitments of people. To carry out this task, it is fundamental to analyze the constitutive features of life in general and of human life in particular. This article puts forward some ideas on the subject, organized around the following lines: 1) some specific changes in our concept of “life” occurred along the history, 2) the dilemmas presented by current science concerning (...) the borders of human life, especially those relative to the processes of embryonic development, 3) the significance of the ethical principle of respect for the dignity of human life, and 4) the treatment that is given to this principle in the Spanish Constitution, as well as in the most relevant international declarations in this area. (shrink)

Tomando como punto de partida las acusaciones planteadas por Hegel en la sección ‘razón legisladora’ de la Fenomenología del espíritu, en este escrito se buscará precisar el rol que ocupa la contingencia y la necesidad en la filosofía práctica kantiana. Posteriormente, se elucidará las coordenadas concretas del mandato ‘no mentir’, tanto en la doctrina del derecho como en la doctrina de la virtud. Lo anterior, responderá a un objetivo común: arrojar luz a las ambigüedades que introduce Hegel en la sección (...) mencionada de la Fenomenología, puesto que estos equívocos arrastran malentendidos en lecturas recientes, por ejemplo, en la obra de Ludwig Siep, quien, en El camino de la fenomenología del espíritu, le concede ciertas equivalencias al filósofo de Stuttgart. Por ello, se aclarará cómo se cualifica el mandato ‘no mentir’ en la filosofía práctica kantiana, lo que permitirá rectificar el modo en que se desarrolla ese mandato en distintos contextos. (shrink)

Most ethical considerations related to the activities of the professions, including that of social education, have been put forward using a set of professional ethics that are frequently associated with principles and imperatives that aspire to be universal but have little connection to real and specific situations. In this paper, we offer an interpretation of the ethics associated with the profession of social educator from positions that are less transcendent, more immanent. Such an interpretation is based on and built from (...) professional practice, from actual, relational situations that social educators have experienced in the real contexts in which they work. Following a discussion on the usefulness of reflecting about the ethical dimensions of educational activity, we look at situations in which social educators, immersed in relationships, put their skills and competencies to use, and we propose some guidelines for an ethical practice of the educational relationships in this field. (shrink)

The worldwide problem of corruption is one that requires greater knowledge about responsible leadership. Based on the literature on responsible leadership, developmental psychology, and moral development, the purpose of our study is to understand the constructions of the motivational drivers behind the behaviors of a responsible leader. Using biographical and narrative methodologies, we analyzed the individual motivational drivers of Carlos Cavelier, a recognized responsible leaders who grew up and works in Colombia, a social/economic context characterized by institutional fragility and corruption. (...) Our findings suggest that the coherence between the immediate environments of development of the future leader, configured optimal environments in which the leader developed the moral conscience that guides his behavior as a responsible leader. Our study points out the need not to take the development of responsible leaders for granted, and presents propositions that allow for a deeper understanding of the micro‐foundations of responsible leadership, highlighting the importance of the contexts in which leaders are raised and in which they develop. Thus, our study has the potential to be heuristic and generative of future studies. (shrink)

¿Cómo es esa palabra de lo religioso cuando lo entendemos desde un punto de vista no dual? ¿Qué consecuencias podría tener el esfuerzo por realizar esa palabra en nuestra vida práctica? ¿Cómo resignifica esa palabra las formas usuales de comprensión y transvalora, de manera nietzscheana, los valores que ha defendido la religión entendida de manera dual? Estas son algunas de las inquietudes que estarán a la base del presente artículo.

Hume llama virtudes a ciertas cualidades, no de las acciones aisladas sino del carácter de quien las ejecuta, que despiertan en nosotros un senti­miento de aprobación. Esas cualidades pueden ser agradables o útiles a la persona que las posee, como la templanza, la sobriedad, la paciencia o el orden y pueden ser agradables o útiles a los demás, como el ingenio, la ge­nerosidad, la benevolencia o la justicia. Las virtudes del primer tipo y las del segundo no son excluyentes, ya (...) que una cualidad del carácter puede ser agradable o útil a nosotros mismos y a la vez a los de­más. Pero el hecho de que se incluya entre las virtudes ciertas cualidades que sólo son agradables o útiles para quien las posee, demuestra que la aprobación moral se funda en un principio de comunicación de sentimien­tos, que es lo que Hume llama simpatía. Sólo porque todos los seres humanos somos capaces de experimentar los mismos sentimientos, aprobamos cualidades que no nos conciernen ni be­nefician a nosotros mismos. Es decir, la aprobación moral es un senti­miento, pero no subjetivo ni parcial, en cuanto no surge de manera inme­diata de mi propio placer, sino que aquello que lo provoca es considerado con independencia de mis propias circunstancias e intereses personales. La moral de Hume no se reduce a un mero hedonismo psicológico sino que presenta una dimensión social que discutiremos en lo que sigue. (shrink)

El objetivo de este artículo es sacar a luz las semejanzas entre un dramaturgo y un filósofo político, respecto de su uso del lenguaje y del fundamento antropológico de sus ideas políticas. Las metáforas se consideran inevitables en un poeta como Shakespeare, pero ellas son condenadas por Hobbes como un abuso retórico que el discurso político debe evitar. Se comparan sus enfoques pesimistas de la naturaleza humana y finalmente se pone acento en el contexto histórico, que marca el comienzo de (...) la época moderna.The aim of this paper is to bring out the similarities between a playwright and a political philosopher, both in their use of language and in the anthropological foundations of their political ideas. Emphasis is laid on metaphors, unavoidable in a poet like Shakespeare, but condemned by Hobbes as a rhetorical abuse that political discourse should avoid. After comparing their pessimistic approaches to human nature, stress is laid on the historical context, which marks the beginning of modern times. (shrink)

Partimos de que se está desarrollando un doble discurso desde el punto de vista de las sostenibilidad sobre los recursos naturales en general, y sobre la diversidad y el agua en especial. Conceptos de equidad intergeneracional, conservación del recurso, aprovechamiento sostenible, participación, y control social se utilizan por parte de las organizaciones sociales y de Ong, y de igual manera por los foros empresariales, las instituciones públicas, IFIs, Instituciones Financieras Multilaterales con muy diferente contenido.El tema de los derechos de agua (...) como derechos de los inversionistas, y los derechos de propiedad intelectual aplicados a la materia viva y a los conocimientos ancestrales son ejemplos de un tratamiento insostenible de los recursos naturales, pues privilegian el sentido comercial sobre el ambiental. (shrink)